State StandardsState Standards

10.5.1, 10.5.2, 10.5.3, 10.5.4, 10.5.5, 10.5.1, 10.5.2, 10.5.3, 10.5.4, 10.5.5, 10.6.1, 10.6.2, 10.6.310.6.1, 10.6.2, 10.6.3

Causes of WW1Causes of WW11.1. Rise of Nationalism - Rise of Nationalism -

(devotion to one’s nation)(devotion to one’s nation) Caused intense competition Caused intense competition

among nations for materials among nations for materials & markets& markets

Led to territorial disputesLed to territorial disputes France upset over losing France upset over losing

Alsace-Lorraine to Alsace-Lorraine to GermanyGermany

2.2. Imperialism - Imperialism - seizure of a seizure of a country or country or territory by a territory by a stronger countrystronger country

Forces driving Imperialism

1. Belief in European Superiority

2. Racism – belief that one race is superior to others

3. Missionaries – people who convert people to Christianity.

4. Theory of Social Darwinism

Charles Darwin idea of natural selection

Strongest would survived Used to justify actions of

European imperialist

Division of Africa Berlin Conference

1884 – 1885Countries feared war.14 European nations

met to lay down rules for division of Africa.

Africa’s source of wealth – minerals

Agreed any country could claim land as long as they notified other countries & proved they could control the area.No African ruler invitedNo thought to division of ethnic or linguistic

groups. 1914, only Liberia & Ethiopia free.

Groups clashed over South Africa

Africans, Dutch & British clashed over land & resources.1816, Zulu chief, Shaka

created large centralized state

Fought with spears & shields against guns.

British took control in 1887

Boers - Dutch farmers took African land and established farms

Great Trek – Boers attempt to escape British Fought Zulu & other

African tribes

Boer War - British fought Boers First modern “total”

warBritish won in 1910Created Union of

South Africa (British controlled)

MilitarismMilitarism – policy of – policy of glorifying military glorifying military power & keeping an power & keeping an army prepared for wararmy prepared for warDidn’t trust each other Didn’t trust each other Started to fight over Started to fight over

coloniescolonies 1914, all the Great 1914, all the Great

Powers except Britain Powers except Britain had large standing had large standing armiesarmies

3.3. AlliancesAlliances Rivalries & mistrust led Rivalries & mistrust led

to military alliancesto military alliances Otto von BismarckOtto von Bismarck, ,

chancellor of Prussia chancellor of Prussia viewed France as viewed France as greatest threat to peacegreatest threat to peace

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance – – Germany, Germany, Austria/Hungary & Austria/Hungary & ItalyItaly

1881, made treaty with 1881, made treaty with RussiaRussia1890, 1890, Kaiser Wilhelm Kaiser Wilhelm

IIII (new leader of (new leader of Germany) Germany) let treaty with let treaty with Russia endRussia end

Russia responded with Russia responded with alliance with Francealliance with France

Germany started to build Germany started to build navy – alarmed Britain!navy – alarmed Britain!Triple Entente – Triple Entente –

Britain, France & RussiaBritain, France & Russia

4.4. Crisis in the BalkansCrisis in the Balkans Balkans - “Powder keg of Balkans - “Powder keg of

EuropeEurope”” Long history of ethnic Long history of ethnic

clashesclashes Serbia wanted to take over Serbia wanted to take over

all Slavic landsall Slavic lands Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary

opposed them, 1908, opposed them, 1908, annexed “took over” annexed “took over” Bosnia & Herzegovina.Bosnia & Herzegovina.

Serbian leaders Serbian leaders outraged!outraged!

The Shot that rings The Shot that rings through Europethrough Europe

Archduke Franz Archduke Franz Ferdinand becomes Ferdinand becomes Austro-Hungarian rulerAustro-Hungarian ruler

June 28, 1914, went to June 28, 1914, went to Sarajevo (capital of Sarajevo (capital of Bosnia) Bosnia)

Shot with wife Sophie Shot with wife Sophie & killed& killed

Killed by Serbian - Killed by Serbian - Gavrilo PrincipGavrilo Princip, , member of Black Hand - member of Black Hand - secret society committed secret society committed to ridding Bosnia of to ridding Bosnia of Austrian ruleAustrian rule

AustriaAustria used murders as used murders as excuse to punish Serbiaexcuse to punish SerbiaGave Serbia list of Gave Serbia list of

demandsdemands

Fearing war, Serbia Fearing war, Serbia agreed to most of themagreed to most of themOffered for others to be Offered for others to be

settled by international settled by international conference.conference.

