Station 1: Robber Barons or Captains of Industry 1.

Station 1: Robber Barons or Captains of Industry 1

Robber Barons or Captains of Industry You make the call! 2

Andrew Carnegie Working class beginnings Made his millions in the steel industry by paying employees little and working them long hours Was once the richest man in the world Gave away his fortune later in life 3

John D. Rockefeller Owner of Standard Oil, represented 90% of pipelines and refineries at on time. Unethical practices, undercutting prices Gave away $500 million at the end of his life. 5

JP Morgan Financier, banker, collector, philanthropist Played a big role in margining Carnegie Steel with other companies. The Political Cartoon to the right implies his role in the US economy was overpowering. 7

Cornelius Vanderbilt Made his millions in shipping and the railroad. Thought to be ruthless and competitive. Neighbors in up scale NYC thought him to be rough and uncultured. Made RR more efficient. Donated his largest, fastest steamship to the Union Navy during the Civil War. Died with $100 million. Donated $1 million to Vanderbilt University in Nashville. His nickname Commodore, same as the Vanderbilt. 9

Station 2: Tenements 12

Tenements 13

A large number of tenement houses* the lower portion of New York are only a little below the common uptown flat. It is often difficult to tell where the flat leaves off and the tenement begins. You get about as little air and sunshine in the one as in the other. The main difference lies in the number of rooms and the location. If some downtown tenement houses stood uptown they would be called flats. The word tenement is becoming unpopular downtown, and many landlords have dubbed their great caravansaries** by the more aristocratic name of flat, and the term rooms has been changed to apartments. *low rent apartment building that barely meet minimum housing standards ** inns for travelers 14

Tenement life improved somewhat after 1901, when new-law tenements were mandated by the city: These were required to have bathroom facilities and running water in each apartment, and a window in every room. A major improvement, but not for the thousands of people still stuck in hot, stinky, firetrap old-law units.still stuck in hot, stinky, firetrap old-law units Jennie Rizzandi, 9 year old girl, helping mother and father finish garments in a dilapidated tenement. New York, New York, 1913 16

1885 1912 17

There are three distinct classes of houses in the tenement- houses; the cheapest and humblest of these is the attic home, which usually consists of one or two rooms, and is found only downtown. These are generally occupied by old person. Occasionally three or four attic rooms are connected and rented to a family, but as small single room are sought after by lonely old people, the landlord often rents them separately. An old lady who has to earn her read with the needle*** finds the attic at once the cheapest and best place for her needs. The rent of one or two unfurnished attic rooms range from $3 to $5 per month. *** make a living by sewing 18

A large number of very poor people live in three rooms a kitchen and two dark bedrooms. Where the family is large the kitchen lounge is opened and converted into a double bed at night. The rent for three rooms is generally from $8 - $12 per month. The vast majority of respectable working people live in four rooms a kitchen, two dark bedrooms, and a parlor. These parlors are generally provided with a bed-lounge, and are used as sleeping rooms at night. The best room is always carpeted and often provided with upholstered chairs. The walls are generally decorated with family photographs and inexpensive pictures, and in some of them I have found a piano. These parlors compare very favorably with the best room in the house of the average farmer. The rent for four room is from $12 to $16 per month. 20

L = Light from outside D = Dark; no outside light Dumbbell Tenement 21

Station 3: Rail Roads Station 3: Rail Roads 30

Communication from East to West was not very good Travelling time from East to West took 6 months The U.S. needed to keep up with other countries Trade links with China and Japan Help to bring law and order to the West It would help fulfil Manifest Destiny -In the 19th century, Manifest Destiny was the widely held belief in the United States that American settlers were destined to expand throughout the continent. Rail Roads: WHY? 31

