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“Status and potential of locally-managed marine areas in the South Pacific Island Region”
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“Status and potential of locally-managed marine areas in the South Pacific Island Region” Hugh Govan LMMA Network
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“Status and potential of locally-managed marine areas in the South Pacific Island Region”. Hugh Govan LMMA Network. Content. Based on SPREP/WWF review of regional progress and LMMA annual reports Overview of history and status Characteristics Lessons and challenges - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of “Status and potential of locally-managed marine areas in the South Pacific Island Region”
“Status and potential of locally-managed marine areas in the South Pacific Island Region”
Hugh Govan
LMMA Network
Content
• Based on SPREP/WWF review of regional progress and LMMA annual reports
• Overview of history and status
• Characteristics
• Lessons and challenges
• Potential for CEAFM or EBM
Evolution of LMMAs and objectives
To protect the nesting ground and rookery of the Hawksbill and other sea turtles in the Arnavon Islands. (AMCA)
Traditional purposes /food allocation
Fisheries management /Livelihoods
Conservation
Biodiversity
Harvest tabu area when fish are plentiful (Vanuatu)
Ceremonial or Kastom purposes (Vanuatu, Fiji )
To manage and protect the inshore area to help increase the amount of resources (Tonga)
Locally Managed Marine Areas
Support agencies(up to 1990s)
Support agencies(since 1990s)
Pre-1900s
Local or internal
Global or external
S P E C T R U M OF O B J E C T I V E S
To protect the nesting ground and rookery of the Hawksbill and other sea turtles in the Arnavon Islands. (AMCA)
Traditional purposes /food allocation
Fisheries management /Livelihoods
Conservation
Biodiversity
Harvest tabu area when fish are plentiful(Vanuatu)
Ceremonial or Kastom purposes(Vanuatu, Fiji )
To manage and protect the inshore area to help increase the amount of resources (Tonga)
Locally Managed Marine Areas
Support agencies(up to 1990s)
Support agencies(since 1990s)
Courtesy of M. Mills, JCU
Inventory of Marine Managed Areas in Pacific Countries
EEZ Area(km²)
Territorial Waters (TW)(km²)
Number of active
MMAs / tabus
Active MMA coverage
(km²)
% of EEZ under
management
% of TW under
management
Cook Islands 1,830,000 31,314 24 19 0.001 0.06Fiji 1,290,000 114,464 217 10,880 0.8 9.5Papua New Guinea 3,120,000 355,699 86 59 0.002 0.02
Samoa 120,000 9,995 54 209 0.2 2.1Solomon Islands 1,340,000 140,038 113 941 0.07 0.7
Tonga 700,000 37,526 6 93 0.01 0.2Tuvalu 900,000 18,975 4 76 0.008 0.4Vanuatu 680,000 69,169 20 89 0.01 0.1Marshall Islands
2,131,000 106,994 1 701 0.03 0.7
Kiribati 3,600,000 75,300 14 3,054* 0.08 4Federated States of Micronesia
2,980,000 49,992 12 23 0.0008 0.05
Palau 601,000 14,007 28 1,126 0.2 8
TOTAL 19,292,000 1,023,473 579 17,270 0.09 1.7*This estimation excludes the Phoenix Island Protected Area that comprises 408,250 km² making 11% of the EEZ under management once the management plan and endowment will be finalized.
Inventory of Marine Managed Areas in Pacific Territories
EEZ Area(km²)
Territorial Waters (TW)
(km²)
Number of MMAs
Active MMA coverage
% of EEZ under
management
% of TW under
management
American Samoa 390,000 9,910 19 174 0.04 1.8
French Polynesia 5,030,000 243,885 10 2,837 0.06 1.2
New Caledonia1,740,000 68,865 20 16,188* 0.9 23
Niue 390,000 2,983 3 31 0.008 1Tokelau 290,000 6,999 3 1 0.0003 0.01Wallis and Futuna 300,000 5,686 0 0 0 0
Guam 218,000 4,575 11 170 0.08 3.7Northern Marianas 1,823.000 27,217 8 13 0.0007 0.05
TOTAL 10,181,000 370,120 74 19,414 0.2 5.2
* Including World Heritage core marine areas declared in 2008 comprising 15,743 km² and excluding the buffer zone of 12,871 km².
Roviana, Solomon Islands
What are these marine managed areas like?
Traditional declaration of a tabu in Vanuatu (with pig killing)
Community planning, Tuvalu
Fishing reserve (tabu), Solomon Islands
Sa - (No-take zones) in Safata MPA, Samoa
Most are community conserved areas or LMMAS
Many are performing adaptive management in which communities identify problems, examine options,
implement actions and evaluate
The same adaptive management process can be use for integrated management,
disaster preparedness, adaptation and other community development purposes
Paunagisu, Marou and Anelgehaut in Vanuatu have watershed and development plans integrated in their “MPA plan”
What are the sizes of tabu? (n=78)
1 1 12
25
6
27
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
200-50 50-25 25-10 10-5 5-1 1-0.5 0.5-0.1 0.1 >
Km2
…and the tabus may be periodically opened.
