STATUS OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE IN CENTRAL ASIA Aziz Nurbekov, ICARDA-CAC, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
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Transcript of STATUS OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE IN CENTRAL ASIA Aziz Nurbekov, ICARDA-CAC, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
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STATUS OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE IN CENTRAL ASIA
Aziz Nurbekov,
ICARDA-CAC,
Tashkent, Uzbekistan
ICARDA
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Central Asia
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Country Total territory(M ha)
Land area(M ha)
Cropland (M ha)
% cropland
% Agricul. GDP
Population (million)
Population density (km-2)
% rural population
Per capita cropland (ha)
Kazakhstan 272.49 269.70 24.0 8.8 5.3 15.7 6 42.8 1.45
Kyrgyzstan 19.99 19.18 1.4 7.0 25.8 5.2 28 63.4 0.25
Tajikistan 14.25 13.99 0.9 6.3 19.8 7.4 44 71.4 0.11
Turkmenistan 48.81 46.99 1.8 3.7 22.1 5.2 11 72.0 0.27
Uzbekistan 44.74 42.54 4.9 10.9 19.4 29.0 65 63.5 0.17
Total 400.30 392.70 33.0 8.3 9.9 62.5 15.1 62.6 0.45
Land resources and population and agricultural indicators of Central Asia
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Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan -
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
19301960199020002010
tho
usa
nd
ha
Development of irrigated areas in five countries of Central Asia during 1930-2010
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Crops Item/unit Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan Total Total
1992 2012 1992 2012 1992 2012 1992 2012 1992 2012 1992 2012Cotton Area (m ha) 0.11 0.19 0.02 0.05 0.29 0.29 0.57 0.60 1.67 1.39 2.66 2.52
Prod (m t) 0.23 0.34 0.04 0.16 0.53 0.49 1.18 0.66 3.86 3.79 5.84 5.44Yield (t ha-1) 2.09 1.79 2.00 3.20 1.83 1.69 2.07 1.10 2.31 2.73 2.20 2.16
Wheat Area (m ha) 13.72 13.46 0.25 0.32 0.18 0.34 0.20 0.70 0.63 1.40 14.98 16.22Prod (m t) 18.29 13.19 0.68 0.53 0.17 0.84 0.38 1.20 0.96 6.52 20.48 22.28Yield (t ha-1) 1.33 0.98 2.72 1.66 0.94 2.47 1.90 1.71 1.52 4.66 1.37 1.37
Rice Area (m ha) 0.12 0.97 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.18 0.07 0.34 1.12Prod (m t) 0.47 2.22 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.09 0.06 0.15 0.54 0.12 1.09 2.61Yield (t ha-1) 3.92 2.29 0.00 3.00 2.00 9.00 2.00 2.50 3.00 1.71 3.21 2.33
Barley Area (m ha) 5.63 1.61 0.26 0.15 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.07 6.06 1.97Prod (m t) 8.51 0.95 0.62 0.21 0.04 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.09 0.12 9.39 1.54Yield (t ha-1) 1.51 0.59 2.38 1.40 0.67 1.86 2.17 1.86 1.80 1.71 1.55 0.78
Total Area (m ha) 19.58 16.23 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.71 0.86 1.43 2.53 2.93 24.04 21.83Prod (m t) 27.50 16.70 1.34 0.93 0.76 1.55 1.75 2.14 5.45 10.55 36.80 31.87Yield (t ha-1) 1.40 1.03 2.53 1.75 1.41 2.18 2.03 1.50 2.15 3.60 1.53 1.46
Area, production and productivity of agricultural crops in Central Asian countries, 1992 and 2012
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• Rapid growth of population followed by increasing demand for food and feed
• Area under irrigation has been increasing, but no more possible…
• Arable land per capita is declining and competition for land and water is increasing
• Rising prices of inputs (fuel, fertilizer, seed, pesticides, etc.)
• Land degradation (salinization, soil erosion, waterlogging and overstocking)
Current and emerging challenges in CA
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Conservation agriculture can address these
challenges
ICARDA
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History:• Conservation tillage (erosion control, Soviet times)• Research work on CA (i.e. CIMMYT, ICARDA, ZEF etc.)
since the late 1990s
History:• Conservation tillage (erosion control, Soviet times)• Research work on CA (i.e. CIMMYT, ICARDA, ZEF etc.)
since the late 1990s
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1989-1998 2000-2006 2006-2009 2009-20120
5
10
15
20
25
Time span for CA projects 1989-2012
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BMBF a
nd DAAD
New Z
ealand
ADB
UNESCO-Z
EFFAO
GEF-S
GP
GoT
JIRCAS
WB
ISU
UNDP
USAID0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Series1
Donor organizations
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Conservation Agriculture Effects
- better developed crops and high rate of return crops from agricultural investments ; and
- less erosion in the irrigated areas
ICARDA
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- slowing evaporation of precious soil moisture because residues are slower to degrade;
- No-tilling also conserves soil moisture, so more organic matter is produced, outweighing the initial loss of feed.
