STATISTICS:

GENDER DISCRIMINATION

IN THE ART FIELD

Incomplete and random statistics of the number and gender of artists shown in books, art faculty, art grants, art criticism, art exhibitions, etc. which may be useful art in indicating patterns and trends.

@ ELEANOR DICKINSON 2003

ASSUMPTIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS:____________________________________________

N/A means not available at this time or not yet counted.

Statistics of the same area, topic or exhibition may vary slightly as these are direct quotesfrom many sources which may use different methods of counting (for example: from thecatalog or from the exhibition after changes have been made). Artists of unknown gender(unisex names, initials, etc. were counted separately and not included in the totals (randomchecking indicates that total proportions are not affected by this omission.) Inconsistenciesand omissions of data may derive from definitions. For example, the U.S. Census countsquotes from many sources which may use different methods of counting (for example: fromthe catalog or from the exhibition after changes have been made). Artists of unknowngender (unisex names, initials, etc. were counted separately and not included in the totals(random checking indicates that total proportions are not affected by this omission.)Inconsistencies and omissions of data may derive from definitions. For example, the U.S.Census counts visual and performing artists together, and sometimes counts only "working"artist or artists and teachers and only lists the occupation that has the highest income.National Endowment for the Arts counts painters, sculptors, crafts, and printmakers only; itoften combines visual and performing arts. Documentation is on file at the Archives ofAmerican Art, Smithsonian Institution.

PUBLISHING HISTORY:________________________________________________________Presented at the College Art Association, Coalition of Women's Art Organizations, Feb., 151990, New York. Presented at the "Women and Power Conference", National Cathedral,Washington, D.C., Nov. 10, 1989. Presented in Testimony before The State of CaliforniaCommission on The Status of Women, Feb. 24, 1987, Los Angeles, CA. Excerpts arepublished in Visual Dialogue Magazine (Vol. 1, No.2, Dec. 1975), Women's Art Journal,ARTWEEK, and other papers and magazines. Sponsored and distributed by National ArtistsEquity Association, National Woman's Caucus for Art, the Coalition of Women's ArtOrganizations, and California Lawyers for the Arts.

SOURCES:These statistics were compiled from art gallery and museum catalogs and other publications,and from counting of exhibitions, slides and books by artists, art students, and members ofthe Woman's Caucus for Art. Additional data was obtained from: the U.X. Census, ArtWorkers News, magazines of The American Association of University Professors and theCollege Art Assoc., Art in America (June 1972), Time Magazine, "Spit Ink" 1989, "Art byWomen" (@D. Coerr, 1978), Nat'l Endowment for the Arts studies, New England Foundationfor the Arts, Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Sex Differentials in Art Exhibition Reviews"(Tamarind @1972), Women in Art magazine, Guerrilla Girls, Boston Visual Artists Union,unpublished thesis "Faculty Employment" (@F.E. Stewart 1988), unpub. Thesis "ExhibitionRepresentation" (@C. Smelund, 1989), U.S. Dept. Commerce, Academe (A.A.U.P. June,1975, Nov.,1988), Science Vol. 205, Oakland Museum, New Art Examiner, 1987, N.Y. PublicLibrary, Making Their Mark" (@ Rosen, 1989), "Source Book of Art Statistics, 1987"

(@Westat, 1987, 1989). Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1989, 1990;U.S. Dept. of Education Digest of Education Statistics, N.Y. Foundation for the Arts '92, D.L.Knoff, MS, Flash Art 1993-4, Nat'l End. Arts Research Div. Reports, 1994. "Casual Nation,"Coalition of Graduate Employee Unions, Dec. 12,2000. C.A.A. Comm. On Women in the Arts1998 Survey on Status of Women and People of Color in the Arts. NEA Higher EducationResearch Center, June 2001. Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Occup. Outlook Hdbk. 2002-3; Ed.US Dept. Labor. AAUP, "Annual Report Economic Status of the Profession 2002-3. 2001Princeton Univ. Current Population Survey. ." "PhD's in Art History." Getty Grant Program,2003.

INDEX

SOME LAW Page 2

NUMBERS Page 3

The Number and gender of visual artists in the United States Page 3-4The number of professionally trained artists in the United States Page 5-6

THE PROBLEM Page 7

Financial support of visual artists in the United States Page 7-8Distribution of Faculty, salaries by gender Page 9-10Commissions, Grants and Fellowships by gender Page 11-12National Endowments for the Arts Awards showing Grant levels Page 13Summary of exhibition opportunities: Invited Exhibitions Page 14 (artist known to juror)

SOME CAUSES: Page 15

Some groups which award Commissions, Grants, etc. to artists Page 15Faculty in visual arts in schools in the U.S. Page 16-18Sample Faculties analyzed by gender Page 19-21Gender distribution of visual artists to art textbooks Page 22-24Media reviews of exhibitions by gender Page 25Listings in art magazines by gender Page 26

ANALYSIS OF EXHIBITIONS:QUALITY OF ART Page 27-37

Exhibition opportunities: Juried (Artist unknown to Juror) Page 27-29Exhibition opportunities: Invited (Artist known to Juror) Page 30-37Examples of change in two Museums Page 38-39

CONCLUSIONS Page 40RECOMMENDATIONS Page 41

GRAPHIC COMPARISONS Page 42/43COPIES/SPONSORS Page 44

2

SOME LAW

Statistics showing racial or ethnic imbalance are probative in [an employment discriminationcase] because such imbalance is often a telltale sign of purposeful discrimination; absentexplanation, it is ordinarily to be expected that non-discriminatory hiring practices will in timeresult in a work force more or less representative of the racial and ethnic population in thecommunity from which the employees are hired."

Intern. Board of Teamsters V. U.S.,431 U.S. 324, 340 N.20 (1977) et alia

Gross statistical disparities . . Alone may in a proper case constitute prima facie proof of apattern of practice of discrimination."

Hazlewood School Dist. V.U.S.,433 U.S. 299, 307-08 (1977)

"A plaintiff in a Title VII suit need not prove discrimination with scientific certainty; rather hisor her burden is to prove discrimination by a preponderance of the evidence."

Bazemore V. Friday p 13. 1986 U.S. Supreme Court

This study is intended as general information only. For legal advice about yourspecific circumstances, you should consult a licensed attorney with experience in ArtLaw.

3

Number and Gender of Visual Artists in the United States:YEAR SOURCE TOTALS %MALES %FEMALES1900 U.S. Census 250001960 U.S. Census: artists and teachers 105000 68000 37000

Artists (NEA Source) 810001970 Nat'l End. for the Arts Study 92726 69% 31%1970 U.S. Census: artists aged 25-44 yrs. 3670001970 NEA: "Established Artists"* in labor force 38% 19%

(*30 yrs. Up, 40 wks/year, and same occupation1965-70

1970 NEA: total of all artists in U.S. 599066 73.80% 26.20%603000 74% 26%

NEA: art labor force over 16 yrs. Old 730204 66.10% 33.90%(30% of all artists lived in N.Y. or Calif.; 20% inIll., PA, TX, and OH)(88% of all artists in urban areas; 14% womenartists lived in N.Y.)

1970 NEA: visual artists: painters 86849 52827 34022visual artists: painters and sculptors 63% 37%

1960-1990U.S. Census: working artists increased 144%(4.6% yearly)

1970-1990U.S. Census: artists increased 127%1976 NEA: all artists 903000 69% 31%1979 NEA: "Sourcebook" U.S. artists: 9.8% Minorities1980 Nat'l End. Study (40% inc.) 176321

1983-4 Nat'l End. Study (9% inc.) 2000001980 New England Region 42% 58%1980 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics:

NY Metro Area (10% US Artists) 102954US Total (16% in Calif.) 1000000

1980 NEA: visual artists: painters 153162 79445(52%)73717(48%)Minorities: 9.9% 14994

1980 U.S. Census: working artists in U.S. 1084693 55% 45%(Asians 2%, Hispanics 3.8%, Blacks 4.2%, Nat.Amer. 0.3%)

1980 U.S. Census: Los Angeles fine artists 9032 60% 40%film and photographers 5505 82% 18%

1980 NEA Study: total U.S. artists 1085693 62% 38%1980 NEA: increase of all artists 76% from 1970-1980 50% 1.17

Artists in California 176321 55% 45%Artists in New York City (#1) 141913 62% 38%Artists in Los Angeles (#2) 103406 67% 33%Artists in Chicago (#3) 50500 66% 35%Artists in San Francisco (#4) 40585 63% 37%

1983 All U.S. workers 57% 44%1985 U.S. Dept. of Labor (Black workers 10.4%) 62% 38%1986 U.S. Census: writers, artists, entertainers 55% 45%

(total U.S. workforce: 117,834,000;artists:1,500,000 (1.04%)

4

19861987

NEA Study: painters, sculpture, craftsN.Y. Dealer Mary Boone's estimate

18900080-85% 15-20%

N.Y. New Museum Dir. Marcia Tucker's estimate 48% 52%1987 Visual Arts Access demographic study of artists

in Northern California 55% 45%1988 Statistical Abstract of U.S.:

designers 46.70% 53.30%painters, sculptors, prints, crafts 48.80% 51.20%photographers 69.30% 30.70%

5

Number of Qualified (Professionally Trained) Artists in United States:YEAR SOURCE %MALES %FEMALES1935 W.P.A. Professional Artists 59% 41%1968 B.A. Degrees in Fine Arts 5601 84501970 Number of Artists continuing in career 62.30% 38.70%1971 Students in U.S. Art Schools 25% 75%1971 PhD's in Art History 56.30% 43.70%1972 Students in Architecture 94% 6%1975 Recipients of Ph.D. in Art History 51% 49%1976 Graduates in all fields: High School 50% 50%

College 57% 53%Masters Degree 60% 40%Doctorate 87% 13%

1976 Nat'l End.; yrs. of total education of artists 13.5 yrs. 13.7 yrs.1977 MFA Degrees 50% 50%1981 MFA (no Doctorate in studio art) 40% 60%1981 Students in U.S. Art Schools 30% 70%1983 Recipients of Ph.D. in Art History 34% 67%

1985-86 B.A. Degrees in Visual and Performing Arts, U.S. 14284(39%) 22665(61%)1986 Students in Art History and Studio art school est. 25-40% 60-75%1986 MFA Degrees at UCLA 50% 50%1986 MFA Degrees at Cal Arts 47% 53%

1983-93 Southern Calif. Universities 33% 67%1985-86 Degrees in Art, visual and performing (U.S. Dept. Educ.)