AustriaAustria rejects offer & rejects offer & declares war on July 28declares war on July 28

Russia (ally of Serbia) Russia (ally of Serbia) sent troops toward sent troops toward Austrian border.Austrian border.

British foreign minister, British foreign minister, Italian government & Italian government & Kaiser Wilhelm urged Kaiser Wilhelm urged Russia & Austria to Russia & Austria to negotiate…negotiate…

““The lamps are going out The lamps are going out all over Europe. We shall all over Europe. We shall not see them again in our not see them again in our

lifetime”lifetime”

Europe plunges into warEurope plunges into war August 1, GermanyAugust 1, Germany

(allied with Prussia) (allied with Prussia) declares war on Russiadeclares war on Russia

2 days later, Germany 2 days later, Germany declares war on Francedeclares war on France

Great Britain declares Great Britain declares war on Germanywar on Germany

vv

vv

vv

Central Powers Central Powers – Germany & Austria-Hungary plus – Germany & Austria-Hungary plus Bulgaria & the Ottoman EmpireBulgaria & the Ottoman Empire and… and…

AlliesAllies – Great Britain, France, Russia and Japan and – Great Britain, France, Russia and Japan and ItalyItaly – member of Triple Alliance - joined Allies after – member of Triple Alliance - joined Allies after

accusing partners of unjustly starting the waraccusing partners of unjustly starting the war French & British recruited their colonies to help in fightFrench & British recruited their colonies to help in fight

India provided 1.3 millionIndia provided 1.3 millionBrazil, Australia, New Zealand, colonies in Africa and Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, colonies in Africa and

Asia also joinedAsia also joined Most thought war would be short…Most thought war would be short…

Germany battle strategy Germany battle strategy ““Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan””

1.1. Attack & defeat France in Attack & defeat France in the westthe west

2.2. Rush east to fight RussiaRush east to fight Russia Felt they could do this Felt they could do this

because:because: Russia behind rest of Russia behind rest of

Europe in development Europe in development of railroadof railroad

Felt they could win a Felt they could win a quick victory over quick victory over France.France.

September 5, Allies use taxi September 5, Allies use taxi cabs to get to the front cabs to get to the front

4 days of fighting, Germans 4 days of fighting, Germans retreatedretreated

Battle of MarneBattle of Marne - single - single most important event of the most important event of the war.war.Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan defeateddefeatedRussians invaded Russians invaded

Germany forcing troops to Germany forcing troops to be split between Western be split between Western and Eastern fronts.and Eastern fronts.

War turned into stalemate = “deadlock”War turned into stalemate = “deadlock” Deadlocked region along northern France known as Deadlocked region along northern France known as

““Western FrontWestern Front””

Battlefield along the German & Russian border Battlefield along the German & Russian border called “called “Eastern Front”Eastern Front”

Russians & Serbs battled Germans & Austro-Russians & Serbs battled Germans & Austro-Hungarians.Hungarians.

““Trench warfareTrench warfare” – ” – fighting from trenchesfighting from trenchesLand between the Land between the

trenches known as trenches known as ““No-mans landNo-mans land””

Western front Western front stretched stretched nearlynearly 500 miles from 500 miles from North Sea to the Swiss North Sea to the Swiss borderborder

New WeaponsNew Weapons Machine GunsMachine Guns

Fires ammunition automatically Fires ammunition automatically Could wipe out waves of attackers Could wipe out waves of attackers Made it difficult for forces to advance.Made it difficult for forces to advance.

Poison GasPoison GasIntroduced by the Germans, but used by both sidesIntroduced by the Germans, but used by both sidesChlorine gasChlorine gas – caused burning sensation in throat – caused burning sensation in throat

& chest pains& chest pains. Death through suffocation.. Death through suffocation.

Mustard gasMustard gas – caused – caused blistering skin, vomiting, blistering skin, vomiting, sore eyes, internal & sore eyes, internal & external bleeding.external bleeding.

TankTankIntroduced by the British in 1916Introduced by the British in 1916

FlamethrowersFlamethrowers Large artilleryLarge artillery

Used to deliver Used to deliver devastating blows to devastating blows to enemy from a enemy from a distance.distance.

SubmarinesSubmarinesIntroduced by the Introduced by the

Germans Germans Used torpedo against Used torpedo against

shipsships

Air PlanesAir Planes Used initially to deliver Used initially to deliver

bombs & spying bombs & spying ““Dogfights” – fight Dogfights” – fight

between two planesbetween two planesBaron von Richthofen Baron von Richthofen

“Red Baron”“Red Baron”

Zeppelin (blimp)Zeppelin (blimp)Used by Germans to Used by Germans to

bomb enemy targets.bomb enemy targets.

