Status and Overview of IPWGof IPWG–related Precipitation ...
Transcript of Status and Overview of IPWGof IPWG–related Precipitation ...
Status and Overview of IPWG relatedof IPWG–related
Precipitation Data SetsPrecipitation Data Sets
Chris Kiddand many many others…and many, many others…
NASA WetNet: Tallahassee c.1989NASA WetNet: Tallahassee c.1989
IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
NASA WetNet PIP-1 Bristol c.1991NASA WetNet PIP 1 Bristol c.1991
IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
GPCP AIP-3 Shinfield Park c.1993
IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
IPWG#4 CMA Beijing 2008IPWG#4 CMA Beijing 2008
IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
History of precipitation 19601959 Vanguard 2
1960 TIROS-1
observation capabilities1970
1966 ATS-1
1970 1974 SMS-1
1978 SMMR1980 1983 NOAA-8
1987 SSM/I
1990
1997 TRMM
1988 WetNet1990 PIP-11989 AIP-1
20002003 SSM/IS
2002 MSG
C
1998 AMSU1993 PIP-21996 PIP-3
1991 AIP-21994 AIP-3
2001 IPWG
20102010 Megha-Tropiques
2006 Cloudsat2001 IPWG2004 PEHRPP
2020
2013 GPM
2010 Megha Tropiques
2018 PPM
IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
Meteorological Earth Observing SystemGOES-13
GOES-E(USA)75° W.
GOES-W135° W.
100° W.
850 km
ОMETEOSAT-9(EUMETSAT)
0° E. 35800 km
МЕТЕОR(RUSSIA)
METOP(EUMETSAT)
DMSP
GOES-9144°E
DMSP
DMSP(USA)
MTSAT(JAPAN)
140° E.
(USA)
FY-2METEOSAT-8
3.4° E.
FY-1(CHINA)NOAA
(USA)
METEOSAT-7
FY-2(CHINA)
105° E.
(USA)
METEOSAT 774° E.
ELECTRO(RUSSIA)
76° E.METEOSAT-6
67.5° E.
Observation availabilityy
Region Availability Cycle (current) Res.*Region Availability Cycle (current) Res.
Visible Since start of satellite era
Geostationary, 15/30 minsPolar orbiters, 6-hourly
250 m+, y
Infrared Shortly after start of Geostationary, 15/30 mins 1 km+satellite era~ calibrated since 1979
Polar orbiters, 6-hourly
Passive Microwave
Experimental 1972/1975Uncalibrated since 1978Calibrated since 1987
Polar orbiters, 6-hourly+ Low Earth orbiter (TMI)
4 km+
Active Microwave(radar)
13.8 GHz since 199794 GHz since 2006
Low Earth Orbiter (PR)Polar orbiter (Cloudsat)
4 km1.5 km
* Resolutions vary greatly with scan angle, frequency, sensor, etc.y g y g q y
IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
Satellite retrieval of precipitationp pVisible (including near IR)
R fl t l d t ti ( i• Reflectance, cloud top properties (size, phase)
I f dInfrared• Thermal emission – cloud top
temperatures → height
Passive Microwave• Natural emissions from surface and• Natural emissions from surface and
precipitation (emission and scattering)
A ti MiActive Microwave• Backscatter from precipitation particles
Note: Observations are not direct measurements
IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
Observations to Products
ClimatologyData inputs Resolutionsti /
Agriculture/crops
Obs
Re P
Visibletime/space
M thl / l Agriculture/cropsser
etri
rod
Infrared
Monthly/seasonalClimate resolution
Meteorologyvat
iev
duct
Passive MW
Hydrology
ion
als
ts
Active MWInstantaneous
ss Instantaneous
Full resolution
Model outputs
IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
Vis/IR and microwave retrievalsVis/IR and microwave retrievalsMicrowave methodologiesVisible/IR methodologies
Visible: Albedo, thickness
nIR: Particle size/type
Emission from hydrometeors over radiometrically ‘cold’ backgrounds
S tt i b h d tthIR: Cloud top temperatures/height Scattering by hydrometeors over radiometrically ‘warm’ backgrounds
Visible/IR techniques Microwave techniquesEmpirical techniques:
f fThresholding of cloud-top
( ) Use of surface observations to calibrate microwave observationsPhysical techniques:
temperatures (cold clouds=rain)
Cold cloud durationPhysical techniques:Radiative Transfer Modelling of MW energy through the atmosphere. Baysian techniques use of a priori
Empirical calibration of thIRMulti-spectral analysis
Baysian techniques – use of a prioridata bases of hydrometeor profiles derived from Cloud Radiation Models.