Even when Abraham Lincoln was President, plans were being made to connect railways that would allow one to travel from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast. Railroads had been built from the Atlantic coast to Nebraska. Now, the goal was to connect a railway from Nebraska to the Pacific coast. In 1862, Congress gave two companies the right to build the railroad. The government also gave them the land and loaned them money. The Union Pacific Railroad built west from Omaha, Nebraska. The Central Pacific Railroad built east from Sacramento, California. The majority of the Union Pacific track was built by Irish laborers, veterans of both the Union and Confederate armies, and Mormons who wished to see the railroad pass through Ogden, Utah. Chinese workers built most of the Central Pacific track. Most of the men received between one and three dollars per day, but the workers from China received much less. Eventually, they went on strike and gained a small increase in salary. On May 10, 1869, the two railroads met at Promontory, Utah. A golden spike with a prayer written on it was used to complete the first transcontinental railroad. Rail Roads: Transcontinental 33

The Union Pacific Railroad The Central Pacific Railroad 35

Quick and easy travel to the West The railroad turned a 6 month journey into a maximum of 8 days Cheap land for people wanting to go West Once the Railroads were built the Railroad companies had no use for the excess land. Sold land off cheap Destruction of the Indians Hunters used the Railroad to go west to hunt the buffalo. Hunters were only interested in buffalo skin. Indians depended on the buffalo, but now they were gone! Helps develop the Cattle IndustryCattle were transported by the railroads making it easier to move them from Texas to the East. Cow Towns grew up around these railroad stops Rail Roads: The Effects 38

George Westinghouse- air brakes that improved the system for putting the trains to a halt, which made the trains themselves much safer. Eli H. Janney- Janney car couplers made it easier for railroad workers to link train cars. Gustavus Swift- refrigerated cars helped railroads to ship meat, and other perishable goods over long distances. George M. Pullman- the Pullman sleeping car- a luxury railway car with seats that converted into beds for overnight journeys. Pullman also made improved dining cars, raising train travel to a new level of comfort Time Zones- Time Zones- Our system of time zones is a result of the railroad boom. Towns kept their own time. 1883 all railway clocks were set to new standard. Congress enacted Standard Time Act -1918- based on railroad time zones Rail Roads: Innovation 40

Time Zones Railroads affected the way Americans thought about time as well! People began measuring distances by how many hours the trip would take rather than the number miles! This led to a national system of time with four time zones! 41

Station 4: City Problems 42

The poor lived in buildings divided up into small apartments called tenements. Many had no windows, heat, or indoor bathrooms. 10 or more people would share a room. Other Disadvantages Included: Poor Housing Lack of Sanitation Fire Lack of Fresh Water Poor Working Conditions Crime Transportation Issues 43

Urban and Rural Population, 1870- 1900 (in millions) ADVANTAGES OF CITY LIFE Economic Opportunity Urban Lifestyles Consumer Goods Similar Ethnic Groups Less Discrimination Education Entertainment 44

Many African Americans also moved from Southern farms to Northern cities. 45

Cities Grow Due to Industry Chicago- Meat Packing Cleveland- Oil Pittsburgh- Steel Kansas City- RailroadsSalt Lake City- Railroads San Francisco - Railroads 46

URBAN PROBLEMS The influx of so many immigrants in such a short space of time created a major housing crisis in most major cities. Poor immigrants were forced to live in tenement buildings where as many as 20 people might be forced to live in a single small room. Early tenements had no running water or waste systems with heat provided by open fires. As a result tenements were breeding grounds for disease as people dumped waste outside or in hallways. In winters temperatures in the buildings dropped to well below freezing while in summer they could reach well into the hundreds. Fires were common, as were collapses, as the tenements had no safety rules. Landlords would often add extra rooms or even whole stories to bring in more rent regardless of what this might do to the structure of the buildings. City streets quickly became dangerous places as well. Gangs of children, often orphans, would assault and pickpocket people. Adults also formed gangs, often based on ethnicity, to protect themselves and their property from other gangs. Most cities had no sanitation departments so animal waste and dead bodies would often lie in the gutters for weeks before they were cleared if at all. Cities were also lacking effective police forces. New York had several different police forces which often fought each other more than the gangs or criminals. Police officers were badly paid and often resorted to committing crimes themselves to make ends meet. In the absence of official support, gangs often provided services to their communities. Firefighting companies were established by individual gangs which competed with each other to reach fires first. Unfortunately for the inhabitants of affected houses, the companies would often fight each other or loot their property rather than put out the blaze. 47