HazardsHazardsDysentery from polluted Dysentery from polluted

waterwater““Shell shock” – emotional Shell shock” – emotional

collapsecollapseTrench foot – caused by Trench foot – caused by

standing in cold wet standing in cold wet trenchestrenches

Trench mouth – infection Trench mouth – infection of gums & throatof gums & throat

The Gallipoli Campaign The Gallipoli Campaign Allies move to capture Allies move to capture

Ottoman Dardanelles Ottoman Dardanelles straitstrait in February 1915 in February 1915

Goal to defeat Ottoman Goal to defeat Ottoman Empire andEmpire and to open a to open a supply line to Russiasupply line to Russia

Ends in costly Allied Ends in costly Allied defeatdefeat (250,000+ dead) (250,000+ dead)

Battle of VerdunBattle of Verdun1916, Germans attacked 1916, Germans attacked Both sides lost 300,000 Both sides lost 300,000

menmen

Battle of SommeBattle of SommeBritish attacked British attacked

GermansGermansFirst day of battle, First day of battle,

20,000 British died20,000 British diedBoth sides lost 500,000 Both sides lost 500,000

menmen

Total distance wonTotal distance wonGermans 4 milesGermans 4 milesBritish 5 milesBritish 5 miles

World War I becomes World War I becomes total wartotal war - nations devote - nations devote all resources to warall resources to war

Governments take control Governments take control of economy to produce war of economy to produce war goodsgoodsNations turn to Nations turn to

rationingrationing - limiting - limiting purchases of war-related purchases of war-related goodsgoods

PropagandaPropaganda - one-sided - one-sided information to build information to build morale, support for warmorale, support for war

Group WorkGroup Work In a group of 4, make a propaganda posterIn a group of 4, make a propaganda poster It can be from any of the major powers point of It can be from any of the major powers point of

viewview Think about the poster you just sawThink about the poster you just saw

Possible ideasPossible ideas○ Rationing posterRationing poster – a poster that talks about – a poster that talks about

not wasting food, etc.not wasting food, etc.○ Recruiting posterRecruiting poster – a poster that urges you to – a poster that urges you to

join the armed forcesjoin the armed forces○ Nationalism posterNationalism poster – a poster that portrays – a poster that portrays

your nation as superior or justifies your your nation as superior or justifies your involvement in the war.involvement in the war.

Germans controlled Germans controlled supply lines with supply lines with submarines, Ottomans submarines, Ottomans controlled straits.controlled straits.

Russians one asset = Russians one asset = numbersnumbers

Russians kept Germans Russians kept Germans busy, couldn’t turn busy, couldn’t turn attention to westattention to west

1917, war-related civil 1917, war-related civil unrest forced Czar unrest forced Czar Nicholas II to Nicholas II to abdicatabdicate e (step-down) his throne(step-down) his throneShortages in food Shortages in food

and fuel.and fuel. Provisional Provisional

government establishedgovernment establishedPledged to keep Pledged to keep

fighting…fighting…

March, 1917, Russia March, 1917, Russia withdraws from warwithdraws from war

5.5 million wounded, 5.5 million wounded, killed or taken prisonerkilled or taken prisonerArmy refused to fight Army refused to fight

any longerany longer November 1917, November 1917,

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Lenin seized powerseized power

March 1918, signed March 1918, signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany with Germany

May 7, 1915, Germans sank May 7, 1915, Germans sank British passenger ship British passenger ship LusitaniaLusitania1198 people died, 1198 people died,

including 128 Americansincluding 128 AmericansGermans claimed ship Germans claimed ship

carried ammunition carried ammunition American public outraged!American public outraged!

1917, Germany began using 1917, Germany began using unrestricted submarineunrestricted submarine warfarewarfare – sinking without warning any ship in the waters – sinking without warning any ship in the waters around Britainaround Britain

Wilson sends protest to GermanyWilson sends protest to Germany After two more attacks, After two more attacks, Germans agreed to stop attacking Germans agreed to stop attacking

neutral & passenger shipsneutral & passenger ships

Allied and Neutral Tonnage sunk by submarines in World War I

Month 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918

January 47,981 81,259 368,521 306,658

February 59,921 117,547 540,006 318,957

March 80,775 167,097 593,841 342,597

April 55,725 191,667 881,027 278,719

May 120,058 129,175 596,629 295,520

June 131,428 108,855 687,507 255,587

July 109,640 118,215 557,988 260,967

August 62,767 185,866 162,744 511,730 283,815

September 98,378 151,884 230,460 351,748 187,881

October 87,917 88,534 353,660 458,558 118,559

November 19,413 153,043 311,508 289,212 17,682

December 44,197 123,141 355,139 399,212

Total 312,672 1,307,996 2,327,326 6,235,878 2,666,942

German telegram German telegram ““Zimmermann NoteZimmermann Note” ” sent to Mexico sent to Mexico stating thatstating that Germany would help Germany would help Mexico “reconquer” U.S. Mexico “reconquer” U.S. territory lost if they territory lost if they helped Germany.helped Germany.

