States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam...
-
Upload
arleen-nelson -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
Transcript of States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam...
![Page 1: States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate – Zero State of Matter.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e755503460f94b763d1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
States of Matter
A Matter of Kinetic Energy
![Page 2: States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate – Zero State of Matter.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e755503460f94b763d1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Types of States of Matter
• Solid• Liquid• Gas• Plasma• Beam• BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate– Zero State of Matter– Most Dense
![Page 3: States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate – Zero State of Matter.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e755503460f94b763d1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Changes of State
![Page 4: States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate – Zero State of Matter.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e755503460f94b763d1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Kinetic Energy (kelvins & paschals)
![Page 5: States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate – Zero State of Matter.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e755503460f94b763d1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Supercritical_Fluids
• Supercritical fluids are useful in science today – extraction of floral fragrance – the process of creating decaffeinated coffee– food science and functional food ingredients– pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, polymers, powders,
bio- and functional materials – nano-systems, natural products, biotechnology,
fossil & biofuels, microelectronics & environment (Bottini 133).
![Page 6: States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate – Zero State of Matter.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e755503460f94b763d1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
www.engineeringtoolbox.com/vapor-steam-d_609
• Superheated Vapor• When the temperature is higher than the boiling
point @ a given pressure. • Vapor cannot exist in contact with the fluid, nor
contain fluid particles. • Increase in pressure or decrease in temperature will
not, within limits, condensate out liquid particles in the vapor.
• Highly superheated vapors are gases that approximately follow the general gas law.
![Page 7: States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate – Zero State of Matter.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e755503460f94b763d1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Critical Temp & Pressure
• Critical Temperature– The temperature at which only gas exists,
regardless of its pressure• Critical Pressure– The lowest pressure at which liquids exist at
critical temperature • Critical Point– The intersection of critical temperature & pressure
![Page 8: States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate – Zero State of Matter.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e755503460f94b763d1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases
• Ideal gas = hypothetical gas perfectly aligns with all kinetic-molecular theory assumptions
• Five Assumptions– Distance between molecules dwarfs actual size– All collisions are perfectly elastic– Particles are in continuous, rapid, random motion– Particles have NO attraction to each other– Temperature = average kinetic energy of particles
![Page 9: States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate – Zero State of Matter.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e755503460f94b763d1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Nature of Gases
• Ideal vs. Real– Real approaches ideal @ low pressure/ high temp
• Expansion – molecules fill entire space• Fluidity – no intermolecular attractions• Density - ~ 10-3 of liquid or solid state• Compressibility – 100X more molecules• Diffusion & Effusion– Spontaneous mixing via random motion– Passing through tiny opening
![Page 10: States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate – Zero State of Matter.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e755503460f94b763d1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
C/C Intermolecular Forces
![Page 11: States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate – Zero State of Matter.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e755503460f94b763d1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Properties of Liquids• LEAST common state of matter in universe• Fluids (as are gases)• Lower kinetic energy than gases• Interactive forces keep molecules connected– Dipole-dipole forces • Equal but opposite charges separated by short distance
– London dispersion forces • Spontaneous creation of dipoles (polar & nonpolar)
– Hydrogen bonding (electronegativity)
![Page 12: States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate – Zero State of Matter.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e755503460f94b763d1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Hydrogen Bonding
![Page 13: States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate – Zero State of Matter.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e755503460f94b763d1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Properties of Liquids, continued
• Density: 100x > gases; 10% < solids• Compressibility: @ 103 atm., volume ~ 4% • Diffusion: present, but slower than in gases• Surface tension: high intermolecular attraction• Capillary action: attraction between surfaces
of liquid and a solid• Vaporization: evaporation & boiling gas
![Page 14: States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate – Zero State of Matter.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e755503460f94b763d1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Nature of Solids• Interparticle attractions stronger than others• Two types of solids– Crystalline (orderly arrangement)– Amorphous (random arrangement)
• supercooled liquids: have liquid properties even if look solid
• Shape & Volume: Definite• Melting Point: Definite• Density & Incompressibility: High• Diffusion: Low rate (10-6 less than others)
![Page 15: States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate – Zero State of Matter.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e755503460f94b763d1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Dipole-dipole Forces
![Page 16: States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate – Zero State of Matter.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e755503460f94b763d1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Covalent Molecular Structures
Buckminsterfullerene Glucose – C6H12O6
![Page 17: States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate – Zero State of Matter.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e755503460f94b763d1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Crystalline Solids• Ionic
• Alkali & alkaline earth with halogens & Group 16• Hard, brittle, high melting points, good insulators
• Covalent network• Cx (diamonds), (SiO2)x quartz, (SiC)x
• Very hard and brittle, high MP, semi- or nonconductors
• Covalent molecular (nonpolar & polar)• H2, CH4, C6H6: only weak London dispersion forces
• H2O & NH3,: stronger forces but weaker than covalent• Soft, low MP, low BP, good insulators
![Page 18: States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate – Zero State of Matter.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e755503460f94b763d1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Crystalline Structures
AgCl Ionic Structure
![Page 19: States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate – Zero State of Matter.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e755503460f94b763d1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Covalent Network Crystals
Diamond Quartz
![Page 20: States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate – Zero State of Matter.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e755503460f94b763d1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Covalent Network
GraphiteCarbon
![Page 21: States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate – Zero State of Matter.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e755503460f94b763d1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Covalent Molecular