Neural Networks
IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
Vis/IR & microwave combined techniquesVis/IR & microwave combined techniquesVis/IR Microwave (active/passive)
☺ Rationale: Observations more directly related to hydrometeors
Rationale: Observation of cloud top properties (temperature/size) but indirect ☺
☺(temperature/size), but indirect
Observations: Frequent observations (30mins); Good
Observations: Infrequent observations (2/sat/day); Poor
☺☺
observations (30mins); Good spatial resolution (1-4 km)
observations (2/sat/day); Poor spatial resolution (5-25 km) ☺
Combine directness of MW observations with the resolution/frequency of IR observations
Calibration of Vis/IR-derived Advect microwave estimates f fproperties with microwave
observationswith information from IR
observations
IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
PM-calibrated IR products
2015 2045 2215 2245 0945 10152145TIME
LEO
H HH H H H
O
M M M
GEO
ainf
all
timat
eR
aes
t
M = match between LEO+GEO observations H = GEO-only observationsJoe Turk NRL/JPL
Result: Improved rainfall estimates every 30 minutes
IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
Advection/Morphing productsp g p12 May 2003MSG – SSMI
study
Wind vectors derived from MSG 15 minutes data(simple correlation match)
PMW estimates advected using MSG i d t 0745 0930(simple correlation match) MSG wind vectors: 0745-0930
Basis of ‘CMORPH’ and GSMaP techniquesuses forwards and backward propagation of PM rainfalluses forwards and backward propagation of PM rainfall
IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
“Global” Estimates
All products have advantages and disadvantagesAll products have advantages and disadvantages
IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
Satellite – gauge data sets
Algorithm Input data Space/time Areal coverage/ Update Latency Producer
Publicly available, quasi-operational, quasi-global, multi-sensor satellite-gauge precipitation estimates
g g
Algorithm Input data Space/time scales
Areal coverage/ start date
Update frequency
Latency Producer
GPCP Version 2.1 Satellite-Gauge (SG)
GPCP-OPI, gauge 1/79-6/87, 12/87 SSM/I-AGPI (IR), gauge, TOVS 7/87 4/05 except
2.5˚/monthly Global/1979 Monthly 3 months NASA/GSFC 613.1 (Adler & Huffman)
TOVS 7/87-4/05 except 12/87, AIRS 5/05-present
TRMM Plus Other Data (3B43 Version 6)
TCI-TMI, TCI-SSM/I, TCI-AMSR-E, TCI-AMSU, MW-VAR (IR), gauge
0.25°/monthly Global – 50°N-S/Jan 1998
Monthly 1 week NASA/GSFC PPS (Adler & Huffman)
CMAP OPI SSM/I GPI MSU 2 5˚/monthly Global/1979 Seasonal 3 months NOAA/NWS CPCCMAP OPI, SSM/I, GPI, MSU, gauge, model
2.5 /monthly Global/1979 Seasonal 3 months NOAA/NWS CPC (Xie)
GPCP pentad (Version 1.1)
OPI, SSM/I, GPI, MSU, gauge, GPCP monthly
2.5˚/5-day Global/1979 Seasonal 3 months NOAA/NWS CPC (Xie)
GPCP One-D D il
SSM/I-TMPI (IR), GPCP thl
1˚/daily Global – 50˚N-50˚S/O t b 1997
Monthly 3 months NASA/GSFC 613.1 (H ff )Degree Daily