April 1917, U.S. declares April 1917, U.S. declares war on Germany joining war on Germany joining the Alliesthe Allies

Germany sends all forces to Western FrontGermany sends all forces to Western Front May 1918, reached Marne RiverMay 1918, reached Marne River Second Battle of the Marne - Second Battle of the Marne - July 1918 July 1918 Allies & 140,000 fresh U.S. troops counterattacked Allies & 140,000 fresh U.S. troops counterattacked

Germans defeated Germans defeated Allies marched to GermanyAllies marched to Germany

Bulgarians first to surrender Bulgarians first to surrender followed by the Ottomansfollowed by the Ottomans

Revolution forces Austria-Revolution forces Austria-Hungary surrendersHungary surrenders

German soldiers mutinied German soldiers mutinied & public turned on the & public turned on the KaiserKaiserKaiser Wilhelm II Kaiser Wilhelm II

stepped down (abdicated stepped down (abdicated his throne)his throne)

Germany declared itself a Germany declared itself a republicrepublic

Representatives metRepresentatives met with with French Commander French Commander Marshal Foch Marshal Foch in a in a railway car near Parisrailway car near Paris

Signed Signed armisticearmistice – – agreement to stop agreement to stop fighting fighting

November 11, 1918November 11, 1918, war , war ends!ends!

Cost in livesCost in lives

10 million died (known)10 million died (known)

21 million wounded21 million wounded

7.7 million missing/prisoners7.7 million missing/prisoners

Financial CostFinancial Cost

Allies: Allies: 125,690,477,000125,690,477,000

Central Powers: 60,643,160,000Central Powers: 60,643,160,000

Top SpendersTop Spenders

United StatesUnited States22,625,253,00022,625,253,000

Great BritainGreat Britain35,334,012,00035,334,012,000

GermanyGermany 37,775,000,00037,775,000,000

FranceFrance24,265,583,00024,265,583,000

CountriesTotal

MobilizedKilled Wounded

Prisoners& Missing

TotalCasualties

Allied PowersAllied Powers               RussiaRussia 12,000,00012,000,000 1,700,0001,700,000 4,950,0004,950,000 2,500,0002,500,000 9,150,0009,150,000

FranceFrance 8,410,0008,410,000 1,357,8001,357,800 4,266,0004,266,000 537,000537,000 6,160,8006,160,800

British EmpireBritish Empire 8,904,4678,904,467 908,371908,371 2,090,2122,090,212 191,652191,652 3,190,2353,190,235

ItalyItaly 5,615,0005,615,000 650,000650,000 947,000947,000 600,000600,000 2,197,0002,197,000

United StatesUnited States 4,355,0004,355,000 126,000126,000 234,300234,300 4,5004,500 364,800364,800

JapanJapan 800,000800,000 300300 907907 33 1,2101,210

RomaniaRomania 750,000750,000 335,706335,706 120,000120,000 80,00080,000 535,706535,706

SerbiaSerbia 707,343707,343 45,00045,000 133,148133,148 152,958152,958 331,106331,106

BelgiumBelgium 267,000267,000 13,71613,716 44,68644,686 34,65934,659 93,06193,061

GreeceGreece 230,000230,000 5,0005,000 21,00021,000 1,0001,000 17,00017,000

PortugalPortugal 100,000100,000 7,2227,222 13,75113,751 12,31812,318 33,29133,291

MontenegroMontenegro 50,00050,000 3,0003,000 10,00010,000 7,0007,000 20,00020,000

TotalTotal 42,188,81042,188,810 5,152,1155,152,115 12,831,00412,831,004 4,121,0904,121,090 22,104,20922,104,209

Central PowersCentral Powers               GermanyGermany 11,000,00011,000,000 1,773,7001,773,700 4,216,0584,216,058 1,152,8001,152,800 7,142,5587,142,558

Austria-Austria-HungaryHungary 7,800,0007,800,000 1,200,0001,200,000 3,620,0003,620,000 2,200,0002,200,000 7,020,0007,020,000

TurkeyTurkey 2,850,0002,850,000 325,000325,000 400,000400,000 250,000250,000 975,000975,000

BulgariaBulgaria 1,200,0001,200,000 87,50087,500 152,390152,390 27,02927,029 266,919266,919

TotalTotal 22,850,00022,850,000 3,386,2003,386,200 8,388,4488,388,448 3,629,8293,629,829 15,404,47715,404,477

Grand TotalGrand Total 65,038,81065,038,810 8,538,3158,538,315 21,219,45221,219,452 7,750,9197,750,919 37,508,68637,508,686

Armenian MassacreArmenian Massacre Why?Why?