The exorbitant rent of houses, compels them [European immigrants] to occupy a narrow space of house room for their families. One or two rooms is generally as much as one family can afford; thus boys and girls lodge in the bedchamber with their parents, and one room serves for cooking and eating; the children are driven off as early as possible into the streets to run like wild colts. Thus they grow up ignorant, idle, and disobedient to their parents. They make bad apprentices and worse citizens. Money is the only object they ever desire to obtain, and for that object nothing is too mean and scarcely any thing dishonest if they can evade the laws.... The girls grow up thus, associating with their depraved brothers, ignorant, vain and idle. Conscious of no other distinctions in society than externals, they look with envy on their wealthy neighbors, and essay every art to equal them in dress and expense. This lays the basis of their ruin, and at an early age makes them easy prey to the profligate libertine. Nay, many of these girls assist their parents with the wages of their shame. Another source of this horrid crime arises in the custom of requiring security for house rent. This compels women to resort to some means of obliging a friend to obtain a roof to shelter her family. Men are not generally willing to risk their money for pure friendship; yet security must be had. John R. McDowell Report on the 5-Points Region of New York 48

Station 5 : : Settlement Houses 51

Settlement Houses The major purpose of settlement houses was to help to assimilate and ease the transition of immigrants into the labor force by teaching them middle-class American values. In Chicago, for instance, Hull-House helped to educate immigrants by providing classes in history, art, and literature. Hull-House also provided social services to reduce the effects of poverty, including a daycare center, homeless shelter, public kitchen, and public baths. Settlement houses like Hull- House were a nexus for political activism, with reformers like Jane Addams becoming involved in advocating social legislation to combat poverty in local, state, and national politics. 52

One of the revolutionary characteristics of the settlement house movement was that many of the most important leadership roles were filled by women, in an era when women were still excluded from leadership roles in business and government. Approximately half of the major US settlement houses were led and staffed predominantly by women. Among the most influential leaders were Jane Addams, Mary Simkhovitch, Helena Dudley, Lillian Wald, Mary McDowell, Florence Kelley, Alice Hamilton, and Edith Abbott.Jane AddamsFlorence KelleyEdith Abbott 53

The settlement idea was different the social workers would actually live among those they were trying to help. Addams thought the idea would work in Chicago. She had recently inherited $50,000 54

Here is a list of activities that took place in the Hull House in January 1895: Arithmetic Beginning Latin Chemistry Cloak Makers' Union (women) Club Lectures Dancing Class English and Letter Writing Geometry Gymnastics (men) Gymnastics (women) Italian Class Italian Reception Italo-American Club Jolly Boys' Club Mandolin Club Parliamentary Law Physics Singing Social Science Club Young Citizens The Hull House was founded in 1889 by Jane Addams in Chicago to help out the poor immigrants. Hull House offered hot lunches, child care services, tutoring in English, and parties for the poor immigrants 55

HULL HOUSE ACTIVITIES Art class around 1924 Children sketching in the alley 56

Hull House Activities Coffee Room Children playing around 1900 57

Hull House Activities 1895 58

Hull House Activities Addams attempts to improve the diets of her neighbors were not immediately successful. She writes that some people felt indignant about the Hull-Houses focus on healthful foods, explaining one womans confession that she liked to eat what shed ruther. The original Hull House served immigrants and the poor, teaching 19th-century skills like weaving. 59

Cabbage Patch Settlement House Louisville, KY In 1910, Louise Marshall founded The Cabbage Patch Settlement House with the help of her community, church, and family. Named for the Louisville neighborhood where it was originally established, The Cabbage Patch was formed in the spirit of Christian love as a safe haven for children in the neighborhood to play, grow, and learn. The Cabbage Patch quickly grew, gaining continued support from the Louisville community. By 1929, it had outgrown the capacity of its original facility and moved to its current location on South Sixth Street. 60