B.A. 14284% 22665%Masters 3775% 4641%

1986-87 Degrees in Art conferred (U.S. Dept. of Educ.)A.A. Degree 8095(57%) 6066(43%)Bachelor of Arts 13785(38%) 22448(62%)Masters 3756(44%) 4747(56%)Doctorate 447(56.5%) 344(43.5%)

1987 Students in M.F.A. programs (190 art schools, depts.) 40% 60%1990 Artists completing some college: 80%1991 College Art Assoc.: 12,000 members: 35% 65%

art history and studio art teachers 50% 50%(people of color: 4% interviewed, 13% finalappointments)

1992 CA. College Arts & Crafts students: Fine Arts 39% 61%M.F.A. 29% 71

6

Architecture 51% 48%1994 Ph.D. Art History 40% 60%1995 College Art Assoc. membership 37% 63%1996 College Art Assoc. positions - interviewed 50% 50%

College Art Assoc. positions - final appointments 46% 54%(people of color: 11% interviewed, 22% finalappointments)

1998 College Art Assoc. membership: 13,299 4894(36.7%) 8405(63.3%)

1998Research Center, Columbia: 38-43% of artists havegraduate degrees(190 art schools and depts. Offer M.F.A. degrees)(10,000 students enter Graduate programs each year)

1998 Ph.D.s in Art History 33.50% 66.50%2000 College Art Association membership 5314(37.7%) 8760(62.2%)2003 Getty Grant Program: Ph. D. in Art History 149 3592003 College Art Assoc. membership: 14,418

MFA 39% Ph.D. 17% B.A. 6% B.F.A. 4%

***** CONCLUSION: over half of trained artists and art historians are women.

7

THE PROBLEMFINANCIAL SUPPORT OF VISUAL ARTISTS IN UNITED STATES

YEAR SOURCE %MALES %FEMALES1970-76 US Census: ratio of earnings in art: 100% 36%

1970 NEA: Median income of all artists: $7900. Visual$11,148NEA: Median income of all artists $9,500 $3,400

1970 NEA: Median income of all artists: $7900. 100% 36%(Consumer Price Index rose 47% 1970-80 so$7900. Worth $5,400. 1970 stand.)NEA: Median income of all artists $9,500 $4,000

1970 NEA: Median income all "Established Artists"* $11,900 $5,5101974 Artists supporting themselves solely from sales of

their art: 7.60%Income from sale of art alone: $1,839.16(Median: $600)

1976 NEA Visual Arts Program, Alt. Spaces grants $559,000 $38,0001977 NEA Visual Arts Program, Alt. Spaces grants $605,945 $31,0001977 Federal Small Business Assoc. grants 92% 10%

Federal Procurement Contracts 92% $513,000,000 $42,000,000"Equal Opportunity Loans" $1.1 Billion 90% 10%

1979 NEA: U.S. artists' income: painters, sculpt., crafts $12,091 $5,773photographers $12,116 $5,217

1979 NEA: Median income of artists: $8,576.001980 Survey: 22% of artists rec'd NO income from their

art1980 New England survey: ratio of earnings in art 100% 40%1980 Mass. Artists' average income from art: $4,535

(offset by average art expenses of $3,524)1980 Average income for art related work (teaching)

$4,6101980 Income from art accounted for 57% of total household income in

artists' households.1970-80 U.S. Census: median income of all artists $12,091 $5,773

1981 Pay for art work in New England $4,535 $1,8141981 New England artists: 133.1/3% 100%1982 Arts in Calif. Generated $12 Billion economic

activity1982 Taxable art-related retail sales in Calif:

$3,184,422,0001986 Median U.S. income $24,779 $15,9251987 All U.S. artists income average (U.S. Dept. Labor) $13,000 $5,7001990 Artist legal problems: CA Lawyers for Arts referrals 36.20% 63.80%1990 "Cont. Prints & Paintings" Butterfield, LA,SF: 44 2

8

auction sales1990 Median earnings, U.S. Census; median age 38 $24,320 $18,762

(all U.S. professionals, median $41,159)Full-time work:44% (25% decline in art teachersfrom 1980) 56% 35%

1994 (D.L. Knoff MS.) U.S. artists' income 100% 30%1997 Women earned $0.74 for every $1. males earned1997 Bur. Labor Statistics: 132,000, all photographers:

median pay $9.31/hr, avg. $11.24/hr 70.80% 29.20%1998 Bur. Labor Statistics: Artists & related workers:

127,000median pay $14.27/h., average pay $15.92/hr(6.6% Black, 5.3% Hispanic)

1998 60% of artists earn less than $7,000/yr from theirart: 45% earn less than $3,000/yr($13,650 is official Poverty Level). Less than 1/3 earn their majorincome from their art;89% consider themselves professional.

1998 Architects (Bureau of Labor Statistics) $46,436 $39,4161998 Graphic Designers (Amer. Inst. Graphic Arts) $37, 444 $29,2241998 Visual artists held 308,000 jobs2000 60% of artists are self-employed (6 times

proportion in other professions)2000 Bureau Labor Statistics: median earnings (100%)$39,000(90%)$35,100

2002-3 U.S. Dept. Labor, Bureau Labor Stats. Median annual earnings ofartists in 2000: $31,190Lowest 10%: less than $14,690. Highest 10%:over $58,580.

**********CONCLUSION: although a great deal of money is made through the arts, thehighly trained artists are poorly paid and women artists are paid less than men.

9

FACULTY SALARIES: DISTRIBUTION OF BY GENDERYEAR SOURCE %MALES %FEMALES

1970 New Engl. Fdn. for the Arts Study average 36% more1975 College faculty salaries-all fields

Prof. $27,600 $24,500Assoc. Prof. $19,500 $18,400Asst. Prof. $16,400 $15,500Instructor $12,900 $11,900

1975Aver. Earning differential in 2 year colleges $1600 morein 4 year colleges $2538 morein universities $4300 more

1976 New Engl. Found. for the Arts earning diff. 36% more1987 Ohlone College, C.A. mean income $49,525 $31,6641988 College Faculty salaries: Doctoral level, Prof. $53,390 $47,740

4 year colleges; comprehensive $44,230 $42,0904 year colleges; general $38,280 $35,6502 year colleges $38,370 $36,270

1992 Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Full Professors:Salaries: White males 100%, women 94%, Blacks 92%, Nat. Amer.85%

1998 AAUP: Professors, Dr. $84,351 $76,556Professors $59,643 $56,777Associates $54,491 $50,716Assistants $45,132 $42,274Instructors $34,239 $32,790

1999 Adjunct teachers=30%-90% of university teachers2000

Fine Arts Full Time Faculty, private institutions: $48,619(4 yr. Colleges & universities) public institutions:$51,249

2001 CAA members employed full time: 49%2001-2 AAUP: Employed, ranked: Full Professors 88.60% 21.40%

Assoc. Prof. 53.90% 46.10%2002-3 AAUP: Employed, ranked: Full Professors 87.70% 12.30%

Assoc. Prof. 54.10% 45.90%2002-3 AAUP: Employed, ranked: Full Professors 100% 88.80%

Assoc. Prof. 100% 93.10%Asst. Prof. 100% 92.40%

2003 Survey: Getty Grant: from 1985 to 1991 rec'd Ph.D. inArt Hist:

149nopercent 359nopercent

10-15 years later employed as faculty in college/univ. 74% 59.00%10-15 years later employed as Curators or MuseumDirectors 16% 17.00%

10

10-15 years later self-employed or/in business/non-profits 6% 16.00%10-15 years later as tenured faculty earned over$70,000 34% 16.00%10-15 years later: curators/museum/direct. earn over$70,000 53% 41.00%

2003 CAA member employed full-time 50%

******** CONCLUSION: women art teachers and artists earn less than men, in lower ranks.

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COMMISSIONS, GRANTS, FELLOWSHIPS BY GENDERYEAR SOURCE %MALES %FEMALES

1962-66 "Fine Arts in Federal Bldgs." commissioned by Gen. ServeAdmin., New Orleans 90% 10%

1966 Nat'l Endowment for Arts Fellowships, Grants 96% 4%1967 NEA Grants 96% 4%1970 NEA Artist Grants 90% 10%1970 J.S. Guggenheim Fellowships 83% 17%1971 J.S. Guggenheim Fellowships 93% 7%1971 NEA Artist Grants 83% 17%1972 NEA Artist Grants 100% 0%1972 J.S. Guggenheim Fellowships 93% 7%

1972-76 "Fine Arts in Federal Bldgs." commissioned by Gen. ServeAdmin., New Orleans 86% 14%