1.1. ReligionReligion Armenians = ChristiansArmenians = Christians Ottoman Turks = IslamicOttoman Turks = Islamic

2.2. Pledged support to AlliesPledged support to Allies 2 million Armenians deported by Ottomans2 million Armenians deported by Ottomans 600,000 died from starvation or were killed by soldiers600,000 died from starvation or were killed by soldiers

International community responseInternational community response Condemned Turks but did not fight to save ArmeniansCondemned Turks but did not fight to save Armenians

Influenza EpidemicInfluenza Epidemic Spring 1918, Spring 1918, Spanish FluSpanish Flu starts in India & England starts in India & England

– – spreads through worldspreads through world by Fall by Fall Killed soldiers & civiliansKilled soldiers & civilians India – 12 million diedIndia – 12 million died Berlin – one day 1500 deadBerlin – one day 1500 dead Overall, killed 20 million worldwideOverall, killed 20 million worldwide

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles ““Big FourBig Four” dominate ” dominate

peace talkspeace talksU.S. - Woodrow U.S. - Woodrow

Wilson Wilson Proposed “Proposed “Fourteen Fourteen

PointsPoints” - idea of self-” - idea of self-determinationdetermination

Right of people to Right of people to govern own nationgovern own nation○ Hoped for lasting Hoped for lasting

peacepeace

First 4 points, call for free First 4 points, call for free trade and end to secret trade and end to secret alliances & military alliances & military buildupsbuildups

55thth point – fairness to point – fairness to colonial peoplescolonial peoples

6-136-13thth points, changing of points, changing of borders & creating of new borders & creating of new nations.nations.

1414thth point, envisioned a point, envisioned a international peace-keeping international peace-keeping body to settle world disputes body to settle world disputes great and small alike – great and small alike – “League of Nations”“League of Nations”

French - Georges French - Georges ClemenceauClemenceauWanted to punish Wanted to punish

GermanyGermany○ Wanted German Wanted German

armed forces armed forces dismantleddismantled

Britain - David Lloyd Britain - David Lloyd GeorgeGeorgeWanted to punish Wanted to punish

GermanyGermanyWanted German Wanted German

navy dismantlednavy dismantled Italy - Vittorio Italy - Vittorio

OrlandoOrlandoWanted landWanted land

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles created created League of NationsLeague of Nations - - international organization to keep peaceinternational organization to keep peace

Germans were punished for warGermans were punished for war

1.1. Lost territoryLost territory

2.2. Had to pay war debt Had to pay war debt (33 billion dollars to France (33 billion dollars to France and Britain)and Britain)

3.3. Lost its militaryLost its military

4.4. Lost colonies in Africa & the PacificLost colonies in Africa & the Pacific

5.5. Article 231Article 231, “war guilt” placed sole , “war guilt” placed sole responsibility for the war on Germanyresponsibility for the war on Germany

German people left with bitterness & hatredGerman people left with bitterness & hatred

Austria-Hungarian Empire splitAustria-Hungarian Empire split into Austria, Hungary, into Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia

Ottomans gave up almost all of empireOttomans gave up almost all of empireRetained only present day Turkey Retained only present day Turkey Palestine, Iraq, & Transjordan under British controlPalestine, Iraq, & Transjordan under British controlSyria & Lebanon under French controlSyria & Lebanon under French control

Romania & Poland gained Russian territoryRomania & Poland gained Russian territoryFinland, Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania became Finland, Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania became

independentindependent

Africa & Asia, angered over disregard for Africa & Asia, angered over disregard for independenceindependence

Japan & Italy gained less territory then they wantedJapan & Italy gained less territory then they wanted

U.S. rejected treatyU.S. rejected treaty League of Nations League of Nations

without U.S. support – without U.S. support – couldn’t act (no police couldn’t act (no police force)force)

People believed best People believed best hope for peace – stay hope for peace – stay out of European out of European affairs…affairs…

““Treaty built in Treaty built in quicksand”quicksand”