ONLINE RESOURCES / ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

Online Resource 1

A conceptual diagram for robust-design occupancy modeling. Estimates of occupancy (ψ) and

detection probability (p) are obtained for each primary season (S1, S2, or S3), where the season

corresponds to the successional application of various treatments of fire and/or grazing.

Dispersal estimates of recolonization (γ) and extinction (ε) are transition probabilities between

primary seasons. This image is based on Pollock (1982) and MacKenzie (2006).

Online Resource 2

A list of species captured at Osage Prairie, MO in 2011 and 2012 from multiple patch types,

including those with fire, cattle grazing, and legacy effects.

Taxonomic Group

Common Name Species Count

REPTILESLizard Slender Glass Lizard Ophisaurus attenuatus 2Lizard Little Brown or Ground

SkinkScincella lateralis 82

Snake Eastern Yellow Bellied Racer

Coluber constrictor flaviventris

3

Snake Prairie Ringed Neck Snake Diadophis punctatus arnyi 4Snake Black Rat Snake Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta 3Snake Prairie Kingsnake Lampropeltis calligaster 1Snake Speckled Kingsnake Lampropeltis getula

holbrooki1

Snake Graham's Crayfish Snake Regina grahamii 1Snake Unknown Unknown 11Snake Rough Earth Snake Virginia striatula 1Snake Common Garter Snake Thamnophis sirtalis 10Turtle Common Snapping Turtle Chelydra serpentina

serpentina8

Turtle Western Painted Turtle Chrysemys picta bellii 4Turtle Three-Toed Box Turtle Terrapene carolina

triunguis2

Turtle Ornate or Western Box Turtle

Terrapene ornata ornata 13

Turtle Unknown (burned and unidentifiable)

Unknown 4

TOTAL 150

AMPHIBIANSAnuran Tadpole Blanchard’s Cricket Frog Acris crepitans blanchardi 4Anuran Tadpole American Toad Bufo americanus 331Anuran Tadpole Southern Leopard Frog Rana (Lithobates)

sphenocephala541

Egg masses varies varies 23Anuran Adult Spring Peeper Pseudacris crucifer 1Anuran Adult Chorus Frog Pseudacris triseriata 2Anuran Adult American Bullfrog Rana (Lithobates)

catesbeiana3

Anuran Adult Southern Leopard Frog Rana (Lithobates) 20

sphenocephalaAnuran Adult Unknown unknown 23Anuran Adult Blanchard's Cricket Frog Acris crepitans blanchardi 18Anuran Adult Northern Crawfish Frog Rana (Lithobates) areolata

circulosa6

Anuran Adult Gray Treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis-versicolor 1Anuran Adult Plains Leopard Frog Rana (Lithobates) blairi 3Salamander Adult

Small-mouth Salamander Ambystoma texanum 2

TOTAL 1045

Online Resource 3

All the a priori candidate models using Akaike’s Information Criterion corrected for small

sample size (AICc) regarding reptile occupancy (ψ), detection (p), recolonization (γ), and

extinction (ε) for treated patches at Osage Prairie in 2011 and 2012.

Model No. Parameters (K)

Deviation

∆AICc AICc Weight (wi)

Evidence Ratio

Ψ(g*t) ϵ(g*t) γ(t) ρ1(t) ρ2(t) ρ3(t)

12 519.2 0.00 0.89

Ψ(t) ϵ(g*t) γ(t) ρ1(t) ρ2(t) ρ3(t)

17 515.1 6.67 0.03 30

Ψ(g) ϵ(g) γ(g) ρ1(.) ρ2(.) ρ3(.)

19 512.4 8.46 0.01 89

Ψ(g) ϵ(g) γ(g) ρ1(t) ρ2(t) ρ3(t)

19 512.4 8.46 <0.01 >89

Ψ(t) ϵ(t) γ(.) ρ1(.) ρ2(.) ρ3(.)

20 512.3 9.19 <0.01 >89

Ψ(t) ϵ(t) γ(t) ρ1(t) ρ2(t) ρ3(t)

20 478.0 9.69 <0.01 >89

Ψ(g) ϵ(g) γ(g) ρ1(g) ρ2(g) ρ3(g)

20 511.4 9.82 <0.01 >89

Ψ(g*t) ϵ(g*t) γ(g*t) ρ1(.) ρ2(.) ρ3(.)

20 511.5 9.82 <0.01 >89

Ψ(g*t) ϵ(g*t) γ( g*t ) ρ1( g*t ) ρ2( g*t ) ρ3( g*t )

20 511.5 10.49 <0.01 >89

Ψ(.) ϵ(.) γ(.) ρ1(.) ρ2(.) ρ3(.)

7 476.9 10.52 <0.01 >89

Online Resource 4

Vegetation structures of percent cover (A), litter depth (B), and grass height (C) for 6 patch types

(n=6 patches each) at Osage Prairie, MO, USA in March-May of 2011 and 2012. The boxplots

are shaded differently and contain different letters above if found statistically different (ANOVA

followed by Tukey’s HSD test; alpha <0.05). Boxplots show the 25th, 50th, and 75th quartiles and

the whiskers are 95% confidence intervals.

Online Resource 5

Total suspended solids (A) and ammonium (B) concentrations from stream water at Osage

Prairie, MO, USA in 2011 and 2012. The watersheds either had no fire or grazing (“No PBG

Watersheds”) or underwent PBG management (“PBG Watersheds”). The boxplots are shaded

differently and contain different letters because they were found statistically different (Student’s

t-test; alpha <0.05). Boxplots show the 25th, 50th, and 75th quartiles and the whiskers are 95%

confidence intervals. The outliers are indicated by dots and primarily occurred when cattle were

on pasture in PBG watersheds.

Online Resource 6

Reptile (A) and amphibian (B) species richness in 6 patch types from Osage Prairie, MO, USA.

The boxplots are shaded differently and contain different letters above if found statistically

different (ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test; alpha <0.05). Boxplots show the 25th, 50th,

and 75th quartiles, the whiskers are 95% confidence intervals, and circles are statistical outliers.

Online Resource 7

A permuted multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) determined the predictors of

riparian and aquatic community structures at Osage Prairie, MO in 2011 and 2012.

Factor Degrees of Freedom (n,d)

Variance F Statistic P-value

Riparian Community

Patch type 5,22 0.185 4.59 <0.001Grass height 1,26 0.025 3.11 0.048Year 1,26 0.018 2.25 0.112Ground cover 1,26 0.007 0.90 0.417Percent cover 1,26 0.011 1.46 0.247Litter depth 1,26 0.006 0.69 0.514

Aquatic CommunityYear 1,55 0.113 27.90 <0.001Watershed 1,55 0.047 11.70 0.002In-stream cover 1,55 0.019 4.91 0.007Substrate 3,53 0.028 1.17 0.029Patch type 5,51 0.031 1.55 0.101Depth (water) 1,55 0.003 0.07 0.503Riparian cover 1,55 0.006 0.69 0.514Total suspended solids 1,55 0.013 2.13 0.103Ammonium (NH4

+) 1,55 0.005 0.90 0.405