States of ConsciousnessStates of Consciousness

Introductory DiscussionIntroductory DiscussionTeams…Teams…

What exactly is consciousness? How do we What exactly is consciousness? How do we explain unconsciousness? How do they explain unconsciousness? How do they differ?differ?

Summarize biological and circadian Summarize biological and circadian rhythms. Provide examples of each.rhythms. Provide examples of each.

Provide a synopsis of the sleep cycle and Provide a synopsis of the sleep cycle and explain how it changes as it progresses.explain how it changes as it progresses.

What is the purpose of sleep? Provide What is the purpose of sleep? Provide multiple explanations.multiple explanations.

Why do we dream? Come up with 2 Why do we dream? Come up with 2 theoretical propositions.theoretical propositions.

Levels of ConsciousnessLevels of Consciousness

We know that We know that various levels various levels exists beyond the exists beyond the conscious level.conscious level.

Mere-exposure Mere-exposure effecteffect

PrimingPriming Blind sightBlind sight

Levels of ConsciousnessLevels of Consciousness

Conscious LevelConscious Level Nonconscious LevelNonconscious Level Preconscious LevelPreconscious Level Subconscious LevelSubconscious Level Unconscious LevelUnconscious Level

Consciousness and Information Consciousness and Information ProcessingProcessing

Conscious processingConscious processing Sequential, relatively slow and limited Sequential, relatively slow and limited

capacitycapacity Unconscious processingUnconscious processing: :

fast processing occurs simultaneously fast processing occurs simultaneously on parallel tracks (not sequential)on parallel tracks (not sequential)

Example?Example? Meet someone: unconscious, instant Meet someone: unconscious, instant

reaction to race, gender, appearance- reaction to race, gender, appearance- then become aware of our responsethen become aware of our response

Biological RhythmsBiological Rhythms Bodily (and mental) fluctuations over Bodily (and mental) fluctuations over

time time

Provide an example for each:Provide an example for each: Annual CyclesAnnual Cycles

Animal hibernation / SAD (humans)Animal hibernation / SAD (humans) Twenty-eight day cyclesTwenty-eight day cycles

Women’s menstrual cycleWomen’s menstrual cycle Twenty Four hour cyclesTwenty Four hour cycles

Alertness, sleep, body temperature, growth Alertness, sleep, body temperature, growth hormonehormone

Ninety Minute cyclesNinety Minute cycles Sleep stagesSleep stages

SleepSleep Sleep is a state of Sleep is a state of

consciousness.consciousness. We are less aware We are less aware

of our of our surroundings.surroundings.

Circadian RhythmCircadian Rhythm

Animals and Sleep….Animals and Sleep….

Ferrets-15Ferrets-15 Cats-13Cats-13 Humans-8Humans-8 Elephants-3Elephants-3

Why the discrepancy in the need for Why the discrepancy in the need for sleep?sleep? Smaller animals = higher metabolism, more Smaller animals = higher metabolism, more

need for rest, rechargingneed for rest, recharging

Circadian RhythmCircadian Rhythm Light affects Circadian Rhythm, by…Light affects Circadian Rhythm, by…

Activating retinal proteins, which…Activating retinal proteins, which… Activates brain’s suprachiasmatic nucleus in Activates brain’s suprachiasmatic nucleus in

hypothalamus, which… hypothalamus, which… o Activates Pineal Gland, which increases, Activates Pineal Gland, which increases,

decreases melatonin (sleep inducing decreases melatonin (sleep inducing hormone)hormone)

The point is…The point is… Light strongly influences our circadian Light strongly influences our circadian

rhythm, which governs our sleep patternsrhythm, which governs our sleep patterns What else, besides light can alter our What else, besides light can alter our

circadian rhythm?circadian rhythm?

Pineal GlandPineal Gland

Sleep Cycle Sleep Cycle

Use an EEG machine Use an EEG machine to measure stages of to measure stages of sleep.sleep.

When you are at the When you are at the onset of sleep you onset of sleep you experience alpha experience alpha waves.waves.

Produces mild Produces mild hallucinations, like a hallucinations, like a feeling of falling. feeling of falling. (Jerk reaction!)(Jerk reaction!)

Click dude for alphaWaves.

