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Transcript of Stateofsnt
The State of Science The State of Science and Technology in the and Technology in the
Philippines Philippines
andand thethe
Advocacy for a Pro-Advocacy for a Pro-People S&TPeople S&T
What is Science and What is Science and Technology?Technology?
Science is…Science is…is the systematic body of knowledge is the systematic body of knowledge covering truths or the operation of covering truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and general laws especially as obtained and tested through the scientific methodtested through the scientific method
Technology is…Technology is…the application of sciencethe application of science
Advances and challengesAdvances and challenges
Great and exciting advances Great and exciting advances Information technologyInformation technology AutomationAutomation Genetics and medicineGenetics and medicine
Greatest challengesGreatest challenges Famine and hungerFamine and hunger Rapid ecological destructionRapid ecological destruction Breakdown of health systemsBreakdown of health systems Social decay and disintegrationSocial decay and disintegration
one billion people are hungry
160 million more malnourished
every day world wide: 70,000 persons join hungry and starving masses
Despite the advances in science and Despite the advances in science and technology, why is it unable to answer the technology, why is it unable to answer the needs of the people?needs of the people?
Science and historyScience and history
Man interacts with natureMan interacts with nature Produce goods for everyday livingProduce goods for everyday living
Relations in historical epochRelations in historical epoch Shape knowledge and tools Shape knowledge and tools
Dominant economic and Dominant economic and political segmentpolitical segment Decides and allocates resources Decides and allocates resources
Current dominant modeCurrent dominant mode Favors profit over people’s interestFavors profit over people’s interest Monopoly capitalMonopoly capital
Science and technology for Science and technology for profitprofit
New products and processesNew products and processes Better and more efficient Better and more efficient Survive intense competitionSurvive intense competition
Ultimate objective: gaining profitsUltimate objective: gaining profits S&T under control of monopoly capitalS&T under control of monopoly capital Hunger, poverty, environment, healthHunger, poverty, environment, health
Lesser focusLesser focus DoublespeakDoublespeak
Hunger and genetically engineered Hunger and genetically engineered foodfood
Priority: marketing and commercial Priority: marketing and commercial release release
Resolve safety and health concerns Resolve safety and health concerns Profits, not hungerProfits, not hunger
Concentrated Capital and Technology Concentrated Capital and Technology
Industrial countriesIndustrial countries Tight hold on high techTight hold on high tech
70% global market: consumer durables 70% global market: consumer durables Top 5 MNCsTop 5 MNCs
50 % of the world’s total productive 50 % of the world’s total productive outputoutput Top 5 in auto, airline, aerospace, Top 5 in auto, airline, aerospace,
electrical, electronic and steel electrical, electronic and steel industries industries
40 % of global sales40 % of global sales Top 5 MNCs in oil, PC and mediaTop 5 MNCs in oil, PC and media
Foreign affiliates of 23 MNCs Foreign affiliates of 23 MNCs 80 % of total sales in electronics80 % of total sales in electronics 70 to 80 % of R&D70 to 80 % of R&D 80 to 90 % of technology payments80 to 90 % of technology payments
Third world science and Third world science and technologytechnology
Third world industries Third world industries Cheap labor for reassembly of Cheap labor for reassembly of
parts parts Consumer goods Consumer goods
More underdeveloped countries More underdeveloped countries Use older production equipment Use older production equipment Marked disadvantageMarked disadvantage
International finance International finance Stimulate production and sale Stimulate production and sale
of consumer goodsof consumer goods Cover debt service burden and Cover debt service burden and
budgetary deficits budgetary deficits Prescriptions of the IMF and the Prescriptions of the IMF and the
WBWB
State of science and State of science and technologytechnology
Philippine science and technologyPhilippine science and technology UnderdevelopedUnderdeveloped StuntedStunted DependentDependent