1973 J.S. Guggenheim Fellowships 86% 14%1974 NEA Artist Grants 74% 26%1974 Ford Foundation grants, Vandegriff Research 82% 18%1974 J.S. Guggenheim Fellowships 93% 7%1975 Mass. Artists Foundation 70% 30%1975 J.S. Guggenheim Fellowships 87% 13%1975 NEA Artist Grants 76% 24%1975 NEA Grants, Vandegriff Research 86.90% 13.10%1975 Grants from Foundations in visual & performing arts 96.50% 3.50%1976 NEA Artist Grants 74% 26%1976 J.S. Guggenheim Fellowships 87% 13%1977 Guggenheim Grants: $4.5 million 84% 16%1977 NEA Fellowships & Grants 67% 33%1977 J.S. Guggenheim Fellowships 79% 21%1978 J.S. Guggenheim Fellowships 86% 14%1978 when artists are rejected for NEA Grants:

how many try again? 86% 15%how many don't try again? 15% 85%

1978 NEA Artist Grants 67% 33%1979 NEA Artist Grants 64% 36%1979 J.S. Guggenheim Fellowships 77% 23%1980 J.S. Guggenheim Fellowships 67% 33%1980 NEA Artists Grants 71% 29%1981 NEA Artists Grants 72% 28%1981 J.S. Guggenheim Fellowships 70% 30%1981 NEA Photography Fellowships 86% 14%

1981-2 NEA Visual Artists Fellowships 67% 33%1982-88 NEA Grants to women's organizations 35%cut

1982 NEA Artist Grants 66% 34%1982 J.S. Guggenheim Fellowships 64% 36%1983 NEA Artist Grants 66% 34%

12

1983 J.S. Guggenheim Fellowships 76% 24%1983 Nat'l Endowment for Arts Fellowships, Grants 63% 37%1984 J.S. Guggenheim Fellowships 70% 30%1984 NEA Artist Grants 63% 37%1985 NEA Artist Grants 64% 36%1985 J.S. Guggenheim Fellowships 72% 28%1985 Mass. Artists Foundation 35% 65%

1963-86 "Young Talents Awards", L.A. County Museum 77% 23%1986 J.S. Guggenheim Fellowships 81% 19%1987 J.S. Guggenheim Fellowships, in Photography 75% 25%1987 NEA Grants 60% 40%1988 NEA Grants 143(57%) 109(43%)

1982-1989NEA Nat'l Heritage Fellows 75(70%) 32(30%)1989 NEA Grants 168(57%) 129(43%)1989 Guggenheim Fellows, artists 16(64%) 9(36%)1990 Guggenheim Fellows, artists 14(66.6%) 7(33.3%)1992 New York Foundation for the Arts Awards 46.60% 53.40%1993 NEA Grants 67.5(61%)42.5(39%)1994 NEA Grants 41(47%) 47(53%)1996 NEA Grants 7(70%) 3(30%)

1990-1997NEA Nat'l Heritage Fellows 71(72%) 28(28%)1998 NEA Grants: folk and traditional arts and crafts 7 31998 Flintridge Foundation 9(75%) 3(25%)1999 Flintridge Foundation 8(67%) 4(33%)

13

NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS AWARDS SHOWING GRANTLEVELS

YEAR SOURCE %MALES %FEMALES1985 Nat'l Endowment $2.7 million of a total budget of $163.6 million

(4,862 all programs)Artist Fellowships: 257 grants (from 5600 applicants)$5000 level - 121 awards 57.50% 42.50%$10000 level - 131 awards 64.90% 35.10%$25000 level - 5 awards 100% 0%

1986 Nat'l Endowment (total budget $165.6 million) Artists Fellowships:232 grants$5000 level - 127 awards 48.80% 51.20%$10000 level - 101 awards 70(69.3%)31(30.7%)$25000 level - 4 awards 75% 25%

1988 Nat'l Endowment Artists Fellowships: 252 grants$5000 level 93(56%) 73(44%)$15000 level 46(57%) 35(43%)$25000 level 4(80%) 1(20%)

1989 Nat'l Endowment Artists Fellowships: 297 grants$5000 level 88(49%) 92(51%)$15000 level 80(69%) 37(31%)

1993 Nat'l Endowment Artists Fellowships: 4,526 applications$20,000 only level - 110 grants: 2.4% 67.50% 42.50%

1994 Nat'l Endowment Artists Fellowships: 5,168 applications$20,000 only level - 88 grants: 1.7% 41 47

1996 NEA Grants 7 3

**********CONCLUSION: Gov't and major funding agencies awarded the most money tomale artists until 1990; recent changes in N.E.A. make grants more equitable -and fewer. Latest changes deny funding to most individual artists (1996 on.)

14

SUMMARY OF EXHIBITION OPPORTUNITIESArtist known to Juror: Invited Exhibitions:

YEAR %MALE %FEMALE1960-69 85% 15%1970-75 88% 12%1976-80 85% 15%1980-84 81% 19%1985-87 83% 17%1988-95 85.50% 14.50%1995-99 83.30% 16.70%

1990-2002 81% 19%

AVERAGE: 84% 16%

Nat'l Endowment for the Arts Research (per NMWA): (1989)

Women in "Mainstream" galleries 90% 10%Works hanging in U.S. Museums 95% 5%Works in U.S. galleries 75-90% 10-25%

**********CONCLUSION: Exhibitions chosen by "Invitation" where the artist is known to theCurator tend to produce very biased gender ratios which do not reflect the ratioof available professional artists.

15

SOME CAUSESSOME GROUPS WHICH AWARD COMMISSIONS, GRANTS, SHOWS ETC. TO ARTISTS:

YEAR SOURCE %MALES %FEMALES66-77 Nat'l Endowment Advisory Panels 75% 25%68-78 Nat'l Council on the Arts members 77% 23%1977 NEA Advisory Panels 61% 39%

in Visual Arts ( L. Biddle"Women won't serve." 68% 31%1977 Selection Committee: Guggenheim Grants 100% 0%1978 Major US Museum Directors 100% 0%1978 All Major commissions, General Services 90% 10%

Administration, Art in Architecture1981 Major Museum Directors in US 75% 25%1984 Assoc. of Art Museum Directors 90% 10%

(Professional employees in U.S. museums 50% 50%1986 Assoc. of Art Museum Directors (active) 90% 10%

Assoc. of Art Museum Directors (assoc.) 85% 15%1988 Assoc. of Art Museum Directors 124(90%) 14(10%)1989 Selection Panels: Nat'l Endowment for the Arts 8 10

(changed to 6 person panels: 1/2 male, 1/2 female;1 minority; 5 artists, 1 curator)

1992 ART NEWS, Jan. World's Top 200 Collectors (52 couples) 128 201993 Selection Panels: Nat'l Endowment for the Arts 11 101994 Selection Panels: Nat'l Endowment for the Arts 10 111994 Assoc. of Art Museum Directors 75% 25%1995 Directors of major Art Museums N/A 31995 CEO's of "Fortune 500" companies 499 1

(6.5 million women-owned businesses in U.S.)1997 Flintridge Foundation 1 41998 Assoc. of Art Museum Directors 67% 33%2000 Art Dealers Assoc. of America (President or Director) 150 1242000 Art Dealers Assoc. of America: present or past Presidents 14 02004 CCA Board Members 7 1

********** CONCLUSION: there appears to be a relationship between the gender ratios oforganizations awarding exhibitions and grants and the gender ratios of artistsreceiving the awards.

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FACULTY: VISUAL ARTS IN SCHOOLS IN THE UNITED STATES:YEAR SOURCE %MALES %FEMALES1971 Amer. Institute of Architects, members 99% 1%1972 Art History faculties in U.S. 89% 11%1972 Studio Art faculties in U.S. 98% 2%1976 College of Art Assoc. Members - all fields 49.50% 50.50%1975 CAA:(Available for teaching jobs) studio art 67% 33%

1981-2 CAA:(Available for teaching jobs) studio art 50% 50%1970-6 CAA:(Available for teaching jobs) Art Historians 32-37% 63-68%1971-3 College Art Dept.'s: Chairman 100% 0%

Full Prof. 86.20% 13.80% Assoc. Prof. 86.80% 13.20% Asst. Prof. 74.20% 25.80% Instructor 66.70% 33.30%College Art History Dept.: Chairman 95% 5% Full Prof. 89.50% 10.50% Assoc. Prof. 74.40% 25.60% Asst. Prof. 67.30% 32.70% Instructor 57.90% 42.10%

1974-75 all U.S. faculty members (AAUP) 87.50% 22.50%(1970 2% part-time)

1974-75 82 MFA Departments (1% women of color) 88% 12%1975 College Art Dept.: Full Prof. 90.20% 9.80%

Assoc. Prof. 83.20% 16.80%1975 College Art Historians 77.20% 22.80%

Tenured 87% 13%1983 College Art Historians 67% 33%

Tenured 79% 21%1975-6 College Art Assoc. job applicants: studio 64% 36%1981-2 College Art Assoc. job applicants: studio 50% 50%1975-82 College Art Assoc. job applicants:

Art Historians 32-37% 63-68%1975 Full time employment in college art teaching 50-55% 37%1977 Study (Art Express Ed.) estimates total of studio

artists teaching art at college level: 12,000 to15,000 total

1978 Amer. Assoc. Univ. Prof. Study: Full Professors 92% 8% Tenured positions 84% 16% Full-time college Faculty 75% 25%

1978-79 M.A. and PhD candidates (students) 26% 74%

1978-79All art program FT faculty, PhD-grantinginstitutions 74% 26%

1978-79 Art History faculty 70% 30%1983 Full time employment in college art teaching 50-55% 42%

17

(increase in applications by women did not yieldany increase in women hired, per CAA)

1987-88 82 MFA Departments (1.5% women of color) 67% 33%1987-88 Art History faculty (1.5% women of color) 57% 43%1988-89 CAA teaching job applicants: studio art 54% 46%

interviewed 45% 55% hired 46% 54%

1988-89 CAA teaching job applicants: art history 44% 56%(Minorities: 3.4% total) hired: 43% 57%