Cabbage Patch Louisville KY You know, if youd lived a lifetime here, youd just have all kinds of experiences. Its just so fascinating. I love people, big and little and, oh my dear, I knew what I wanted to do and its never changed. Its been one long love affair. Louise Marshall, Founder, The Cabbage Patch 61

Station 6: UNIONS UNIONS 62

1.) UNFAIR WORKING CONDITIONS: Low wages, Long hours (10-14 hours a day) No unemployment, no health care benefits, Government does not help because of Laissez Faire. 2.) UNHEALTHY WORKING CONDITIONS: Black lung, white lung High injury rate 3.) CHILD LABOR: Children as young six were employed. Many worked full time Jobs to help support their families. Children were often injured on the job 4.) POOR LIVING CONDITIONS: Lack of sanitation and police. Families were often crowded into one room UNIONS: Problems to Solve! 63

Galley Labor 65

One hundred and fifty people, mostly young women, died in a fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York City. Fire fighters arrived soon after the alarm was sounded but ladders only reached the 6th floor and pumps could not raise water to the highest floors of the 10-story building. Still the fire was quickly controlled and was essentially extinguished in half an hour. In this fire-proof building, 146 men, women, and children lost their lives and many others were seriously injured. The 240 employees sewing shirtwaists on the ninth floor had their escape blocked by back-to-back chairs and workbaskets in the aisles. The 75-foot long paired sewing machine tables obstructed essential access to the windows, stairs, and elevators. For endless hours, police officers held lanterns to light the bodies while crowds filed past victims laid out in numbered rough brown coffins. As the dead were identified the coffin was closed and moved aside. Forty-three were identified by sunrise on Sunday. Six days later 7 were still unrecognized. Labor unions, religious communities, political groups and social reform organizations assembled to mourn the lost lives and demand real progress in worker protection. UNIONS: Triangle Shirt-Waist Fire 66

Strike: stop working Picket: Protest usually by parading and holding signs Boycott: Refuse to use a service or buy a product Arbitration: When the Union & employer representatives meet to try to come to an agreement w/out having to go to court UNIONS: TACTICS 69

What does this graph represent? Why do you think Union membership increased at the turn of the century? Why not before? Working Conditions 71

Haymarket Riot (1896)8 hour workday (national strike); scabs hired (replacement workers) in Chicago (fights); rallybombing & gunfight btw. Police & strikers. Law: help with murder, then you are a murderer: 4 strikers hanged for murder (one blew himself up in prison). Never determined who threw the bomb. Homestead Strike (1892)Carnegie Steelworkers called a strike (factory cut their wages) & were fired; management sent in private police force (fight with deaths); strike called off. Pullman Strike (1894): Company town; wages cut 25% (Panic of 1893); food prices in town NOT cut; Pullman fired three negotiators; strike; all rail road traffic halted; strike ordered illegal because mail couldnt get through. UNIONS: THE GREAT STRIKES 72

Station 7: Skyscrapers 75

Skyscrapers: Just the Facts From 1865-1914 America experienced immense growth in industry, immigration and invention. Land of Opportunity NYC and Chicago went from 6 million to 40 million people in one decade (10 years). Problems arise- over crowding, waste, crime Architects began building up instead of out. Skyscraper first coined in 1880s Skyscraper is considered by many, Americas greatest contribution to Architecture. 76

1884 Home Insurance Building in Chicago First skyscraper in the world Stands 10 stories First to use a steel frame Rooms were small and cramped 77

1909 Metropolitan Life Insurance Tower 50 floors Worlds tallest building from 1909- 1913 Sold insurance to immigrant wage workers 78

1913 Woolworth Building NYC 55 floors Architect Cass Gilbert Considered leading example of tall building design Innovations of steel, elevators (1850), heat, electrical plumbing pumps and telephone helped skyscraper dominate skylines at the turn of the century. 79