(Version 1.1) monthly 50˚S/October 1997 (Huffman)
TRMM Plus Other Satellites (3B42 Version 6)
TCI-TMI, TCI-SSM/I, TCI-AMSR-E, TCI-AMSU, MW-VAR (IR), V.6 3B43
0.25°/3-hourly Global – 50°N-S/Jan 1998
Monthly 1 week NASA/GSFC PPS (Adler & Huffman)
f G O SS / / f / (?) O / S C CAfrican GPI, NOAA SSM/I, gauge 10 km/daily Africa/April 2000(?) Daily 6 hours NOAA/NWS CPC (Xie)
South Asian GPI, NOAA SSM/I, gauge 10 km/daily South Asia/April 2001
Daily 6 hours NOAA/NWS CPC (Xie)
CAMS/OPI CMAP-OPI, gauge 2.5˚/daily Global/1979 Monthly 6 hours NOAA/NWS CPC (Xie)
Mostly daily-monthly, 10km-250km
Huffman 2/10IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
Multi-Satellite data setsPublicly available, quasi-operational, quasi-global, multi-satellite precipitation estimates
Algorithm Input data Space/time scales
Areal coverage/ start date
Update frequency
Latency Producer
TRMM Real-Time HQ (3B40RT)
TMI, TMI-SSM/I, TMI-AMSR-E, TMI-AMSU
0.25˚/3-hourly Global – 70˚N-S/ Feb. 2005
3 hours 9 hours NASA/GSFC PPS (Adler & Huffman)
TRMM Real-Time MW-VAR 0.25˚/hourly Global – 50˚N-S/ 1 hour 9 hours NASA/GSFC PPSTRMM Real Time VAR (3B41RT)
MW VAR 0.25 /hourly Global 50 N S/ Feb. 2005
1 hour 9 hours NASA/GSFC PPS (Adler & Huffman)
TRMM Real-Time HQVAR (3B42RT)
HQ, MW-VAR 0.25˚/3-hourly Global – 50˚N-S/ Feb. 2005
3 hours 9 hours NASA/GSFC PPS (Adler & Huffman)
NRL Real TIme SSM/I-cal PMM (IR) 0.25˚/hourly Global – 40˚N-S/ July 2000
Hourly 3 hours NRL Monterey (Turk)July 2000 (Turk)
TCI (3G68) PR, TMI 0.5˚/hourly
Global – 35°N-S/ Dec. 1997
Daily 4 days NASA/GSFC PPS (Haddad)
TOVS HIRS, MSU 1°/daily Global/1979-April 2005
Daily 1 month NASA/GSFC 610 (Susskind)
AIRS AIRS di tt i l th/ bit Gl b l/M 2002 D il 1 d NASA/GSFC 610AIRS AIRS sounding rettrievals swath/orbit segments
Global/May 2002 Daily 1 day NASA/GSFC 610 (Susskind)
CMORPH TMI, AMSR-E, SSM/I, AMSU, IR vectors
0.08°/30-min 50°N-S/2000 Daily 18 hours NOAA/CPC (Xie)
GSMaP-MWR TMI, AMSR-E, AMSR, 0.25°/hourly, 60°N-S/1998-2006 – – JAXA (Aonashi & SSM/I daily,montjhly Kubota)
GSMaP-MVK+ TMI, AMSR-E, AMSR, SSM/I, IR vectors
0.1°/hourly 60°N-S/2003-2006 – – JAXA (Ushio)
GSMaP-NRT TMI, AMSR-E, SSM/I, IR vectors
0.1°/hourly 60°N-S/Oct. 2007 1 hour 4 hours JAXA (Kachi & Kubota)
Mostly hourly-daily, 10km-100km
Huffman 2/10IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
Single sensor products
Algorithm Input data Space/time scales
Areal coverage/ start date
Update frequency
Latency Producer
Publicly available, quasi-operational, quasi-global, single-sensor precipitation estimates
scales start date frequencyGoddard Profiling Algorithm (3G68)
TMI 0.5˚/hourly Global – 37°N-S/Dec. 1997
Daily 4 days NASA/GSFC PPS (Kummerow)
TRMM PR Precip (3G68)
PR 0.5˚/hourly Global – 37°N-S/Dec. 1997
Daily 4 days NASA/GSFC PPS (Iguchi)
GPROF SSM/I 0 5˚/ bit Gl b l 70°N S/ M thl 1 th C l St t U iGPROF SSM/I 0.5˚/orbit segments
Global – 70°N-S/ Jan. 1998
Monthly 1 month Colo. State Univ. (Kummerow)