StatisticsStatistics EducationEducation industriesindustries
Education: teacher Education: teacher competencecompetence
1992 up institute of science and mathematics education survey1992 up institute of science and mathematics education survey
mathmath
generalgeneralsciencescience
biologybiology
physicsphysicschemchem
71 %
40 % 41 %
21 %
8 %
Education: student Education: student performanceperformance
Filipino 13 year oldsFilipino 13 year olds 40 out of 41 in science40 out of 41 in science 37 out of 39 in math37 out of 39 in math
Poor science and math Poor science and math educationeducation
1996 Third International Mathematics and Science Study
Low manpower in Low manpower in S&TS&T
PhD’s per millionPhD’s per million UN:380UN:380 Singapore:2800Singapore:2800 South Korea:South Korea:
33003300 Taiwan:4300Taiwan:4300 Philippines: 155Philippines: 155
Average number of Average number of R&D personnelR&D personnel 14,41114,411
So
uth
Ko
rea
Sin
ga
po
re
Ta
iwan
UNstandards
Research & Research & developmendevelopmen
t:t:ManpowerManpower
Research&development:Research&development:resourcesresources
low expenditures on R&Dlow expenditures on R&D DOST budget decreasingDOST budget decreasing UN standards for LDC UN standards for LDC
1% of national budget1% of national budget 19921992
Japan/US: 2.8%Japan/US: 2.8% Korea: 1.8%Korea: 1.8% Taiwan 1.1%Taiwan 1.1% Philippines: Philippines: 0.22 %0.22 %
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
94 95 96 98 99 '00 '01
Research&development: Research&development: resourcesresources
No research laboratoriesNo research laboratories No extensive S&T libraries/information No extensive S&T libraries/information
networknetwork No support for R&D workersNo support for R&D workers Low output in scientific publicationLow output in scientific publication
Share of total int’l scientific publications: phil. 0.035%Share of total int’l scientific publications: phil. 0.035% 51st in world51st in world Below singapore, thailand, malaysia and indonesiaBelow singapore, thailand, malaysia and indonesia
Allocation of budgetAllocation of budget
Higher Education
Government
Non-Government
Private Industry
BasicResearch
AppliedResearch
Experimental Development
Patents ratio: Patents ratio: nationals/foreignersnationals/foreigners
CountryCountry Patents GrantedPatents Granted Patents Patents GrantedGranted
to Nationalsto Nationals to Foreignersto Foreigners
19761976 19819866
19919944
19761976 19861986
PhilippinePhilippiness
108108 8282 3939 767767 755755 19761976 19861986
USAUSA 169%169% 116%116%
KoreaKorea 92%92% 32%32%
PhilippinesPhilippines 14%14% 11%11%
IndustryIndustry
Agriculture
Industry
Services Major Industry GroupMajor Industry Group TotalTotal
PhilippinesPhilippines 30,11930,119
AgricultureAgriculture 11,14611,146
Agriculture, hunting, and Agriculture, hunting, and forestryforestry
10,01210,012
FishingFishing 1,1341,134
IndustryIndustry 4,5604,560
Mining and quarryingMining and quarrying 9898
ManufacturingManufacturing 2,7672,767
Electricity, gas, and waterElectricity, gas, and water 117117
ConstructionConstruction 1,5781,578
ServicesServices 14,41414,414
AgricultureAgriculture
Crops
Livestock
Poultry
Fishery
SubsectorSubsector Gross ValueGross Value
TotalTotal 617.9617.9
CropsCrops 305.4305.4
LivestockLivestock 110.8110.8
PoultryPoultry 88.688.6
FisheryFishery 113.1113.1
P 617.9 billionexportsexports $ 1.30 $ 1.30
billionbillion
importsimports $ 2.10 $ 2.10 billionbillion
R&D in agricultureR&D in agricultureResearch expenditureResearch expenditure 19851985 19951995
1,000 1995 U.S. dollars1,000 1995 U.S. dollars
Agricultural machinery Agricultural machinery 305305 Unknown, Unknown, but but smallsmall
Agricultural chemicals Agricultural chemicals 1,6571,657 2,5622,562
Livestock Livestock 708708 1,4801,480
Plant breeding Plant breeding 2,2422,242 1,8001,800
Plantations Plantations 1,6101,610 4,6804,680
Total private research Total private research 6,5226,522 10,52210,522
Public research expenditure Public research expenditure n.a. n.a. 37,00037,000
Private research as a Private research as a percentage percentage
of total research of total research
n.a. n.a. 22%22%
Agricultural gross domestic Agricultural gross domestic product product
11,054,0011,054,0000
16,319,0016,319,0000
Private research as percentage Private research as percentage ofof
agriculture gross domestic agriculture gross domestic product product
0.06%0.06% 0.06%0.06%
Types of agricultural firms with RD activities.