Results of crop residues left in place:
Conservation Agriculture EffectsICARDA
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• Farm power and energy for field production can be reduced by up to 60% compared to conventional farming due to elimination of most power intensive operations, such as tillage, harrowing, chiseling and packing;
• Additional equipment investment, particularly the number and size of tractors, is reduced;
• double crops will be essential to improve sustainability of farming and land use efficiency
Benefits of Conservation agriculture method
Use of agrochemicals and mineral fertilizer is declined; Adaptation to climate change - Increased soil organic matter levels improve the water holding capacity and enable plants to get through extended drought periods;
ICARDA
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No-till Conven. Till Minin till41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Double cropped maize green mass yield affected by tillage method, t/ha, (Kaza-
khstan) 2012-2013
20122013
ICARDA
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Planting method Spent fuel for field prepation and planting, l/ha
Root length, cm
Plant height, cm
Yield, t/ha
Conventional 53.6 25.4 67.17 1.61
No-till with 1 cultivation
13.6 23.5 68.83 1.77
No-till 5.9 23.8 65.35 1.94
Mungbean grown as a catch crop with retention of surface residues in Karshi (2011-2013)
ICARDA
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Adoption – Regionally
Kazakhstan 1.7 million ha Uzbekistan 0.6 million ha no-till wheat
(only one year), including 1500 ha in rainfed area
Tajikistan 50,000 ha no-till wheat Turkmenistan no data Kyrgyzstan 30,000 no-till wheat
ICARDA
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Why has there been so little adoption of Conservation Agriculture outside the
Kazakhstan?
ICARDA
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Under practically all tilled agriculture, soil organic matter levels are falling.
CA is the only practical solution we know to stop and revert soil organic matter decline.
Therefore, under practically all tilled agriculture situations, a change to CA IS necessary.
People often say “Under our conditions a change to conservation
agriculture is not necessary”
ICARDA
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Access to Equipment
Adequate equipment, especially for direct seeding, is a prerequisite for successful application of CA
There is little private investment in the development of equipment for smallholder farmers
ICARDA
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Access to Equipment (2)
Dissemination of available equipment
Participatory evaluation and modification
Stimulation (support) of local manufacture
ICARDA
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Fertilizer boxSeed box
Seed boxes for cottonand maize
Planter developed by TIIM
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Developed seed planters by TIIM
2003 (I version) 2004 (II version) 2004 (III version) 2005 (IV version)
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Access to Inputs
CA may require more investment in purchased inputs, especially in the first years
Weed control is a major factor in the early years of CA and herbicide use may be important
Due to low volumes of demand and production, coverage of input and output markets may be poor
Programs that help support and develop input and output markets are necessary
ICARDA
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Competition for Crop Residues
Competition is mainly for animal feed
Animals are generally very important components of the production system
Communal grazing rights often apply
ICARDA
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Competition for Crop Residues (2)
But surface crop residue retention is essential for the success of CA
How much residue must be kept?
ICARDA
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Labor use and labor productivity
The most important factor that has driven adoption on small farms in Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan while in Uzbekistan on livestock farms
In many cases crop productivity per unit of labor is more important than per unit of land
ICARDA
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Policy Aspects
Land tenure
Subsidies
Land stewardship payments and environmental services
ICARDA
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•Mind set – overcoming the culture of the plough. More difficult for researchers who have expounded the need for intensive tillage.•More effort is needed in dissemination and local manufacture of the adapted equipment.•Lack of extension services throughout the region and lack of farmer expertise and extension systems. •Competition for crop residues. Smallholder farmers generally manage mixed crop/livestock systems where crop residues are used as animal feed.
ConstraintsICARDA
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• In CA practices the main terms are creating of crop residue in the field with stubble stems and chopped straw, to provide full effect of mulching. • Agricultural policies should promote food legumes growing as double crops in cotton-wheat systems to improve rural livelihoods and soil fertility management for sustainable agriculture.• Agricultural policies should allow farmers growing cash crops as
second crop after winter wheat for better livelihoods of farmers.
Recommendations ICARDA
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CA - • is responding to regional challenges • is known in parts of the region• is growing (Northern Kazakhstan)• is productive and sustainable (win-win)• is a major shift in paradigm• requires supportive policies for accelerated adoption
CA - • is responding to regional challenges • is known in parts of the region• is growing (Northern Kazakhstan)• is productive and sustainable (win-win)• is a major shift in paradigm• requires supportive policies for accelerated adoption
Conclusions
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Thank youICARDA