RSS TMI,AMSR-E,SSM/I, QSCAT
pixel/orbit;1°/ 12-hr;0.5°/ pentad,monthly
Global Ocean – 82°N-S/1988-2007
pending pending HOAPS/Univ. of Hamburg, MPI (Klepp,Andersson)
HOAPS SSM/I 0.25°/1-,3-, 7-day;monthly
Global Ocean – 70°N-S/July 1987
1-,3-,7day; monthly
1 day, then 15 days
RSS (Wentz)
Chang-Chiu-WIlheit Statistical
TMI 5°/monthly Global ocean – 40°N-S/Jan. 1998
Monthly 1 week NASA/GSFC TSDIS (Chiu)
Chang-Chiu- SSM/I 2.5°/monthly Global ocean – Monthly 1 month Chinese U. of Hong gWilheit Statistical
y60°N-S/July 1987
y gKong (Chiu)
NESDIS/ FNMOC Scattering index
SSM/I 0.25˚/daily 1.0˚/pentad, mon 2.5˚/pentad, mon
Global/July 1987 Daily 6 hours NESDIS ORA (Ferraro)
NESDIS AMSU 0 25˚/daily Global/2000 Daily 4 hours NESDIS ORANESDIS High Frequency
AMSU 0.25 /daily1.0˚/pentad, mon 2.5˚/pentad, mon
Global/2000 Daily 4 hours NESDIS ORA (Weng and Ferraro)
GPI GEO-IR, LEO-IR in GEO gaps
2.5°/pentad Global – 40˚N-S 1986–March 1997
N/A N/A NOAA/NWS CPC (Xie)
GEO LEO IR 1°/3 hourly Global 40˚N S Monthly 1 Week NOAA/NWS CPC GEO-, LEO-IR 1°/3-hourly Global – 40 N-S Oct. 1996
Monthly 1 Week NOAA/NWS CPC (Xie)
OPI AVHRR 2.5˚/daily Global/1979 Daily 1 day NOAA/NWS CPC (Xie)
Huffman 2/10IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
Gauge-based precipitation analyses
Publicly available, quasi-operational, quasi-global, gauge precipitation analyses
Gauge based precipitation analyses
y , q p , q g , g g p p yAlgorithm Input data Space/time
scales Areal coverage/ start date
Update frequency
Latency Producer
GPCC Gauge – Version 2 “Full
~60,000 gauges (climatology anomaly)
0.5°,1˚,2.5°/ monthly
Global/1901-2007 Occasional – DWD GPCC (Rudolf)Version 2 Full
Analysis” (climatology-anomaly) monthly (Rudolf)
GPCC Gauge – “Monitoring”
~8,000 gauges (climatology-anomaly)
1˚,2.5°/monthly Global/2007 Monthly 3 months DWD GPCC (Rudolf)
GHCN+CAMS Gauge
~3,800 gauges (SPHEREMAP)
2.5°/monthly Global/1979 Monthly 1 week NOAA/NWS CPC (Xie)Gauge (SPHEREMAP) (Xie)
CRU Gauge ~20,000 gauges (anomaly analysis)
0.5°/monthly Global/1901 Occasional – U. East Anglia (New and Viner)
Huffman 2/10IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
EXAMPLES: GPCP V.2.1 SG climatology for 1979-2008
Note ITCZ, dry subtropical highs, mid-latitude storm tracksPrecipitation is concentrated around maritime continentp
Huffman 2/10IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
Local linear trend in GPCP V.2.1 SG, 1979-2007 (29 years)
Regionally coherent trends do exist0 7 /d/d d li t d 29 l ll• >0.7 mm/d/decade linear trend over 29 years, locally
• the pattern appears to be driven by increases in ENSO frequency • data set inhomogeneities require careful examination
Huffman 2/10IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
Huffman 2/10IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
Model vs satelliteF
ECM
WF
2RT
3B4
3-hourly precipitation accumulations for 1 June 2007