TypeType NuNumbembe
rr
Agrichemical producerAgrichemical producer 99
Animal breederAnimal breeder 77
Banana fruit producerBanana fruit producer 55
Poultry integratorPoultry integrator 44
Seed producerSeed producer 44
Organic fertilizers Organic fertilizers producer producer
44
Animal health product Animal health product producer producer
44
Feed producer Feed producer 33
Hog grower Hog grower 33
Machinery Machinery fabricators/assembler fabricators/assembler
11
Grain producer Grain producer 11
Ornamental plant Ornamental plant grower grower
11
Research foundations Research foundations 44
Research & development: Research & development: outputoutput
Philippines Philippines 42 out of 4842 out of 48 Thailand (31st)Thailand (31st) Malaysia (33rd), china (26th), singapore (10th)Malaysia (33rd), china (26th), singapore (10th)
Technology index Technology index -0.1 -0.1 Patents and registration of new designsPatents and registration of new designs Technology tradeTechnology trade Value added in manufacturing Value added in manufacturing Export of technology intensive goodsExport of technology intensive goods
Low level of technology in manufacturingLow level of technology in manufacturing Federation of Philippine Industries from 1988-1996: no Federation of Philippine Industries from 1988-1996: no
R&DR&D Local companies Local companies
Historical contextHistorical context
Pre-spanishPre-spanish Handicrafts, pottery, Handicrafts, pottery,
weaving, blacksmithing weaving, blacksmithing and boat building/wet and boat building/wet and dry rice agricultureand dry rice agriculture
Banawe rice terracesBanawe rice terraces
History:Spanish RuleHistory:Spanish Rule
SpanishSpanish Encomienda Encomienda Hacienda system, Hacienda system,
cigar cigar manufacturing, manufacturing, abaca rope making, abaca rope making, telegraphtelegraph
History:American RuleHistory:American Rule
AmericanAmerican Slight processing of Slight processing of
agricultural productsagricultural products Sugar millsSugar mills
Export of raw materialsExport of raw materials mineral oresmineral ores
Unequal trading system Unequal trading system between Philippines and between Philippines and USUS
Import-dependent, Import-dependent, export-oriented export-oriented economyeconomy What is left for the What is left for the
scientist?scientist?
Current situationCurrent situation
• No program for rural No program for rural industrialization, industrialization, agricultural modernizationagricultural modernization
• No basic industries No basic industries
• No infrastructure in energy, No infrastructure in energy, transportation, transportation, communications, communications, information technology and information technology and basic servicesbasic services
Role of S&T workersRole of S&T workers
Key players in industrializationKey players in industrialization S&T workers S&T workers
Lifeblood of research, innovation Lifeblood of research, innovation Have important roles in the industry and Have important roles in the industry and
manufacturing sectormanufacturing sector Scientists must become advocatesScientists must become advocates
science and technology for the peoplescience and technology for the people
Patriotic Science and Patriotic Science and TechnologyTechnology
Pro-people Pro-people developmentdevelopment
National National industrializationindustrialization
Genuine Agrarian Genuine Agrarian ReformReform
United with other United with other progressive sectorsprogressive sectors
Science and technology for the Science and technology for the peoplepeople
Committed to people’s interestsCommitted to people’s interests science for people’s requirements and needs science for people’s requirements and needs responsive and constantly plansresponsive and constantly plans
Development and management Development and management science, technology and natural resources science, technology and natural resources consciously linked on people’s needsconsciously linked on people’s needs
Greatest and continuing challengeGreatest and continuing challenge progress for benefit of the peopleprogress for benefit of the people
Make science and technology serve the people
AGHAAGHAM M
organization of patriotic, organization of patriotic, pro-people science and pro-people science and technology advocatestechnology advocates
promoting science and promoting science and technology that genuinely technology that genuinely serve the interest of the serve the interest of the Filipino peopleFilipino people
direct technical service to direct technical service to communities through communities through researches researches
advocacy through various advocacy through various forms not only limited to forms not only limited to research, education, fora research, education, fora and discussion groupsand discussion groups
Five concernsFive concerns
Food Security and Self-Food Security and Self-sufficiencysufficiency
Scientific and Mass CultureScientific and Mass Culture EnvironmentEnvironment Pubic UtilitiesPubic Utilities National IndustrializationNational Industrialization
Man can find meaning in life. Short Man can find meaning in life. Short and perilous as it is, only through and perilous as it is, only through devoting himself to society. devoting himself to society.
––Albert Einstein, in “Why Socialism”Albert Einstein, in “Why Socialism”
Samahan ng Nagtataguyod ng Agham at Samahan ng Nagtataguyod ng Agham at Teknolohiya Para sa SambayananTeknolohiya Para sa Sambayanan