STATES Political units with sovereignty (not nations)
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Transcript of STATES Political units with sovereignty (not nations)
STATESSTATES
Political units with sovereigntyPolitical units with sovereignty(not nations)(not nations)
Exercise of powerover people and territory.
Boundaries recognizedby other states.
Sovereignty
State territorialityState territoriality(“patriotism”)
Place identity based on political unit
“I am an American.” “I am a Nigerian.”(Civil wars)
NATIONNATION
A cultural group with a territorial identity: a sense of a “homeland”
Over 5,000 ethnic “nations” cannot allbecome states, yetmany are large enough to survive(larger than some states).
Basques in Spain/France Québecois in Canada
Ethnic territorialityEthnic territoriality(“nationalism”)
Place identity based on ethnicity
NATION-STATE
State with one nation(none “pure” but some close)
Nearly all states multiethnic(more than one nation)
Nation-States and Multiethnic States
National Congruence
Desire for stateboundaries to matchethnic boundaries
* If majority does not want minority
* If minority wants self-determination
Boundaries of Albaniain different eras
Religious TerritorialityReligious Territoriality
States defined by religion
IranIran
VaticanCity
IsraelIsrael
SaudiSaudiArabiaArabia
VaticanVaticanCityCity
Racial TerritorialityRacial Territoriality
States defined by race
South Africa’s Whiteand Black areas under
Apartheid (racial separation)
White supremacist map for a racial partition of the U.S.
Core group
States are constructed around a dominant ethnic, racial or religious group
English in U.K.Whites in U.S.
Russians in U.S.S.R. & Russia
Majority nationalism Equating “patriotism” with “nationalism”
German skinheadsattack TurksKKK rally against immigrants, 1925
Hindu mobs attack IndianMuslim neighborhood
State usually representscore group, but also needs
loyal minorities
English attack immigrants
Minority nationalism
For “self-determination”(ability to rule own lands)
Reaction to majority nationalism?
LithuaniaEast Timor
PuertoRico
Irredentism
Joining ethnic minority with acountry where they are majority
Germany annexes ethnic German region of Czechoslovakia, 1938
SecessionSeparation from state (independence)
French-speakers are minorityin Canada, but majority in Quebec.
Failed secession of Quebec
Most French-speakers (blue)voted for independence
of Quebec from Canada, 1995.
Quebec minorities (English-speakers, Native peoples, and
immigrants) voted “No”
Cree
Inuit
English
State response: Coercion
Ethnocide(forced assimilation)
Hungarian sign defacedin Romania.
Turks forced toChange names in Bulgaria.
Genocide(extermination)
800,000 Tutsis killed in Rwanda, 1994.
Also can be in Core (Germany 1940s)
South African Apartheid (racial separation), 1948-94
South African Black Homelands
76% of populationgiven 13%of land;deniedcitizenshipin rest(ethnocide)
“Bantustans” forced on Blacks
State response: Unitary system
Central government holds power;No autonomy for ethnic minorities
State response: Autonomy
Ethnic minoritiescan rule themselves in special regionswithin the state
Autonomousregions of Spain.Flag of Catalonia
alongside Spainand EU flags
China settlingethnic Chinese in
“autonomous”regions
Indian Reservations (autonomy)
Inuit (Eskimo) territory of Nunavut
Canada
1999
State response: Ethnic Federalism
Territorial unitsrepresent differentethnic groups
Other large multiethnicfederations have failed(Yugoslavia, USSR)
Languages and states of India
Confederalism
Devolution (transfer)of most power from centralgovernment to regions
Confederacydeclared, 1861.“States’ Rights” after Civil Warended in 1865.
Bosnia after civil war ended in 1995,
dividedinto strong Serb and
Muslim-Croat regions
Six republics of Yugoslavia, 1945-1991Croatia, Slovenia(Catholic)
Serbia, Montenegro,Macedonia(Orthodox)
Bosnia(Muslim)
Kosovo(Muslim partof Serbia)
Yugoslavia break-up, 1990s
Ethnic Serbs(outside Serbia)for irredentism
Bosnians,Kosovarsfor secession
Ethnic cleansingForced removal of
an ethnic group
Serbs expelledfrom Krajina(Croatia), 1995
Albaniansexpelled
from Kosovo (Serbia), 1999
To make area ethnically “pure”
Former Yugoslavia TodaySlovenia 1990
Croatia 1991
Bosnia 1992
Macedonia 1992
Serbia & Montenegro(remained “Yugoslavia”until 2003)
Kosovo 1999(officially part of Serbia)
Soviet Union (USSR) ethnic groups
Dominant (titular)groups in 15
Soviet republics
All had minorities
14 republics outsideRussia had
Russian minority
Breakup of Soviet Union into 15 states, 1991
Ethnic Russians left outside Russia
Fears that Russianirredentismwould leadto war
But ethnicterritorialitynot so strong
Ethnic minority regions in the new Russia
Russians fear one secessionwould spread to all
Ethnic groupsin SouthernRussia andthe Caucasus
Chechens fightfor secessionfrom Russia
Armenians fight Azerbaijan(irredentism)
Russians flatten Grozny, capital of Chechnya, 2000
Russia attacks Chechen Muslims(state territoriality)
Why ethnic conflict?Why ethnic conflict?
Because differencenaturally causeconflict?
But difference doesnot always causeconflict Conflicts also eruptbetween similarpeoples
Northern Ireland (Catholics vs. Protestants)
Same race, language
Different religion(and ethnic group? class?)
Protestant majorityfor staying in U.K.Catholic minorityfor joining Ireland.
Loyalist(Protestant)
and Republican(Catholic) murals
in Belfast
Rwanda(Hutus vs. Tutsis)
Same race, language,religion
Different ethnic group;one favored by colonialists
Genocide againstTutsi minority, 1994
Bosnia(Serbs vs. Muslims vs. Croats)
Same race, spoken language
Different religion,script, “ethnic” group
Intermarried, cooperated,1950s-80s; At war 1990s
Muslim andSerb refugeesFrom Sarajevo
Somalia
Same race, language,religion, and ethnic group !
Yet 1990s civil warbetween clan militias
Contending theories
Ethnic hatred isalways there; politics can keep a “lid” on it
Croatian and Serbian leadersstoke ethnic hatred after 1989
Ethnic hatred is a toolused for political and
economic power
Communism collapses inEastern Europe, 1989
Bosniapartition plan
Ethnic conflictEthnic conflictas a tool to…as a tool to…
Mask economic hierarchy.Mask economic hierarchy.
Divert majority citizens Divert majority citizens from economic crisis.from economic crisis.
Prevent poor of different Prevent poor of different ethnic groups from uniting.ethnic groups from uniting.