Stage 1Stage 1 Kind of awake and Kind of awake and

kind of asleep. (“Sleep kind of asleep. (“Sleep onset”)onset”)

Only lasts a few Only lasts a few minutes, and you minutes, and you usually only usually only experience it once a experience it once a night.night.

Alpha Waves: high Alpha Waves: high frequency, low frequency, low amplitude.amplitude.

““hallucinations”- hallucinations”- (dream-like- falling or (dream-like- falling or rising)rising)

Stage 2Stage 2

More Alpha Waves More Alpha Waves that (get slower that (get slower frequency, higher frequency, higher amplitude) amplitude)

Sleep spiSleep spindles: ndles: shortshort bursts of rapid bursts of rapid brain waves.brain waves.

50% of your sleep! 50% of your sleep! Revisit multiple Revisit multiple times…times…

Stages 3 and 4Stages 3 and 4 Delta Waves: (slower Delta Waves: (slower

wave = deeper sleep) wave = deeper sleep) Deep sleep (groggy, Deep sleep (groggy,

disoriented if awakened).disoriented if awakened). Releases child’s growth Releases child’s growth

hormones, restores hormones, restores immune system.immune system.

Bed wetting, Bed wetting, sleepwalkingsleepwalking

Exercise increases stage Exercise increases stage 3 and 4!3 and 4!

Visit less as night Visit less as night progresses….progresses….

Click boys to see deep sleep.

From stage 4, your brain begins to speed up and you go to stage 3, then 2….then ……

REM SleepREM Sleep ““Rapid Eye Movement”Rapid Eye Movement” paradoxical sleep-paradoxical sleep-

internally aroused, internally aroused, externally calm…externally calm… Heart rate, breathing, Heart rate, breathing,

REM, brain waves increase REM, brain waves increase / external paralysis/ external paralysis

Dream state. (95% of Dream state. (95% of those awakened those awakened remember dream)remember dream)

Genital arousal (both Genital arousal (both genders)genders)

REM ReboundREM Rebound 20-25% of night’s sleep! 20-25% of night’s sleep!

Or 2 hrs/night (6 yrs!)Or 2 hrs/night (6 yrs!)

Sleep CycleSleep Cycle 90 minute cycle90 minute cycle From 1, 2, 3, 4, 3,2, REM…From 1, 2, 3, 4, 3,2, REM… As night progresses, four gets As night progresses, four gets

shorter, REM gets longer…shorter, REM gets longer…

Sleep DeprivationSleep Deprivation

Bank Account / REM ReboundBank Account / REM Rebound 1 hour sleep deprivation per night = 1 hour sleep deprivation per night =

pulling all nighter (1 week duration)pulling all nighter (1 week duration) Need of sleep depends on circadian Need of sleep depends on circadian

rhythmrhythm Effects mood, performance, memory, Effects mood, performance, memory,

immune system etc.immune system etc.

Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders

InsomniaInsomnia Persistent problems Persistent problems

falling asleepfalling asleep Effects 10% of the Effects 10% of the

populationpopulation Primary versus Primary versus

Secondary InsomniaSecondary Insomnia Treatments: Treatments:

Behavioral changes, Behavioral changes, medicationmedication

NarcolepsyNarcolepsy

Suffer from Suffer from sleeplessness and sleeplessness and may fall asleep at may fall asleep at unpredictable or unpredictable or inappropriate times.inappropriate times.

Directly into REM Directly into REM sleepsleep

Less than .001 % of Less than .001 % of population.population.

The most The most dangerous!dangerous!

See Skeeter the narcoleptic doghttp://www.insideedition.com/videos/3/skeeter,-the-narcoleptic-dog.aspx !

Sleep ApneaSleep Apnea A person stops A person stops

breathing during breathing during their sleep.their sleep.

Wake up Wake up momentarily, momentarily, gasps for air, then gasps for air, then falls back asleep.falls back asleep.

Very common, Very common, especially in especially in heavy males.heavy males.

Can be fatal.Can be fatal. Stresses the heartStresses the heart

Night TerrorsNight Terrors

Wake up screaming / Wake up screaming / physical movementphysical movement

Early in sleep. (2-4 Early in sleep. (2-4 hours into sleep)hours into sleep)

Most common in Most common in children (boys) children (boys) between ages 2-8.between ages 2-8.

Usually stage 4 sleepUsually stage 4 sleep

SomnambulismSomnambulism Sleep WalkingSleep Walking Most often occurs Most often occurs

during the first few during the first few hours of sleeping and hours of sleeping and in stage 4 (deep in stage 4 (deep sleep).sleep).