No-take zones or tabus are smalle.g. Solomon Islands
Importance of social networks
• Traditional ties and neighbouring communities (trickle down)
• Government sponsored e.g. Fisheries or Environment department in Samoa
• Provincial or district (e.g. Kadavu, GERUSA)• National multi-stakeholder e.g. FLMMA,
SILMMA, PNG-LMMA• Regional NGOs e.g. WWF, TNC, FSPI• Regional mixed e.g. LMMA network, PIMPAC,
MIC
The Locally Managed Marine Area Network (LMMA)
FLMMA
SILMMA
ILMMA
PLMMA
PNGCLMA
LMMA Network MembersLMMA Country Networks
Site members of the LMMA Network 2009
Country
Total No. of LMMAs
No. of Villag
es
No. of Tools/ MPAs
LMMA Area (sq km)
Tool/MPA Area (sq. km)
# of Manage-ment Plans
Legally Gazette
d
Fiji 250 388 235 10,745
467 208 1
Indonesia 16 11 16 696.98
34 16 8
Palau 5 11 7 n/a 221.23
1 5
Pohnpei 7 4 7 64 15 7 7
Papua New Guinea
12 14 37 512.73
512.73
9 4
Philippines 30 36 30 166 14 30 0
Solomon Islands
74 148 125 249 151 60 0
Vanuatu 26 27 18 290 1 5 1
Totals 420 639 475 12,725
1,416 336 26
Courtesy of M. Mills, JCU
Kadavu Yaubula Management Support
Team
A. Tawake
Kadavu Yaubula Management Support
Team
A. Tawake
What are some of the reported benefits?
• Biodiversity (increases in tabu areas)• Increased resource harvests (harder to measure)• Information, awareness and capacity• Food security – predictable supply • Governance and conflict management• Community organization• Resilience and adaptation• Health• Strengthen resource rights, respect, tenure…• Cultural recovery/survival• Integrated resource management• An excellent basis for Integrated Island Management
/ ICZM??
Biodiversity (increases in tabu areas)
Increased resource harvests (harder to measure)
Some key issues• Define new roles: Government/external
agencies’ role is support, coordination and technical advice rather than “command and control” – define new governance roles and multi-sector partnerships. NGOs..?
• Go to scale and beyond MPAs: Huge potential of tenure systems for integrated or ecosystem based management owing to land and sea tenure – building block of resource management
• Long term sustainability: External costs kept very low as community provides main inputs – beware “incentives” – sustainable use is the key driver
• The potential is very good AND little alternative approaches demonstrated
Country Site/project Cost/site Cost/km2 Cost/km2 No TakeZone
Samoa Village Fisheries Management Programme (VFMP) 1,344 1,862 5,795
Samoa Aleipata MPA 6,500 - 16,000 179 - 360
2,339 – 8,394
Samoa Safata MPA 6,500 - 19,000 179 - 534
2,339 – 4,471
Solomon Islands WFC, Isabel and Western Province 3,000 ~100 3,500
Solomon Islands WWF, Western Province 16,000/MPA 5,000/NTZ
2,900
Solomon Islands FSPI, Malaita, Gela, Guadalcanal 1,851 - 2,569 4,634 - 6,432
Solomon Islands TNC, Arnavon Islands 20,000 125 125
Vanuatu FSPV 5,537 2,187
Cook Islands WWF 5,000-10,000 15,000-30,000
Fiji Daku 478 81 166
Fiji Nasau 938 158 171
Fiji Navakavu 725 39 247
Fiji 170 IAS FLMMA sites 800 14.6 265.8
Fiji Waitabu 3,000 12,000
PNG CFMDP, Morobe and Kavieng 3,800
Support costs can be low (yearly avg)
Major costs are staff and transport e.g. FSPI Solomon Islands
Personnel
TravelWorkshops/Training
Office/field equipment and
admin
Communications
External Technical support
Government support
National network support
Potential for taking these experiences forward as a national approach would depend on being:
• Designed to fully integrate into government functions over the medium term (applies to Melanesia),
• Decentralized into logistically functional management areas (provinces or similar),
• Cost effectiveness to improve the likelihood of sustainable financing within government budgets or from donors / all of government approach (DRM, CCA, ICM)
• Phased or cumulative approach optimizing trickle down or snowballing effects. 1000’s of communities..
• Simple but strategic overview and non-burdensome data collection to enable the ongoing identification of gaps (objectives, species, habitats, coverage and so on).
Sources and reference:• Govan et al*. 2009. Status and potential of
locally-managed marine areas in the Pacific Island Region. SPREP/WWF/ Reefbase/CRISP
• LMMA annual reports www.lmmanetwork.org
Munda, Solomon Islands
* Et al. = Contributions from Alifereti Tawake, Kesaia Tabunakawai, Aaron Jenkins, Antoine Lasgorceix, Ann-Maree Schwarz, Bill Aalbersberg, Bruno Manele, Caroline Vieux, Dan Afzal, Delvene Notere, Erika Techera, Eroni Tulala Rasalato, Helen Sykes, Hugh Walton, Hugo Tafea, Isoa Korovulavula, James Comley, Jeff Kinch, Jess Feehely, Julie Petit, Louise Heaps, Paul Anderson, Pip Cohen, Pulea Ifopo, Ron Vave, Roy Hills, Seini Tawakelevu, Semese Alefaio, Semese Meo, Shauna Troniak, Suzie Kukuian, Sylvia George, Tevi Maltali.