1903 Flatiron Building NYC 21 floors The most photographed skyscraper Steel cages supported the weight, instead of outside walls In many movies, Spider-man 1 and 2 as office of The Daily Bugle Located at 5 th and Broadway Shaped like a triangle due to location. 80

Empire State Building Open date May 1, 1931 103 floors 410 days to build 3400 works (5 died) For 41 (1931-1972) years tallest building in the world 73 elevators including 6 fraight Has its own zip code, 10118 1872 steps Struck by lightening 23 times a year Cost $24 million to build, with land $40 81

Station 8 : Vertical & horizontal Integration 82

Vertical Integration When a company expands its business into areas that are at different points on the same production path, such as when a manufacturer owns its supplier and/or distributor. Vertical integration can help companies reduce costs and improve efficiency by decreasing transportation expenses and reducing turnaround time, among other advantages. However, sometimes it is more effective for a company to rely on the expertise and economies of scale of other vendors rather than be vertically integrated. The acquisition of additional business activities that are at the same level of the value chain in similar or different industries. This can be achieved by internal or external expansion. Because the different firms are involved in the same stage of production, horizontal integration allows them to share resources at that level. If the products offered by the companies are the same or similar, it is a merger of competitors. If all of the producers of a particular good or service in a given market were to merge, it would result in the creation of a monopoly. Horizontal Integration 83

Spin the Wheel Spin the wheel to determine the type of business you will have in the future. You will create a flow chart that will explain how your business will use horizontal integration to become more successful. You will create a flow chart that will explain how your business will use vertical integration to become more successful. 85

Testing the Immigrants Dr. Knox created visual comparisons to test illiterates suspected of being mentally deficient. In the top test, immigrants had to discover the four happy faces, and in the other two tests they had to pair up the identical images. The time for the happy face test was 29 seconds and the identical images were 28 seconds 87

Station 10: WORKPLACE PROBLEMS Station 10: WORKPLACE PROBLEMS 88

WHY? Families depend on the income. Unavoidable stage of development. Essential for competition. EFFECTS OF CHILD LABOR Bodies become physically harmed. Children are deprived of their childhood Their job is all they know. Little to no education WORKPLACE PROBLEMS: Child Labor 89

Monotony of assembly lines and factory life Loss of craftsmanship in manufactured goods War became more deadly as weapons became more technologically advanced and were mass produced Economic insecurity workers relied entirely on their jobs for sustenance WORKPLACE PROBLEMS: SOCIAL CHANGES 92

Factories were crowded, dark, and dirty Workers toiled from dawn to dusk Young children worked with dangerous machinery Employment of women and children put men out of work-Women and children were paid less for the same work Technological unemployment workers lost their jobs as their labor was replaced by machines WORKPLACE PROBLEMS : FACTORIES 93

Overproduction Also called under-consumption Mass production anticipates demand if goods dont sell, a manufacturer produces less and lays off workers Recession Overproduction across many industries with widespread lay-offs Depression Long-lasting recession WORKPLACE PROBLEMS : Unemployment 94

In 1906 Upton Sinclairs novel The Jungle drew outrage against the Chicago meatpacking industry for its arrogant disregard of basic health standards. This led to government regulation of food and drugs. President Roosevelt responds by appointing a commission of experts to investigate the meatpacking industry. Commission backed up Sinclairs account of disgusting conditions in the industry. Meat Packing Act (1906): Strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers. From Upton Sinclairs The Jungle There would be meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the workers had trampled and spit uncounted billions of germs. There would be meat stored in rooms and thousands of rats would race about it.. A man could run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep handfuls of dried rat dung. These rats were nuisances, and packers would put poisoned bread out for them; they would die, and then the rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together WORKPLACE PROBLEMS : THE JUNGLE 95

Letter to President Teddy Roosevelt Imagine you are a concerned citizen of the United States in the early 1900s. You have read parts of Upton Sinclairs novel, The Jungle. Write a letter to the President explaining: What you have read? What does Sinclair say about the meatpacking industry? Do you think the government should intervene? How should this problem be resolved? Why is this important to you and your family? Is it the governments responsibility to protect Americans from unsafe/unsanitary foods and work conditions? 98