1991 90% of all artists' models are female1992 All U.S. Dept. Educ.: Art Educators, college level

Full-time faculty: 31,682 Native Americans 0.30% 0.20% Asians 1.20% 1.60% Black 3.80% 1.80% Chicano 7.10% 0.30% White 60.40% 28.30%Part-time faculty: 23,228 Native Americans 0.40% 0.20% Asians 0.40% 1.90% Black 3.00% 1.70% Chicano 1.40% 1.10% White 46.50% 43.50%

1994 In PhD granting institutions: Asst. Professors 50% 50% Assoc. Professors 54% 46% Professors 68% 28%

1994-95 C.A.A. teaching job applicants 50% 50% hired 50% 50%

1995-96 82 MFA Departments (2% women of color) 58% 42%1995-96 Full Professors, art 63% 37%1995-96 All art faculty (CAA) 47.50% 52.50%1997-98 all U.S. faculty members (AAUP) 66.20% 33.80%

(females: Full Prof. 18.7%, Instructors 58.6%, Lecturers 55.6%)1998 Art History faculty positions 48% 52%1998 CAA Survey Art History: part-time teachers 43%(1.4%

color)57%(2.5%

color) Full Professors 63%(1.5%

color)37%(.5%

color)CAA Visual Arts: part-time 49.5%(3.5%

color)50.5%(3%

color) Full Professors 76%(4.5%

color)24%(.5%

color)1999 Women hold 65% of part-time teaching positions in US

universities, Humanities2002-3 AAUP Survey: Full Professors 77.70% 22.30%

18

Associate Professors 62.10% 37.90% Assistant Professors 54.10% 45.90%Women earned an average of 88.8% of Full Professor salaries ofMen

2002 CAA members employed as "Adjuncts" 13%2003 Employment of "Adjuncts" in U.S. art departments 43%2003 CAA members employed as "Adjuncts" 22%2004 U.S. Dept. of Higher Education 63.20%

**********CONCLUSION: 60% or more of trained available art teachers are women: about30% to 40% are hired: often as Adjuncts in lower ranks. Hirings through C.A.A.are similar to their applications and fairer.

19

SAMPLE FACULTIES ANALYZED BY GENDERYEAR SOURCE MALES FEMALES1966 San Francisco Art Institute 45 91966 CUNY (City College of New York) N/A 01967 CUNY N/A 01968 CUNY 48 41969 CUNY 50 81969 Univ. of Calif. Berkley 33 11969 SF State Art Dept. 22 6

(1975 staff reduced females, 1 male)1969 Mills College Art Dept. 5 21969 Univ. of Calif. Santa Cruz 7 11970 Univ. of Calif. Berkley 96.50% 3.50%1972 Chicago Art Institute 60 201972 SF Art Institute 50 91972 SF Art Institute Extension 15 01973 SF Art Institute 69 91973 Calif. College of Arts & Crafts 92 441974 Calif. College of Arts & Crafts 75% 25%1975 Moore College 25 151975 Yale College 57 101975 SF Art Institute 52 121976 Univ. of Calif. Berkley 25 31977 SF Art Institute 52 161977 Univ. of Calif. Santa Barbara 12 1

(9% Minority)1978 SF Art Institute 55 151978 SF Art Institute Extension 11 51979 SF Art Institute 53 161983 Boston Museum School 39 91983 Visiting Artists 5 11983 Mass. College of Art 77% 23%1983 Boston Univ. School of Visual Arts N/A 01984 SF Art Institute 54 171986 L.I.U. Southhampton, NY - Master Workshop 9 51986 Calif. College of Arts & Crafts 92 54

(9% Minority)1987 Otis 50% 50%1987 Cal Arts 50% 50%1987 UCLA 26 61987 Calif. State Univ., Hayward Art Dept. 16 11987 Univ. of Calif. Berkley 15 11987 Univ. of Michigan: incumb. In highest acad. Administ. Jobs 273 47

(Black Males 4, Black Females 4)1987 Calif. College of Arts & Crafts Fine Arts School 66% 34%

20

1989 Mills (women's) College, Art Dept. 3 51989 CUNY full-time 7 71989 UCLA Art Dept. N/A 11989 Univ. of Texas, Austin, Art Dept. 57 31989 Calif. College of Arts & Crafts 57% 43%1989 Michigan colleges, universities: full-time 324.4 110.5

(art and art history)1990-91 CA. College of Arts and Crafts (F.A., Des. Arch.) 62% 38%

1991 Univ. of Miami: Tenured Faculty 159 25 Full Professors 96 14

1994 Univ. of Calif. Berkley, art 17 91994 Stanford University (4 females are Visiting) 18 71994 Univ. of So. Carolina 100% 0

Notre Dame, total Art Dept. 89% 11% higher-ranking faculty 100% 0New York Academy of Art 85% 15%Univ. of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 84% 16%U.S.C.-total Art Dept. 70% 30% higher-ranking faculty 75% 25%School of Visual Arts, New York City 75% 25%Hunter College - Art Dept. total 74% 26% higher-ranking faculty 60% 40%U.C.L.A total Art Dept. 70% 30% higher-ranking faculty 100% 0%Yale-total Art Dept. 68% 32% higher-ranking faculty 89% 11%Mass. College of Art: full-time 38 28 part-time 8 20

1994 in Ph.D. granting institutions: Asst. Prof. 50% 50% Assoc. Prof. 54% 46% Prof. 68% 28%

1995 Univ. of Calif. Berkley (all) 79% 21%(women paid 10% less, less tenure, less promotion)

1996 Otis College of Art: full-time 7 4 part-time 25 24

1997 Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles: full-time 33 9 part-time 28 21

1997 CA. College of Arts and Crafts, Fine Art 28 241998 Ohlone College: full-time 3 21998 San Francisco Art Institute 32 141998 Univ. of Calif. Berkley, art 58% 42%1998 Northern Illinois Univ. Studio Art, tenure track 76% 24%

Art Ed./Art History: tenure track 67% 33%1999 Art Center College of Design, Pasadena: full-time 71% 29%1999 Calif. College of Arts & Crafts: full-time 23 9

21

part-time 149 112Calif. Institute of the Arts, Valencia: full-time 62 50 part-time 116 73Cal. State Northridge: full-time 24 11 part-time 8 15Scripps: full-time 3 3Univ. of South. Calif: full-time 7 2 part-time 14 20Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles: full-time 8 4 part-time 5 2

1997 UCLA Tenured Professors of Art 10 0Tenure Track 26 Departments 0

2001 Kajasthan School of Arts, Jaipur, India: Faculty 21 7

********** CONCLUSION: most sample art schools employ less than 1/3 female faculty,thus depriving art students of role models.

22

GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF VISUAL ARTISTS IN ART TEXTBOOKS:(n/a=not yet counted)YEAR SOURCE MALES FEMALES23 Pliny the Elder "Historia Naturalis" n/a 6

1550 Vasari "Lives of the Artists" 2nd Ed. n/a 131953 Robb & Garrison "Art in the Western World" n/a 01954 Frank Roos "An Illustrated Handbook of Art History" n/a 41954 Barbara Rose "Readings in American Art: 1900-1975" 322 231959 John Canady "Mainstreams of Modern Art" n/a 51961 Seldon Rodman "Conversations with Artists" n/a 01962 E.H. Gombrich "The Story of Art" 178 01962 Wolf Stubbs "Graphic Arts in the 20th Century" n/a 101967 Albert Elsen "Purposes of Art" n/a 01969 H.B. Chipp "Theories of Modern Art: A Sourcebook

by Artists & Critics 213 71969 R. Faukner & Ziegfield "Art Today" 300 311972 Udo Kultermann "New Realism 38 11973 Sir Kenneth Clark "The Romantic Rebellion" n/a 01973 Linda Chase "Hyper-realism" 22 01974 Peter Plagens "Sunshine Muse" 351 231974 Robert Doty "Whitney Museum Catalog;

Photography in American Art" 77 71975 S.F. Art Comm. "Survey of Art Work, City & County of SF 615 451975 H. Gardner (Horst de la Croix and Richard G. Tansey)

"Art Through the Ages" (per author) 5000 41976 T.E. Stebbins "Am. Master Drawings and Watercolors" 576 301976 Bernice Rose, "Drawing Now", Mus. Of Modern Art, NY 39 51976 F. Hartt "Art: A History of Painting, Sculpture, Architecture"

Vol.1, "Ancient World" 84 0Vol.2, "Modern World" 348 3

1976 D.C. Driskill "Two Centuries of Black American Art" 53 81977 H.H. Arnason "History of Modern Art" 444 311977 Alan Sondheim "Individuals: Post-Movement Art in America" 9 61979 Museum of Modern Art, NY: Slides of art history 332 51980 Bette & Sale "Drawing, A Contemporary Approach" 124 181980 Dover Fine Art Books 67 11980 Brewer & Hills, USC Exhibition Catalog 5 01981 Vicki Goldberg "Photography in Print" 67 81981 Barbara Lee Diamondstein "Visions & Images" 14 11982 Beaumont Newhall "The History of Photography" 215 151982 Jean-Luc Daval "Photography" n/a 141983 Bruce Guenther, "Fifty Northwest Artists", Chronicle 36 141984 J. Grou "American Photography" # of photos 240 201984 Henry Hopkins "Fifty West Coast Artists" 42 81984 Corinne Robins "The Pluralist Era: Amer. Art 1968-81" 174 85

23

1984 "New Figure Drawing: 12 Latin American Artists" 10 21985 Alternative Museum "Disinfomation:Manufacture of Consent" 24 81986 Chronicle Books "50 New York Artists: Critical Selection" 38 121989 Hudson Hills "First Impressions: Early Prints" Walker Art Center 37 91985 Thos. Albright "Art in the SF Bay Area: 1945-80 560 1181985 H.W. Janson "History of Art" (author data) 3000 01986 LA County Museum Exhibition Catalog n/a 01986 "Art & Artists" Film Series 16 21986 A.F. Janson Jr. "History of Art" (publ. data) 2300 191986 Universal Color Slide Co: Slides of Artists 86 11987 "Individuals: A Selected Hist. Of Cont. Art" 157 241987 "Albright-Knox :Ptg.&Scp.:Acquisitions Since 1972" 177 421988 "The Hess Collection" Abrams 90.30% 28 31988 "American Art of the 1960's" Irving Sandler 81 51989 "California Painters: New Work", Henry Hopkins 35 61989 Books from The Friends of Photography 12 41990 Harry Abrams books: individual artists 126 91990 "Fine Disregard: What, Mod. ArtModern" Abrams,MOMA 99% 99 11991 Norton Simon Museum: slides 70 21992 "Hedendaagse kunst", Kunst Honnef, Taschen, Germany 31 21994 Amer. Library Color Slide Co. Art Educ. 408 6

" " Photography 41 6("Minority" section: Blacks, children, apes, women, circus, etc.