Clear differences between identification (or definition) of precipitation
IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
High resolution climatologiesHigh resolution climatologiesTRMM PR data: 11 years (1997→) at ~5 km resolution.
fall
all
e of
rain
f
Rainfall shows significant local al
rain
fa
curr
ence
gvariability linked with relief.
nnua
l tot
OccAn
IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
IPWG Inter-comparison regionsp gNear real-time intercomparison of model & satellite estimates vs radar/gauge
IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
Space-time dependency3-hour
Space-time dependencyAt full resolution the ‘accuracy’ of
day
At full resolution the accuracy of estimated rain is low; averaging over time and space improves the picture
5-day
Month
VAR vs. HQ (mm/hr) Feb. 2002 30°N-S
Fine-scale data allows users to decide the averaging strategy
Huffman 2/10IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
Satellite error propagation in flood prediction700 700)
400
500
600
700
e (m
3 /s)
radar 1kmSREM2D KIDD 4km
400
500
600
700
e (m
3 /s)
radar 1kmSREM2D 3B42
1200
km
2
Anagnostou& Hossain:
100
200
300
Dis
char
ge
0
100
200
300
Dis
char
ge
higl
ione
(
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1600
Time (hrs)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1600
Time (hrs)
Bac
ch
200
250 radar 1kmSREM2D KIDD 4km
200
250 radar 1kmSREM2D 3B42
2 )
50
100
150
Dis
char
ge (m
3 /s)
50
100
150
Dis
char
ge (m
3 /s)
a (1
16 k
m2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1600
Time (hrs)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
0
Time (hrs)
Posi
naPMIR: 4km/30min 3B42RT: 1deg/3hr
High:57.9
0.5 km 1 km 2 km 4 km 8 km 16 kmLow:1.6A li ti l ti iti lApplications are resolution critical
IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
High latitude precipitationHigh latitude precipitation
Validation instrumentation at high latitudes to observe and
measure precipitationmeasure precipitation
IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
Sounding MW techniques
07:35183-WSLC
snowfall
183-WSL
snowfall
10:55 09:15 07:3509:15
183-WSLC
Use of AMSU 183GHz: capable of retrieving
NIMROD22 November 2008183-WSLC
10:55
p gprecipitation (rain and snow) over cold backgrounds 22 November 2008backgrounds
Vincenzo Levizanni, ISAC
IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010
Summaryy• Wide range of techniques and algorithms exist• Estimates available from monthly/2.5° to 15min/4km• Validation results show good correlations, although
seasonally dependent (poor cold-season performance)
F t h llFuture challenges• Future missions will advance satellite precipitation retrievals
through improved sensors and sampling
• Extensions of retrievals of precipitation at higher latitudes is p p gchallenging:- Light intensity, low-level, frozen precipitation- Surface background contamination- Monitoring changes critical for climate studies
IPWG#5, Hamburg, 11-15 October 2010