Station 11: Leisure Time 99

Vaudeville At the turn of the century in America, the Wright Brothers made their first successful flight, Jack London wrote Call of the Wild, Henry Ford started his motor company, and thousands of people escaped small apartments in big cities to see the amazing acts of vaudeville. Vaudeville was made of comedians, singers, plate- spinners, ventriloquists, dancers, musicians, acrobats, animal trainers, and anyone who could keep an audiences interest for more than three minutes. Beginning in the 1880s and through the 1920s, vaudeville was home to more than 25,000 performers, and was the most popular form of entertainment in America. From the local small-town stage to New Yorks Palace Theater, vaudeville was an essential part of every community. 100

There was usually a dozen or more acts in every vaudeville performance. Starting and ending with the weakest, the shows went on for hours. The performances ranged from the truly talented to the simply quirky. There were musicians, such as the piano player Eubie Blake, and the child star, Baby Rose Marie. There were great acts of physical talent; everything from contortionists, to tumblers to dancers such as the Nicholas Brothers. Actors performed plays, magicians put on shows, jugglers juggled, but the real focus of vaudeville was comedy. Great comic acts such as Witt and Berg and Burns and Allen brought in the biggest crowds. Vaudevilles attraction was more than simply a series of entertaining sketches. It was symbolic of the cultural diversity of early twentieth century America. Vaudeville was a fusion of centuries-old cultural traditions, including the English Music Hall, minstrel shows of antebellum America, and Yiddish theater. Though certainly not free from the prejudice of the times, vaudeville was the earliest entertainment form to cross racial and class boundaries. For many, vaudeville was the first exposure to the cultures of people living right down the street. 101

Coney Island Coney Island is the story of a tiny spit of land at the foot of Brooklyn that at the turn of the century became the most extravagant playground in the country. In scale, in variety, in sheer inventiveness, Coney Island was unlike anything anyone had ever seen, and sooner or later everyone came to see it. "Coney," one man said in 1904, "is the most bewilderingly up-to-date place of amusement in the world." Coney Island is a lively and absorbing portrait of the extraordinary amusement empire that astonished, delighted and shocked the nation -- and took Americans from the Victorian age into the modern world. 103

Quittin Time: A Visit to Chicagos Saloons In the mid-19th century, moral reformers viewed the saloon with unmitigated outrage. By the turn of the 20th century, though, anti-liquor groups such as the Committee of Fifty attempted to take a more dispassionate look at the saloon and its appeal to workingmen. Their goal was to displace the saloon by sponsoring non-liquor centered substitutes. These efforts largely failed, but reformers inquiries produced highly informative descriptions of saloon life at the end of the 19th century. The following article by sociologist Royal Melendy on The Saloon in Chicago, published in 1900, conveyed a sense of how the saloon met a range of urban workers social, economic, and cultural needs. Melendys use of the term workingman emphasized the male character of the saloon. This should not be taken to mean that working-class women did not drink, but that drinking frequently took place at home. Some women, however, especially German and English immigrants, did drink in saloons and beer gardens. 104

Leisure Time in America People responded to this increased allowance of free time by attending a variety of leisure activities both within and away from the city. New types of amusements that people of all classes and both sexes could attend came into existence and quickly spread across the country. Within cities, people attended vaudeville shows, which would feature a multitude of acts. Shows often ran continuously so that theatergoers could come and go as they pleased. Vaudeville shows crossed economic and ethnic boundaries, as many different social groups would mix in the audience. Other popular shows of the time included circuses and Wild West shows, the most famous of the latter being William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody's. 107