1994 "Selected Works" Whitney Museum of American Art, NY 86 81995 "Mapping the Terrain" Suzanne Lacey, Bay Press 54% 54 451995 Marilyn Stokstad, "Art History", Prentice Hall 600 551995 A.F. Janson Jr. "History of Art" (Prentice Hall data) 3000 381995 "Who's Who, International" 90% 10%1997 "Art Past - Art Present" David Wilkins, Prentice Hall 266(86%) 45(14%)1997 "Drawing from Life" Clint Brown Harcourt Brace 105(82%) 23(18%)1997 "True Colors," Anthony Haden-Guest 335(87%) 44(13%)1998 "Photography: 1900 to the Present" Diana Hulick 125(78%) 35(22%)1998 "History of Modern Art" H.H. Arnason, Prentice Hall 789(86%)128(14%)1998 "Artists: Creative Personality" Henry Hopkins 76(83%) 16(17%)1999 "Radical Past: 1960-1974" Norton Simon Museum 96(86%) 15(14%)1999 "The New Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain" 89(86%) 15(14%)

Betty Edwards, Turcher/Putnam, NY1999 "Who's Who in American Art" RR Bowker, NJ 82% 18%1999 "Art History, Vol.III" Stokstad, Prentice Hall 609(90%) 67(10%)2000 "Four Centuries of American Art, US Postal Service 19(95%) 1(5%)2000 "Made in California:1900-2000" U.C. Press 477(77%)144(23%)2000 American Library Color Slide Co.Inc. Art Ed. 375(96%) 17(4%)2005 Art History - Stokstad revised 604 702004 "Art Forms" Preble

24

**** CONCLUSION: female artists are very poorly represented, if at all, in the most widelyused art history books, which may be used for years. This deprives female artists ofrole models.

25

MEDIA REVIEWS OF EXHIBITIONS BY GENDERYEAR SOURCE MALES FEMALES1972 "New York Times" 80% 20%1972 "Art News" 80% 20%1977 "Art News" 96.10% 3.90%1972 "Craft Horizons" 66.60% 33.30%1972 "SF Chronicle" 86% 14%1972 "LA Herald Express" 83.50% 16.50%1972 "Arts" magazine 80% 20%1972 "Artforum" magazine 87.50% 12.50%

1962-72 "Art in America" 93% 7%1972 "LA Times" 84% 16%

1970-71 "Time" 89.70% 10%1970-71 "Newsweek" 96.50% 3.50%

1984 "Artforum" magazine 70% 30%1984 "Art News" 68% 32%1983 "Art New England" 70% 30%1983 "The Phoenix" Boston 87% 13%1984 "Boston Review" 55% 45%

1982-86 "LA Times" 76% 24%1983-86 "Herald Examiner", LA 90% 10%1982-86 "Artscene", LA 68% 32%1982-86 "Artweek", Calif. 70% 30%to 1986 "High Performance" Issues 1-32 62% 38%1986 "Flash Art" 87% 13%1986 "Artforum" magazine 86% 16%1986 "Art News" 78% 22%1986 "Art in America" 76% 24%1986 "Arts" 75% 25%1987 "LA Times" 75% 25%

1988-89 "Detroit News" 74% 26%"Detroit Free Press" 76% 24%"Detroit Focus" 75% 25%

1988-89 "New Art Examiner" Michigan artists reviews 78% 22%1988-90 "Los Angeles Times" subjects of reviews, 473 77% 23%

(selection controlled by 100% male editors and Senior Critic)1989-90 "Artweek" subjects of reviews, 570 artists

(male reviewers' reviews about women: 27%female reviewers' reviews about women: 44%

1963-1993 "Artforum" covers; 5% men of color 89% 11%1985-1993 "Artforum" covers: all white 84% 16%

1993 "ARTnews" list of "Most powerful in art world" 88% 12%1994 D.L. Knoff MS artists reviewed, art periodicals 74% 26%

1992-94 “Artform”: covers (of color: Male:1% Fem. 3%)19951999

Internet (82.3% White)ArtNews: “Century’s 25 Most Influential Artists”

84.5%23

15.5%2

26

GALLERY LISTINGS IN ART MAGAZINES BY GENDERYEAR SOURCE MALES FEMALES1976 "New Yorker" listings 74% 26%1982 "New Yorker" 74% 26%1983 "Art New England" listings paid by Gallery 60% 40%

paid by artist 48% 52%

************* CONCLUSION: exhibitions by female artists are reviewed much less thanthose by male artists; however, since females in exhibitions rarely exceed20% they are probably over-reviewed.

27

ANALYSIS OF EXHIBITIONS: QUALITY OF ARTEXHIBITION OPPORTUNITIES: JURIED (ARTISTS UNKNOWN TO JUROR)

YEAR SOURCE %MALES %FEMALES MALES FEMALES1930's W.P.A. Artists 60% 40%1960 "25th Annual" Butler Inst. Amer. Art 73% 29% 146 551960 "Church Art Today" Grace Cathedral,

S.F. 58% 42% 52 371961 "National Exhib." Knoxville Art Center 67% 33% 66 321962 "11th Annual" Richmond Art Center 71% 29% 65 271963 "Winter Invitational" Fine Arts Museums 66% 34% 81 421965 "30th Annual" Butler Inst. Amer. Art 64% 36% 148 841965 "Annual" S.F. Art Institute 51% 49% 60 581966 "Art Bank" 10 Touring shows S.F.A. Inst. 59% 41% 109 771967 Artists Equity Assoc. juried members 41% 59% 44 631967 "42nd Annual" Crocker Museum of Art 82% 18% 49 111968 "National Drawing Exhibition" S.F.

Museum 74% 26% 103 371971 "Photo Medua. USA" San Diego 78% 22% 69 201972 "Sculpture Biennale" Richmond Art

Centr. 93% 7% 14 11972 "Nat'l Small Sculpture & Drwg" Ind. 84% 16% 100 191973 "World Print Exhibition" S.F. Museum 66% 34% 46 241973 "Emulsion '73" 70% 30% 32 141974 "Denim Art" Levi's. museums world tour 34% 66% 17 331974 "Appalachian Corr.: Exch. 3" W. Va. 66% 34% 85 431976 "9th Annual, Prints and Drawings" 69% 31% 36 161976 "Ariz. Outlook '76: 26th Ann." Tucson

Museum 66% 34% 45 231967-77 Nat'l End. Arts Grants: submitted 69% 31%

Nat'l End. Arts Grants: accepted 67% 33%1976-86 Art. Gall. CA. College A&C submit & acc. 49.60% 51.40%

1978 Juried membership Artists Equity 42% 58% 79 1111980 Nat'l Wat. Soc. "60th Ann." Lag.Beach

Museum 42% 58% 47 641980 Wesleyan Int. Exh. Prints & Drwgs. 60% 40% 92 611981 4th Spokane Nat'l Drwg. Exh. 63% 37% 32 191981 18th Bradley Nat'l Print & Drwg. Exhib. 59% 41% 54 38

1981-83 Fellowship Program, Mass. Vis. Arts Fell. 49% 51%1984 Fellowship Program, Mass. Vis. Arts Fell. 55% 45%1984 "Prints U.S.A." touring to museums 38% 62% 6 261985 "Crocker-Kingsley Annual" Cr. Art

Museum 54% 46%1985 Artists Fellowships N.E.A. accepted 73% 27% 257 97

applicants 53% 47%1980-86 Solo shows students, San Jose State 40% 60% 480 720

1986 Artists Fellowships N.E.A. accepted 71% 29% 232 97 applied 58% 42%

1986 "Crocker-Kingsley Annual" Cr. ArtMuseum 45% 55%

28

1986 "San Antonio Circumference" S.Ant.Museum 63% 38% 10 6

1986 "Fourth Ann. Photog." Mont. Pen.Museum 68% 32% 28 13

1987 "Juried Enh. 1987" Gall. House,submitted 35% 65% 59 109 accepted 29% 71% 17 31 awards 15% 85% 3 17

1987 Pacific Grove Art Center "Handicapped" 43% 57% 56 741989 "Design 89" 65% 35% 36 191989 "Line and Form", Hatley Martin Gallery 25% 75% 12 351989 "CCAC/New Works" Mod.Lanzone:accept 31% 69% 21 46

