Static and Current Electricity - Rochford science · 2019-08-30 · Static and Current Electricity...
Transcript of Static and Current Electricity - Rochford science · 2019-08-30 · Static and Current Electricity...
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Static and Current Electricity
Ms Rochford
Third Year Science
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In this topic:
• Static electricity • What is charge? • Static electricity as a force • Earthing • Lightning • Insulators and Conductors • Electrical circuits • Ohm’s Law
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Let’s make some static!
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Static Electricity
• What causes static electricity?
Click on the dog picture to watch the YouTube clip
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The Atom
• Nucleus = centre of the atom
• Neutrons = neutral (no charge)
• Protons = positive charge
• Electrons = negative charge
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The Atom
• Normal atoms: Number of
protons Number of electrons
Neutral charge
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The Atom
• Too many protons: Number of protons
Number of electrons
Positive charge
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The Atom
• Too many electrons: Number of protons
Number of electrons
Negative charge
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Electrons and Electricity
• The Electron is responsible for almost all of electricity
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There are two types of charges
• POSITIVE(+)
• NEGATIVE(-)
+-+-+-+-
Am I charged? +4 -4 = 0
Uncharged
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There are two types of charges
Am I charged? +4 - 3 = +1
Positive charge
-++-+-+
Losing an electron causes a positive charge
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There are two types of charges
Am I charged? +4 - 5 = -1
Negative charge
Gaining an electron causes a negative charge
+-+--+-+-
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Is Static Electricity a force?
E Force: causes a stationary object to move
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YES!
Static Electricity is a Force
Is Static Electricity a force?
E Force: causes a stationary object to move
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Demonstrating force between charged objects
Opposite charges attract
each other
Like charges repel each other
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So what is static electricity?
• As soon as it can, the object will discharge to go back to neutral or uncharged
• This can produce a ‘spark’ or a ‘shock’
Static electricity: an imbalance of positive and negative charges
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Earthing
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Earthing
• Earthing removes charge from a charged object
Earthing: when excess electrons are allowed to flow into the earth
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Earthing
• This is designed for safety
Earthing: when excess electrons are allowed to flow into the earth
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Lightning damage
• Lightning can damage buildings
• The electricity travels through the walls to the earth
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Lightning Rods
• Made of good conducting metals (e.g. copper)
• Lightning goes through the conductor to earth
• The building is safe
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Insulators and Conductors
Plastic Biro Paper pieces
ATTRACTS
Metal Pen Paper pieces
NO EFFECT
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Insulators and Conductors
• The plastic biro was charged by rubbing it
• It stayed charged because it is an insulator
• The charge couldn’t flow out of the plastic
Insulator: a material through which charge cannot flow
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Insulators and Conductors
• The metal pen was charged by rubbing
• The charge immediately flowed out of it
• No charge left to attract the paper
Conductor: a material through which charge can freely flow
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CURRENT ELECTRICITY
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What is an electrical circuit?
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What is an electrical circuit?
• It’s a way of getting electrons to do a job safely
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What is an electrical circuit?
• Electrons are stored in batteries and can move in wires
• When electrons pass through wires they heat up.
• This causes light to be radiated by the bulbs
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What is an electrical circuit?
• Electrons always move from high to low potential
As electrons pass through the bulb wires they lose some potential
energy and eventually the
battery run out!
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Rules for a Circuit
1. Electron source (a battery)
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Rules for a Circuit
1. Electron source (a battery)
2. Path for them to move through i.e. A wire (conductor)
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Rules for a Circuit
1. Electron source (a battery)
2. Path for them to move through i.e. A wire (conductor)
3. Continuity, the path must be continuous
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Insulators and Conductors
• Can you remember?
Insulator: a material through which charge cannot flow
Conductor: a material through which charge can flow
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Which one will light the bulb?
Any predictions?
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SYMBOL for battery…
+ terminal - terminal
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Symbols Used in Electricity
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OP49
To distinguish between electrical insulators and conductors
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Types of circuit
This is when the parts of the circuit are
connected like this...
‘Hand in hand’
Series Circuit
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Types of circuit
If one bulb blows, the other won’t get any
electrons
Remember: electrons can’t jump through
empty space
Series Circuit
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Types of circuit
This is when the components of the
circuit are connected like this...
‘one on top of each other’
Parallel Circuit
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Types of circuit
If one blows the other will still get electrons!!
Parallel Circuit
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Current
What is current?
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Current
• A BATTERY acts like a PUMP
– it pushes the current round the circuit through devices like bulbs or speakers
Electric Current: a flow of electric charges being ‘pushed’ around a circuit
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Current
Electric Current: a flow of electric charges being ‘pushed’ around a circuit
• Too many electrons per second can be Bad!!!
Unit of current
AMPERES or Amps (A)
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Voltage
• It is the force that ‘pushes’ current through a circuit
• A flat battery will read 0 volts
Voltage: the potential a battery has to do work
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Resistance
Resistance: a measure of how good a material is at stopping electrons
Unit of resistance
OHMS (Ω)
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Resistors
Good Resistors
• Insulators are good resistors • They have high resistance value
Bad Resistors
• Conductors are bad resistors • They have low resistance value
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Is there a relationship between the speed of water in a pipe and the
power of the water pump?
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Is there a relationship between the current of electrons in a circuit and the
voltage of the battery?
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Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law: voltage is directly proportional to current
V
I R
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Ohm’s Law
• Another way to state Ohm’s law is:
Potential (volts) equals current (amps) times the load (ohms).
• In a basic circuit, one of the three values can be calculated from the other two.
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Ohm’s Law
V = voltage (Volts)
I = current (Amps)
R = resistance (Ohms)
V = I×R
The most important electronics equation:
V
I R
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OP50
Ohm’s Law: To measure current, voltage and resistance and to establish a
relationship between them
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Ohm’s Law Circuit Diagram
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Drawing our Graph
Current (Amps)
Vo
ltag
e (
Vo
lts)
(0, 0)
This is a directly proportional relationship
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Definition How is it formed?
Static Electricity
Force between charged objects
Insulator Conductor Lightning &
lightning rods
Earthing
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Current: • Definition • Units
Voltage: • Definition • Units
Current Electricity
Resistance: • Definition • Units • Examples of
resistors
Conductors & insulators in a circuit
Rules for a circuit
Ohm’s Law: • Definition • Equation • Graph
Types of circuit
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Chapter 42: STATIC & CURRENT ELECTRICITY
DONE!!