Sports After the Civil War, the popularity of sports as leisure activities grew as people began to see the importance of exercise to health. While initially only the wealthy could partake of most sporting events, the opening of publicly available gymnasiums, courts, and fields allowed the working and middle classes to participate also. Clubs such as the New York Athletic Club were organized and the YMCAs began to institute sports programs. These programs mostly focused on track and field events, instituted by communities of Scottish and English descent, and gymnastics, heavily influenced by German athletics. Gymnasiums, which featured exercises using Indian clubs, wooden rings, and dumbbells, were opened in many Eastern cities. Derived from the English game of rugby, American football was started in 1879 with rules instituted by Walter Camp, player and coach at Yale University. Basketball derived from the need for an indoor sport during the winter months. James Nasmith, an instructor at the YMCA Training School at Springfield, Massachusetts, devised the game in 1891. Soon YMCAs and colleges around the country began playing it. The game was adapted for women at schools around the country with differing rules in the 1890s, until in 1899 a standard set of rules for women were adopted. Other sporting activities which people performed during this time included roller skating, bicycling, swimming, ice skating, sleighing, hunting, and fishing. 108

Station 12 Inventions 114

Inventions The Industrial Revolution refers to a change from hand & home production to machine & factory. Inventions from all over the world helped transform American society and economy into a modern industrial state. The improvements in transportation, electricity, and industrial processes changed the way people lived and worked. Transportation Expanded One important major area was transportation. As more and more people settled in the west, the greater the need became to transport materials & goods over longer distances. There were three main types of transportation that increased during the Industrial Revolution period- waterways, roads, and railroads. 115

Inventions Electricity Harnessed Another major area of during the Industrial Revolution was Thomas Edison's discovery of the DC current generator, which could provide entire cities with electric power. By 1882, Edison and Joseph Swan jointly created a structure of power lines and other equipment for incandescent light bulbs- ones that proved to be less noisy and easier to operate. Improvements to Industrial Processes The third area was the advancements in technologies to improve the efficiency of factories and goods. Elias Hower and Isaac Singer both were involved in the invention of the sewing machine which revolutionized the garment industry and made the Singer corporation one of the first modern industries. Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper which made the harvesting of grain more efficient and faster. This helped farmers have more time to devote to other chores. And Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber which allowed rubber to have many more uses due to its ability to stand up to bad weather. Rubber became important in industry as it could withstand large amounts of pressure 116

Inventions Eli Whitney In 1794, U.S.-born inventor Eli Whitney (1765-1825) patented the cotton gin, a machine that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber. By the mid-19th century, cotton had become Americas leading export. For his work, he is credited as a pioneer of American manufacturing. Francis Lowell Consolidated Manufacturing This American industrial pioneer left as his legacy a manufacturing system, booming mill towns, and a humanitarian attitude toward workers. Bringing Industry to America In just six years, Francis Cabot Lowell built up an American textile manufacturing industry. He was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts in 1775, and became a successful merchant. On a trip to England at age 36, he was impressed by British textile mills. Like Samuel Slater before him, Lowell was inspired to create his own manufacturing enterprise in the United States.1775Samuel Slater Mill Girls Another of Lowell's innovations was in hiring young farm girls to work in the mill. He paid them lower wages than men, but offered benefits that many girls, some as young as 15, were eager to earn. Mill girls lived in clean company boardinghouses with chaperones, were paid cash, and benefitted from religious and educational activities. Waltham boomed as workers flocked to Lowell's novel enterprise. 117

Inventions Cyrus McCormick Not long after Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin, Cyrus McCormick invented another significant agricultural invention that revolutionized farming: the mechanical reaper. Prior to this invention, reaping was a painstaking process (done by hand with a scythe) that limited a farm's harvest. McCormick's invention automatically cut, threshed and bundled grain while being pulled through a field by horses. John Deere John Deere was an Illinois blacksmith and manufacturer. Early in his career, Deere and an associate designed a series of farm plows. In 1837, on his own, John Deere designed the first cast steel plow that greatly assisted the Great Plains farmers. The large plows made for cutting the tough prairie ground were called "grasshopper plows." The plow was made of wrought iron and had a steel share that could cut through sticky soil without clogging. By 1855, John Deere's factory was selling over 10,000 steel plows a year. 118