(Dr.Peter Selz, Juror) submitted 38% 62% 74 1171989 NEA Artists Fellowships: applied 51% 49% 2,797 2,941

awarded 57% 43% 168 1291989 "Sacred Arts Ten" Graham Center

Museum 34 151990 "Process of Progress" New Art Place

subm: 44% 56% 17 22 accepted: 54% 46% 13 11

1990 "CA Works 1990" CA State Fair Jurors'Awards 23 25Awards of Merit 30 54

1991 "No Big Heads: Self-Portraits" Univ. ofAlaska, Int. 22 25

1993 "Annual" Arkansas State Univ.submitted: 22 39 accepted: 15 25

1993 NEA Artists Fellowships 67.50% 42.50%1994 NEA Artists Fellowships 41 471994 "69th Annual: Cr. Kingsley" Crocker Art

Mus 38% 62%1995 CA Coll. Arts&Crafts Grad. School:

applic. 36% 64% acceptances 44% 56%

1996 C.C.A.C. Grad School applications 43% 57% acceptances 54.60% 45.40%

1997 "50th Annual" Univ. of TN Art:submitted: 54% 46% accepted: 48% 52%

1997 "After 55," Bedford Gallery, Civic Arts,Walnut Creek: submitted: 32% 68% 130 280 accepted: 28% 72% 60 160

1997 Gallery 84, New York "Survey" of 5 71 63

29

juried shows(quite varied jurors: Ivan Karp to AudreyFlack)

1999 "On Edge of Century: Printmaking" Berk.Art Center 18 17

1999 "Emerge" San Francisco Art Institute 4 121999 "Annual" FalkirkCult. Center, San Rafael:

submitted: 29 95 accepted: 21 25

1999 "Works on Paper" 15th Annual Nat'l,Berk. Art Center 13 24

2000"Annual" Internat'l, Matrix, Sac'to:submitted: 12% 88% accepted: 8% 92%

2000 "Annual" Sierra College submitted: 36% 64% 36 63 accepted: 36% 64% 19 33

2000 "National Juried Show" Ceres Gallery, NYsubm. 34% 66% 212 331 accepted: 31% 69% 14 32

*********CONCLUSION: Although data is limited, juried exhibitions, especially those chosenby "blind jurying" where the gender, race, etc. of the artist is unknown, appear tohave a gender ratio comparable to the ratio of work submitted and to the ratio ofavailable professional artists.

30

ANALYSIS OF EXHIBITIONS: QUALITY OF ARTEXHIBITION OPPORTUNITIES: INVITED (ARTIST KNOWN TO JUROR)

YEAR SOURCE %MALES %FEMALES MALES FEMALES1960 "The Annual" Butler Inst. Of Amer., Ohio 98% 2% 46 11955 "111th Biennial" (U.S. artists), Sao Paulo 90% 10% 53 61962 "Printmakers of the Bay Area" Legion Museum,

SF 83% 17% 5 11962 "Art U.S.A." Johnson Coll'n,Mus. Of Mod. Art,

Paris 92% 8% 94 81963 "Contemporary Calif. Sculpture" Oakland

Museum 100% 0% 31 01963 "Fourth Winter Invitational" SF 78% 22% 101 281964 "Hunt. Hartford Coll'n Gal. Of Mod. Art, NY 97% 3% 35 11964 "Prints and Drawings" Hanson Gal., SF 81% 19% 26 61965 "National Exhibition" Drawing Society, 6

museums 86% 14% 86 141965 "The Annual" Butler Inst. Of Amer., Ohio 77% 23% 33 101965 "New American Realism" Worcester Art Mus.

Mass. 87% 13% 26 41965 "The Annual" Whitney Museum, NY 91% 9% 138 91966 "The Annual" Whitney Museum, NY 92% 8% 146 121966 "19th & 20th C. Europ. Drwgs, Amer. Fed. Art

(tour) 96% 4% 51 21966 "Retrospective" McClung Museum, Tenn. 67% 33% 6 31966 "Ten Negro Artists from U.S." Senegal (tour) 80% 20% 8 21967 "The Figure" Occidental College, LA 89% 11% 8 11967 artists represented - SF comm. Galleries 82% 18% 227 501967 "Contemp. Amer. Painting and Sculpt." Univ.

Ill. 93% 7% 102 81967 "Funk" Univ. Art Mus., UC Berkeley, Ca. 88% 12% 23 31967 "Plastics, West Coast" Hanson Gal., SF 100% 0% 22 01967 "The Annual" Whitney Museum, NY 91% 9% 165 161967 Exhibitions 1967-1975 Oakland Museum, Ca. 75% 25% 1542 5131968 "The Annual" Whitney Museum, NY 93% 7% 137 101968 "'Rolling Renaissance" City of San Francisco 85% 15% 183 321968 "Untitled 1968" SF Museum & SF Art Inst. 91% 9% 21 21968 "Pollution Show" Oakland Museum, Ca. 88% 12% 52 71969 1954-1969 exhibitions - Lucien Labaudt Gal. 59% 41% 199 1401969 "Anit-Illusion" Whitney Museum, NY 90% 10% 19 21969 "Serial Imagery" Pasadena & Sta. Barbara Mus. 100% 0% 13 01969 "A Museum Collects" Univ. Art Museum 100% 0% 28 01969 "The Annual" Whitney Museum, NY 95% 5% 143 81970 "The Annual" Whitney Museum, NY 79% 21% 81 221970 Solo Shows: 1965-70 SF Museum 94% 6% 97 6

31

1970 2 to 4 Artist Shows SF Museum 89% 11% 48 61970 "Carnegie International", Pittsburgh 93% 7% 94 71970 "Draw'g Society Nat'l Ex." Amer. Fe. Of Arts

(tour) 88% 12% 72 101970 "J.R. Shapiro Coll'n" Mus. Contemp. Art, Chic. 92% 8% 61 51970 "69th American Exhibition" Art Inst. Chicago 100% 0% 25 01970 "California Art" Stanford Research Inst. 88% 12% 7 11971 group exhibitions: 1961-1971 LA County Mus. 96% 4% 684 291971 Solo Shows: 1961-71 LA County Museum 98% 2% 52 11971 "Clayworks: 20 Americans" Mus. Contemp.

Crafts 90% 10% 18 21971 "Art and Technology", L.A. County Museum 100% 0% n/a 01971 "Arts of San Francisco" San Fran. Mus. Mod.

Art 85% 15% 34 61971 March exhibits SF Bay Area 86% 14% 31 51971 Permanent Collection - NY Mus. Of Mod. Art 91% 9%1971 Solo Shows: 1961-71 NY Mus. of Mod. Art 98% 2% 52 11971 Permanent Collection - NY Metro. Mus. 90% 10%1971 Drawings acquired 1969-71 NY Metro. Mus. 100% 0% 93 01971 "The Annual" Corcoran Gal., Washington D.C. 100% 0% 21 01971 "Young Los Angeles Artists", Los Angeles 88% 12% 21 31971 "The Annual" Whitney Museum, NY 79% 21% 81 22

1961-71Los Angeles County group shows 96% 4%1972 Solo Shows: 1962-72 Whitney Mus., NY 94% 6% 129 81972 "Bolles Coll'n: Calif. Art 1949, Oakland Mus. 85% 15% 23 41972 "The Painting Annual" Whitney Mus., NY 78% 22% 103 291972 "Chicago Imagist Art" Mus. Cont. Art & NY

Cult. 72% 28% 21 81972 Solo Shows: 1967-72 Oakland Mus., Calif. 18 11972 All work: Feb.-Mar. 1972 LA County Mus. 99% 1%1972 "Objects U.S.A. Johnson Coll'n" NY Mus.

Contemp. Crafts 176 861972 All shows 1969-72: W. Sawyer Gallery, SF 50% 50% 12 121972 "Bay Area Underground" Univ. Art Mus., UC

Berkeley 4 31972 artists exhibiting - 45 NY galleries 738 1151972 "70th American Exhib." Art Inst. of Chicago 37 31972 Solo Shows: 1962-72 Corcoran Gallery, Wash.

D.C. 76 41972 Tamarind Fellowships 143 241972 Solo Shows: 1928-1972 NY Mus. of Mod Art 995 51972 Permanent Coll'n-Corcoran Gal., Wash. D.C. 94% 6%1972 1000 artists represented, NY Galleries 86% 14%1972 "Camp for Filmmakers" Roslyn Arts, Wash. 100% 0% 16 01973 "Biennial" Corcoran Gallery 83% 17%

32

1973 "Biennial" Whitney Museum 76% 24%1974 "New Talent" SF Art Dealers Assoc. 28 101975 "Soap Box Derby" SF Museum 61 181975 "The Metal Experience" Oakland Museum 125 59

1973"Sculpture Off Pedestal" Grand Rapids Mus.Mich. 100% 0% 13 0

1973"18th Nat'l Print Exhibition" Brooklyn Mus.(touring) 81 27

1974 "Ten West Coast Artists" Stanford Mus., Ca. 100% 0% 10 01974 "Works on Paper" SF Art Institute, Ca. 9 61974 "Public Sculpture/ Urban Environment Oakland

Mus., Ca. 42 41974 "The Metal Experience" Oakland Museum, Ca. 125 591974 "Inst. Of Experimental Print." Anderson Gal.,

Seattle 12 21975 "Biennial" Corcoran Gallery 84% 16%1975 "Biennial" Whitney Museum 73% 27%1975 "Northwest Painters Invitational" Wash. St.

Mus. of Art 21 51975 "Introductions 75" SF Art Dealer's Show, SF 24 101975 "Bay Area Artists" Oakland Museum, Ca. 93 351975 "Bay Area Artists" Poster Show, Oakland Mus.,

Ca. 55 81975 artists represented - major NY galleries 214 251975 Permanent Collection - United Ca. Bank World

HQ 89 10

1975"North, East, West, South and Middle"Corcoran Gal. (tour) 37 12

1975 "Contemp. Amer. Master Printmakers" SF 19 31975 "Retrospect. Sculpture in Bay Area" Willis Gal.