If you have had night If you have had night terrors, you are more terrors, you are more likely to sleep walk likely to sleep walk when older.when older.

Most common in Most common in children- rare after 40children- rare after 40

Theories on DreamsTheories on Dreams

Freud’s Theory of DreamsFreud’s Theory of Dreams

Dreams are a Dreams are a roadway into our roadway into our unconscious.unconscious.

Manifest Content Manifest Content (storyline)(storyline)

Latent Content Latent Content (underlying meaning)(underlying meaning)

Psychological Psychological (Psychoanalysis)(Psychoanalysis)

Activation-Synthesis TheoryActivation-Synthesis Theory

Biological Theory.Biological Theory. Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex

tries to interpret tries to interpret random electrical random electrical activity we have activity we have while sleeping.while sleeping.

That is why dreams That is why dreams sometimes make sometimes make no sense.no sense.

Information-Processing TheoryInformation-Processing Theory

Dreams are a way to Dreams are a way to deal with the stresses deal with the stresses of everyday life.of everyday life.

We tend to dream We tend to dream more when we are more when we are more stressed.more stressed.

Integrate new Integrate new experiences, experiences, information into information into memorymemory

HypnosisHypnosis

HypnosisHypnosis

How do we define hypnosis?How do we define hypnosis?

Social interaction in which one person Social interaction in which one person (hypnotist) suggests to another (subject) (hypnotist) suggests to another (subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts etc. will spontaneously occur.thoughts etc. will spontaneously occur.

HypnosisHypnosis

Altered state of Altered state of consciousness?consciousness?

Posthypnotic Posthypnotic suggestionsuggestion

Posthypnotic Posthypnotic amnesiaamnesia

Hypnotic TheoriesHypnotic TheoriesRole TheoryRole Theory

Hypnosis is NOT an Hypnosis is NOT an altered state of altered state of consciousness.consciousness.

Different people have Different people have various state of hypnotic various state of hypnotic suggestibility.suggestibility.

A social phenomenon A social phenomenon where people want to where people want to believe. (believe. (social influence social influence theory)theory)

Work better on people Work better on people with richer fantasy lives.with richer fantasy lives.

State TheoryState Theory

Hypnosis is an altered Hypnosis is an altered state of state of consciousness.consciousness.

Dramatic health Dramatic health benefitsbenefits

It works for pain best.It works for pain best.

Dissociation TheoryDissociation Theory

Theory by Ernest Theory by Ernest Hilgard.Hilgard.

We voluntarily divide We voluntarily divide our consciousness our consciousness up.up.

Stimulus of pain vs. Stimulus of pain vs. perception of, or perception of, or emotional suffering emotional suffering of pain (PET Scans..)of pain (PET Scans..)

Ice Water Ice Water Experiment.Experiment.

Research has shown that…Research has shown that… Ability to experience hypnosis does not Ability to experience hypnosis does not

indicate gullibility or weaknessindicate gullibility or weakness Hypnosis does not increase accuracy of Hypnosis does not increase accuracy of

memorymemory Spontaneous posthypnotic amnesia is Spontaneous posthypnotic amnesia is

relatively rarerelatively rare Does not foster a literal reexperiencing of Does not foster a literal reexperiencing of

childhood eventschildhood events Hypnotic subjects retain their ability control Hypnotic subjects retain their ability control

behavior, maintain awareness of surroundingsbehavior, maintain awareness of surroundings Hypnosis if far more effective for acute pain Hypnosis if far more effective for acute pain

than chronic painthan chronic pain

DrugsDrugsAre we a drug dependent Are we a drug dependent

society?society?

Dependency and AddictionDependency and Addiction

True or false: True or false: 1. Medical drugs, (example- pain killers) 1. Medical drugs, (example- pain killers)

are powerfully addictive.are powerfully addictive.2. Addictions can only be overcome 2. Addictions can only be overcome

through treatment.through treatment.

How do we define physical dependence?How do we define physical dependence? How would you characterize How would you characterize

psychological dependence?psychological dependence?

DrugsDrugs Our brain is Our brain is

protected by a layer protected by a layer of capillaries called of capillaries called the the blood-brain blood-brain barrierbarrier..