Inventions Robert Fulton A savvy artist-turned-technologist took steamboat inventions and innovated them into the first viable commercial steamboat service. To build an efficient, reliable steamboat, Fulton used a special English steam engine. The ship's bottom was flat and its stern was square. Workers in New York City For over a hundred years, people had dreamed of building a canal across New York that would connect the Great Lakes to the Hudson River to New York City and the Atlantic Ocean. Construction began in 1817 and was completed in 1825. The canal spanned 350 miles between the Great Lakes and the Hudson River and was an immediate success. Between its completion and its closure in 1882, it returned over $121 million in revenues on an original cost of $7 million. Its success led to the great CANAL AGE. By bringing the Great Lakes within reach of a metropolitan market, the ERIE CANAL opened up the unsettled northern regions of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. 119

Inventions George Stephenson The Father of Railways, George Stephenson, built the first commercial locomotive and railways, setting a standard adopted worldwide. Elisha Otis A ceaseless tinkerer created the first safe elevator, then died before he could see it revolutionize architecture, cities, and the way we live. Otis designed the first safe elevator when he needed to lift heavy building materials, while converting a sawmill into a factory in Yonkers, New York. He made toothed wooden guide rails to fit into opposite sides of the elevator shaft, and fitted a spring to the top of the elevator, running the hoisting cables through it. The cables still guided the elevator up and down, but if they broke, the release of tension would throw the spring mechanism outward into the notches, preventing the cabin from falling. 120

Station 13: Temperance Movement: 123

Temperance Movement: Words to Know Temperance- enjoying HEALTHFUL things in moderation and abstaining completely from unhealthful things (alcohol) Moonshine- illegal alcohol distilled at home Wets- those opposed to prohibition Drys- those in favor of prohibition Bootlegging- the illegal manufacture, same and transportation of alcoholic beverages Speakeasies- illegal drinking establishments Prohibition Era- the period of time from 1920-1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited (law that stops) in the US by a constitutional amendment. 124

Temperance Movement: In the know In the 1800s alcohol was a widespread problem. Americans over the age of 15 consumed 7 gallons of pure alcohol a year, this is 3 times more than the average adult drinks today. Saloons (bar, pub) were places for men only. Fancy saloons could be found in large cities. Smaller, rickety wood buildings were found in Western towns. MENs social clubs. 125

Womens Christian Temperance Formed in 1873 70 women from Hillsboro, Ohio Women prayed on the floor of saloon after pro temperance sermon in the church. Started strong political force 127

Temperance Political Cartoon 1874 Alcohol was seen as source of social problems, violence, crime and poverty This cartoon is how people in the movement saw saloons, taverns and bars. Describe everything you see in the photo. 128

Drawing one in a series of prints distributed by the movement Family being destroyed by fathers drinking. In an alcohol induced rage, kills his wife. Alcohol (then and now) is a major cause of serious problems in many families. 129

BE CAREFUL WHO YOU MARRY A young lady will be very unsafe in marrying a young man who uses ardent spirits, either temperately or intemperately, because more women have been rendered wretched on account of drunken husbands, than by anything else. When Lavinia and Laura and Margaret, were led by their husbands to Hymen's altar, their husbands only took a little. Lavinia was the mother of four children, when the sheriff sold the last bed she had, for her husband's drams. Laura had three lovely babes, when her husband was carried off to jail, and she was left without bed, bread or home. Margaret had two children when their sottish and brutish father went to an untimely grave, and she and her babes were cast upon the world penniless. Beware young ladies of him who can drink a dram even in a week. Don't marry a reformed drunkard, as a man hardly ever gets clear of this awful disease. If you want to be miserable marry a man who drinks, who takes a little, and you are more likely to have the above enjoyments than in marrying any other character. If a man cannot give up his dram, he can sacrifice the happiness or property of any woman by taking a little. 130

Station 1: Robber Barons or Captains of Industry 1.

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Transcript of Station 1: Robber Barons or Captains of Industry 1.