SF 26 01975 "Southland Video Anthology" SF Mus. of Mod.

Art 49 171975 Solo Shows: 1970-75 - SF Museum 101 111976 Solo Shows Fine Arts Museums of SF 3 01976 "The Annual" Dublin Museum, Tenn. 36 161976 "Americans for the Third Century" US Bicen.

Mobil Oil 13 01976 "Photography/76" Tacoma Art Mus., Wash. 33 41976 "The Art of Alberta" NY - Canadian Gallery 49 251976 "DWF-SFO" Texas art, SFMus. Mod. Art (no

Latino(a)s) 27 61976 "Drawing Now", Mus. Modern Art, N.Y. 39 51976 "Drawing Now: 10 Artists" SoHo Center 1 91976 "20th Cent. Amer. Drawing: 3 Av. G. Gener." 28 1

33

Guggenheim, NY

1976"American Art" Rockefeller Coll., Whitney Mus.NY 65 1

1976 "The Annual" SF Art Institute, SF 33 161976 "David R. Godine Coll'n" Whitney Mus. NY 38 71977 Solo Shows: 1972-77 Guggenheim Museum,

NY 9 01977 Artists represented - major NY galleries 201 271977 "New Ways with Paper" National Collect. 75% 25%1977 "Group Show" Campbell Gallery, SF 100% 0% 14 01977 "Collectors, Collection, Collecting" SF Museum 68 31977 "Collectors, Collection, art works" SF Museum 135 3

1971-77One artist shows - SF Museum 87 151971-772 to 4 Artist Shows - SF Museum 58 161971-77Group Shows - SF Museum 310 36

1977 "Biennial" Corcoran Gallery 87% 13%1977 "Biennial" Whitney Museum 72% 28%1977 "The Annual" - SF Art Institute, SF 34 151977 "Carnegie International" 100% 0% 42 0

1977-78one artist shows - SF Museum Mod. Art 11 21977-782 to 4 Artist Shows - SF Museum of Mod. Art 14 51976-77"Calif. Pntg. & Sculpt; SF Mus. & Nat'l

Collection 181 191977 "14 Canadians" Hirshhorn Museum,

Washington D.C. 12 21977 Selections from Brutten, Herrick Collection 61 231978 "Northern Calif. Artists" Sonoma St. Univ. Col.

Art Gal. 18 51978 "Curators Choice" LA County Museum 25 01979 "36th Biennial: Contemp. Am. Pntg." Corcoran

Gal. Wash. DC 5 01979 "Biennial" Whitney Museum, NY 60 281979 "Artists' Palettes & Portraits" Oakland

Museum, Ca. 44 61979 "Biennial - 1979" Phoenix Art Museum 14 51979 "Mexico Today" Mexican Museum of Modern

Art 111 21979 WIA Survey NYC Galleries: artists represented

by gal. 367 571979 "West Coast Ceramics (USA)" Stedelijk

Museum, Amsterdam 8 01979 "Carnegie International" 43 0

1960-80Solo Shows, LACMA, Los Angeles 80 11980 "9 American Masters of Photog." SF Mus. of

Mod Art 7 2

34

1980 "SECA Photog. Invitational" SF Mus. of Mod.Art 5 6

1980 SF, Bay area exhibits, Com. Galleries 63.50% 36.50%1980 "20 American Artists" SF Museum 17 31980 Brewer & Hills, Univ. of So. Calif. Gallery 5 01980 "Figurative/ Realist Art" Artist's Choice

Museum, NY 28 101980 "Print. Art: View of 2 Decades" NY Mus. of Mod.

Art (93%white) 99 71980 "Night Prints: 15th to 20th Century" Nat'l Gal.

of Art 67 21980 "Sculptures' Studies, 1980" Heckscher

Museum, L.I. 17 21980 "Space, Time Sound: Conceptual Art" SF Mus.

of Mod. Art 20 61980 "Variations, 5 LA Painters" Univ. of So. Calif.

Art Gal. 5 01980-83Boston Annual - Rose Art Museum 66.60% 33.30%

1981 "50 West Coast Artists" SF Mus. Of Mod. Art 42 81981 "Biennial" Corcoran Gallery (5 artists) 3 21981 "Biennial" Whitney Museum 80% 20%1981 "New Spirit in Painting" London n/a 01981 "Reflections" SF Art Institute, SF 156 691982 "British Drawings & Watercolors", Offay

Gallery, London 37 51982 "Zeitgeist", Berlin 39 11982 "New Bay Area Pntg. & Sculpt." Cal. St.

College, Northr. 11 21982 "The Expressionist Image: Amer. Art, Pollock to

Now" NY 22 21982 "Carnegie International", Pittsburgh 52 61983 "Biennial" Corcoran Gallery 90% 10%1983 "Biennial" Whitney Museum 74% 26%1983 "The First Show" Mus. Of Contemp. Art, LA, Ca. 122 51983 Boston Newberry St. Galleries 66% 34%1983 "On and Off the Wall" Oakland Museum 11 71983 "Lane Coll'n Touring Mus. Mod. Art Boston, SF,

etc. 24 11983 "Representative Drawing Today:…" UC Sta.

Barbara 16 51984 "Artist Miniature Gold" Video Gallery, SF 6 01984 "Int. Survey of Recent Pntg. & Sculpt." NY

Mus. of Mod. Art 151 141984 "The Art of Calif." Oakland Museum, Ca. 134 191984 "Images & Impressions: Painters who Print" 7 2

35

Walker Art Center1984 "Prints USA" Calif. Society of Printers 16 261984 "Emerging Mass. Painters" Boston Mus. Fine

Art 80% 30% 67 201984 "Boston Now" Boston Mus. Fine Art 80% 30% 67 201984 "BLAM! Explos. Of Pop. 1958-64" Whitney

(91%White) 85% 15%1984 artists rep. by Boston galleries (Boston Review) 55% 45%

1980-84Boston exhibits 53% 47%1984 "Controversial Public Art" Milwaukee Art Mus.

(touring) 14 01984 "Modern Dutch Painting" Stedelijk Museum,

Amsterdam 25 11984 Dallas Museum of Art, Permanent Collection 99.50% 0.50% 3484 161984 "Carnegie International" 40 41985 "Biennial" Corcoran Gallery 88% 12%1985 "Biennial" Whitney Museum 71% 29% 61 231985 "Ten Photographers", Mus. Cont. Art, LA 80% 20%1985 "Automobile and Culture", Mus. Cont. Art, KA 91% 9%1985 Solo Shows - SF Mus. of Mod. Art 19 11985 "7 Artists in Depth: …" SF Mus. of Mod. Art 7 01985 "The Panza Collection" Mus. of Contemp. Art,

LA, Ca. 9 01985 "Late 20th C. Art", Mus. of Fine Art, Lewis Coll.,

Va. 90 101985 "The Houston School" Houston Mus. of Fine Art 34 101985 "Transf. In Sculpture: 4 Decades", Guggenheim

Museum, NY 52 51985 "Art in the SF Bay Area, 1945-80" Oakland

Museum, Ca. 74 61985 "Carnegie International" 38 41985

Whitney Museum Acquisitions, Perm. Collection 91% 9%1986 Whitney Museum Art at Equitable 21 3

1984-86Solo and group shows, LA Temp/ContempMuseum 91% 9%

1986 "Barry Lowen Coll'n" Mus. Cont. Art, LA 86% 14%1986

"Tokyo: Form and Spirit" Cont. Section, MOCA 91% 9%1986 "Figure As Subject" Whitney Museum, NY 21 31986 "Biennial" Whitney Museum 91% 9%

1983-86Group shows, LACE, LA 65% 35%1983-86LA Temp/Cont. Perf. and video groups 68% 32%1980-86Catalogs published, Solo Shows, LACMA 100% 0%1980-88Solo Shows Arkansas Art Center 14 10

36

1980-88Solo Shows Fresno Art Center Mus. 36 211986 CDS Gallery, NY 10 41986 "Third West, States" Brooklyn Museum 26 191986 Opening New Wing, 20th C. Art, Metr. Museum,

NY 129 151986

Whitney Museum of Amer. Art at Phillip Morris 12 21986 "Cat & Ball on a Waterfall:" Oakland Museum,

Ca. 47 121986 "Artists Select: Contemp. Persp…" Az. St.

Univ. Art Mus. 15 31986

"Master Drawings" Fine Arts Museums of SF 92 21986 "The Blue Star Exhibit" Contemp. Art for San

Antonio Gal. 17 101986 LA Municiple Gallery, Barnsdale 66% 44%

1960-86major retrospective of artists, LA County Mus. 100% 0%1980-86major retrospective of artists, LA Mus. Of

Contemp. Art 100% 0%1986 works on display LA County Mus. 207 1

1966-86Acquisitions LA County Mus. 91% 9%1986 Recent Acquisitions LA County Mus. 94.40% 3.60%1986 Opening Exhibition LA County Mus. 99.50% 0.50%1986 "Setting 80's Straight: 49th Carnegie

International" 38 41986 The Biennial" SF Museum of Mod. Art 15 41986 "Art Alumni" Marylhurst College, Or. 3 24

1980-86Solo Shows - 60 Contemp. Art Museums 1060 5691980-86Solo Shows - SF Fine Art Museums, Achenbach

Fdn. 10 01986 Solo Shows - SF Museum of Modern Art 100% 0%1986 "Experimental Books" Works, San Jose, Ca. 5 91986 "Art St. Louis II" Lammert Bldg., St. Louis 51 491986 Tampa Museum of Art, Florida 75 101986 "Odd & Intense" Pictogram Gallery, NY 1 61986

"American Drawings" Arkansas Arts Center 79 41986 NY Solo Shows - Comm. Art Center, Old Forge,

NY 6 11986 "Interpretive Link:…" Newport Harbor Art

Museum (NEA) 22 01986 "Coded Messages" Brandt Gallery, NY 10 2

1980-86LA Municiple Art Gallery 56% 44%1980-86Chicago Mus. Contemp. Art Solo Shows 29 91980-86SF Museum of Mod. Art Solo Shows 65 10

37

1980-8660 Museums Solo Shows 66% 34%1980-86San Jose State U. Solo Shows, Ca. 6 61980-86Walker Art Center, Minn., Major Traveling

Shows 5 01980-86Walker Art Center, Minn. Solo Shows 8 8

1986 Adirondacks Nat'l Exhib. of Am. Waterc., OldForge, NY 39 45

1980-86Bellevue Art Mus. Wash. 10 81986 Whitney Museum, Permanent Collection 93% 7% 52 41986 "New Acquisitions" Museum of Mod. Art 15 11986 "High Styles: 20th C. Amer. Design" Whitney

(97%white) 87% 13%1986 "Monumental Drawings" Brooklyn Mus.