The drugs that are The drugs that are small enough to small enough to pass through are pass through are called called psychoactive psychoactive drugsdrugs..

How do we define How do we define psychoactive drugs?psychoactive drugs?

Drugs are either….Drugs are either…. Agonists Agonists (mimic, excite)(mimic, excite) Antagonists Antagonists

(inhibit,block)(inhibit,block) Reuptake Reuptake

inhibitorsinhibitorsIf a drug is used often, If a drug is used often,

a a tolerancetolerance is is created for the drug created for the drug ((neuroadaptation:neuroadaptation: brain brain adapts chemistry to adapts chemistry to offset drug’s effect)offset drug’s effect)

Thus you need more of Thus you need more of the drug to feel the the drug to feel the same effect.same effect.

If you stop using a drug If you stop using a drug you can develop you can develop withdrawalwithdrawal symptomssymptoms..

A Quick Review…A Quick Review…Psychoactive drugs operate at the Psychoactive drugs operate at the

brain’s synapses…brain’s synapses… (Briefly (generally) explain the (Briefly (generally) explain the

process of neurotransmission.process of neurotransmission. Neurotransmitters:Neurotransmitters:

DopamineDopamine SerotoninSerotonin NorepinephrineNorepinephrine EndorphinsEndorphins

DepressantsDepressants

Explain how depressants affect Explain how depressants affect nervous system activity and nervous system activity and behavior. behavior.

What types of drugs are classified as What types of drugs are classified as depressants?depressants?

DepressantsDepressants

Depresses,Slows Depresses,Slows down CNS.down CNS. AlcoholAlcohol

Reduces REM sleepReduces REM sleep Social disinhibitorSocial disinhibitor Memory loss/ kills Memory loss/ kills

brain cellsbrain cells Anxiolytics Anxiolytics

(barbiturates and (barbiturates and tranquilizers)tranquilizers)

disinhibitordisinhibitor

AlcoholAlcohol

More than 86 billion More than 86 billion dollars are spent dollars are spent annually on alcoholic annually on alcoholic beverages.beverages.

Alcohol is involved in Alcohol is involved in 60% of ALL crimes.60% of ALL crimes.

Alcohol is involved in Alcohol is involved in over 70% of sexually over 70% of sexually related crimes.related crimes.

Is it worth the cost?Is it worth the cost?

OpiatesOpiates Has depressive and Has depressive and

hallucinogenic hallucinogenic qualities.qualities.

Agonist for endorphins. Agonist for endorphins. Derived from poppy Derived from poppy

plant.plant. Morphine, heroin, Morphine, heroin,

methadone and methadone and codeine.codeine.

Brain stops producing Brain stops producing endorphinsendorphins

Physically addictivePhysically addictive

StimulantsStimulants

Identify the major stimulants and Identify the major stimulants and explain how they affect neural explain how they affect neural activity and behavior.activity and behavior.

StimulantsStimulants Excites neural Excites neural

activity (CNS).activity (CNS). More powerful ones More powerful ones

(like cocaine) give (like cocaine) give people feelings of people feelings of invincibility.invincibility.

StimulantsStimulantsChief Characteristics…Chief Characteristics…

CaffeineCaffeine NicotineNicotine AmphetaminesAmphetamines MethamphetaminesMethamphetamines CocaineCocaine EcstasyEcstasy

HallucinogensHallucinogens

Describe the psychological and Describe the psychological and physiological affects of hallucinogens physiological affects of hallucinogens and summarize the effects of LSD and summarize the effects of LSD and marijuana.and marijuana.

HallucinogensHallucinogens

PsychedelicsPsychedelics change in change in

perception without perception without change in sensory change in sensory inputinput

LSD, peyote, LSD, peyote, psilocybin psilocybin mushrooms, mushrooms, marijuana.marijuana.

Marijuana: no Marijuana: no tolerance tolerance establishedestablished

What factors promote drug What factors promote drug use?use?

Biological: Research studies Biological: Research studies indicate that genetics are influential indicate that genetics are influential in drug dependency (brain pleasure in drug dependency (brain pleasure pathway- dopamine reward circuit)pathway- dopamine reward circuit)

psychological: life as meaningless, psychological: life as meaningless, directionless (significant stress, directionless (significant stress, failure, depression)failure, depression)

Social / cultural: cultural norms, Social / cultural: cultural norms, social pressuressocial pressures