(100%white) 82% 18%1980-87Solo Shows Guggenheim Museum, NY 52 21980-87Solo Shows Whitney Museum, NY 53 51982-87Solo Shows Whitney Museum, NY 49 2

1987 "Biennial" Whitney Museum, NY 39 9" " " " " " " " 19 11

1984-87L.A. Center for Photographic Studies 46% 54%1987 "Individuals: Selected Hist. …" LA Museum of

Cont. Art 69 131987 "New Acquisitions: 1550-1950" SF Fine Arts

Mus., SF 200 31987 Inaugural Exhibition, Mus. Of Women in the

Arts 12 131987 Opening Exhibition - MOMA NY 158 13

1987 "Documenta 8", Kassel, Germany (95%white) 91.65% 8.35%1987 "Berlin Art: 1961-1987" MOMA, NY

(100%white) 95% 5%1987 "Carnegie International" Carnegie Inst. 38 41987 "Emerg. Artists 1978-86: Exxon" Guggenheim

(98%white) 75% 25%1987 "Biennial" Corcoran Gallery, Wash. DC 9 4

38

EXAMPLES OF CHANGE:1970 : Racial representation in Museums: Metropolitan Museum, NY: 10 Blacks of 1200

Americans; Museum Modern Art, NY: 12 Blacks of 450; Whitney Museum NY: 15Blacks of 1100; Nat'l Collection Fine Arts, Wash. D.C.: 11 Blacks of 1100; Nat'lCollection Fine Arts, Wash. D.C.: 11 Blacks of 1599.

CHANGE IN A NEW YORK MUSEUM:WHITNEY MUSEUM, NEW YORK, "The Annual"

1965 90% 10% 138 14 1966 92% 8% 146 12 1967 91% 9% 165 16 1968 93% 7% 137 10 1969 94.70% 5.30% 143 8 1970 95% 5%

(picketing and protesting by N.Y. Women In Art)1971 78.60% 21.40% 81 221972 78% 22% 103 291973 76% 24%

"The Biennial"1975 73% 27%1977 72% 28%1979 68% 32% 60 281981 80% 20%1983 74% 26%1985 71% 29% 61 231987 63% 37% 19 11

81% 19% 39 9(protest exhibition by Guerilla Girls)

1989 67% 33% 28 14(White 90% Minority 10%) 1991 72% 28% 72 28(White 66% Minority 34%) 1993 59% 41%(White 83% Minority 17%) 1995 70% 30%

1997 69% 31% 45 211999

2003? 2002? 70% 30% 75 312004 65% 35% 69 37

CHANGE IN A CALIFORNIA MUSEUM:SAN FRANCISCO MUSEUM OF MODERN ART1989-90 Spring 1989: Announced: MALES FEMALES

2-3 artists shows 5 0Solo Shows 10 0

(protests by Women's Caucus for Art and Guerilla Girls

39

West)1989-90 Fall 1989: Re-Announced:

2-4 artists shows 10 3Solo Shows 11 3

1992-93 (Summer 1992) Solo Shows 11 2

CHANGE AS A FUNCTION OF TIME:THE WHITNEY MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ART1999 Exhibition: "The American Century: Art & Culture 1900-2000"

Artists of the 1950's -60's 82% 18% 49 11Artists of the 1960's-70's 85% 15% 41 7 Film and Video 72% 28% 26 10Artists of the 1970's-80's 74% 26% 54 19 Film and Video 60% 40% 9 6Artists of the 1980's-90's 62% 38% 21 13 Film and Video included

[some artists have 8-10 works in show (especially photos), others only 1][NO CHANGE: OF THE TONY AWARDS GIVEN BY THE LEAGUE OF AMERICAN THEATRES ANDPRODUCERS, INC AND THE AMERICAN THEATRE WING SINCE 1947, OF OVER 100 AWARDS2%-5% HAVE BEEN TO WOMEN DIRECTORS, 2%-6% TO DIRECTORS OF COLOR]

*****CONCLUSION: Change in exhibition policies can be brought about by pressure, publicexposure and protests.

40

CONCLUSIONS:

***The number of U.S. professional visual artists is difficult to determine and hard to define,but is growing and over 50% are female.

***Over half of trained artists and art historians are women.***Although a great deal of money is made through the arts, the highly trained artists are

poorly paid and women artists are paid less than men.***Women artists and art teachers earn less than men.***Government and major funding agencies awarded the most money to male artists until

changes in the N.E.A. have made grants more equitable - and fewer. Latest N.E.A.changes 1990; deny funding to most individual artists.

***Exhibitions chosen by "Invitation" where the artist is known to the Curator tend toproduce very biased gender ratios which do not reflect the ratio of available professionalartists.

***There appears to be a relationship between the gender ratios of organizations awardingexhibitions and grants and the gender ratios of artists receiving the awards.

***60% or more of trained available art teachers are women: about 30-40% are hired: oftenas Adjuncts in lower ranks. Hirings through C.A.A. are similar to applications and fairer.

***Most sample art schools employ less than 1/3 female faculty, thus depriving femalestudents of role models.

***Female artists are very poorly represented, if at all, in the most widely used art historybooks, depriving female artists of role models.

***Exhibitions by female artists are reviewed much less than those by male artists; however,since females in invited exhibitions rarely exceed 20% they are probably over-reviewed.

***Although data is limited, juried exhibitions, especially those chosen for excellence by"blind jurying" where the gender, race, tec. Of the artist is unknown, appear to have agender ratio comparable to the ratio of work submitted and to the ratio of availableprofessional artists.

***Exhibitions chosen by "Invitation" where the artist is known to the Juror tend to producevery biased gender ratios which do not reflect the ratio of available professional artists.Invited Exhibitions are far more numerous than Juried Exhibitions.

***Change in exhibition policies can be brought about by pressure, public exposure orprotests.

41

RECOMMENDATIONS:

Gender Discrimination appears to have changed somewhat in the past thirty-one years ofcollecting these statistics. Most change has occurred in art education where more womenhave been hired - often in lower ranks as Adjuncts, part-time employees. When change hasoccurred it is usually in response to protests or when pressure is brought to bear on sensitivemuseums or funding agencies such as The National Endowment for the Arts. Exhibitionschosen by "Blind Jurying" for quality alone are roughly comparable to the demographics of theArt Community, but such Juried Exhibitions are few in comparison to Invited Exhibitions.

Change in the low exhibition rates of women (and Minority) artists could be brought about:(1) by promoting more Juried Exhibitions(2) by developing political pressure to be "fair" to all artists or use quotas(3) by encouraging museum and gallery Curators and Directors to choose art to exhibit forits excellence alone.

Most artists would probably prefer the third option which would mandate changes in the waysin which contemporary art is seen, shown and collected by directors and curators of galleriesand museums today. This would necessitate greater involvement in the art community bythese curators and an awareness of the incredible and fascinating diversity of both artists andart-making in our country today.

Eleanor Dickinson Professor Emerita California College of the Arts

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Graphic Comparisons of Gender Discrimination in the Art Field - 1995

Number of Artists in the U.S.

Females52.5%

Males47.5%

Exhibitions Juried for Quality

Females48%

Males52%

Invited Exhibitions

F

Females14.5%

Males85.5%

U.S. Art Faculty

Males72%

Females28%

U.S. Degrees in Art

Males43.7%

Females56.3%

U.S. Artists' Income

Males61%

Females39%

U.S. Art Grants and Fellowships

Art Textbooks

Males96.8%

Females 3.2%

Males66%

Females34%

43

Graphic Comparisons of Gender Discrimination in the Art Field - 1999

Exhibitions Juried for Quality

Number of Artists in the U.S.

Invited Exhibitions

U.S. Art Faculty

U.S. Degrees in Art

U.S. Artists' Income

F

M

U.S. Art Grants and Fellowships

Art Textbooks

Males54%

Females46%

Females63.5%

Males36.5%

Females54%

Males46%

Females37%

Males63%

Females36.5%

Males63.5%

Females16.7%

Males83.3%

Females43.2%

Males56.8%

Females 7.2%

Males92.8%

44

COPIES MAY BE OBTAINED THROUGH SPONSORS OF THIS STUDY:

Women's Caucus for ArtNational OfficeP.O. Box 1498Canal Street StationNew York, NY 10013info@nationalwca.com

California Lawyers for the ArtsBldg. C, Fort MasonSan Francisco, CA 94123415-775-7200ar@calawyersforthearts.com

OR:

Eleanor Dickinson2125 Broderick St.San Francisco, CA 94115415-922-3733eleanordickinson@mac.com