State of Water ResourcesState of Water ResourcesBrief onBrief on

(Challenges and required interventions)(Challenges and required interventions)

Major Challenges in Water SectorMajor Challenges in Water Sector

Declining per capita water availability Many river basins are water stressed and likely to be water

scarce. Increasing & competing water demand amongst sectors Overexploitation/Depletion of groundwater Water quality & pollution issues Urban (NRW/UFW, losses); Rural (access, DW & Sanitation) Irrational Tariff, inequitable distribution & access Others

Major challenges in water sector

Declining water availabilityFalling per capita water availability:- 5177 m3 (1951)..to 1545m3 (2011)- Declining PCWA has put India on the verge of water scarce category- Nine out of our 20 river basins with 200 million populations are already

facing “water-scarce” condition

Per capita water storage in India is far below at about 209 m3 as compared to countries like Russia (5686 m3), Australia (3223 m3), United States (2192 m3), China (416 m3), Egypt (2073 m3) and Norway(8036 m3).

<1000 m3 - “Scarcity”

1000 -1700 m3 - “Stress” 1700 -2500 m3 - “Vulnerable”

Increasing & competing demand

• Fierce competition among sectors: industries, irrigation, drinking water etc. Industrial water requirement doubled during last decade & expected to increase many-folds by 2050

• By 2030, water demand in India will grow to almost 1500 billion m3. Against this demand, India’s current water supply is approximately 740 billion m3

Major challenges… Industrial Context

(Indian)• In India industrial water requirement

doubled during last decade & expected to increase about 3 folds by 2050 (from 42 BCM in 2000 to 151 BCM in 2050)

• Fierce competition among sectors: industries, irrigation, drinking water etc.

Increasing & competing water demand (Worldwide)• By 2025, Freshwater withdrawals are expected to rise by 50% in developing

countries and by 18% in developed countries.

• Worldwide, the volume of water used by industries is estimated to rise significantly from 752 km3/year (1995) to 1170 km3/year by 2025. (Source: UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme, WWDR)

• Low & middle income countries would follow the growth pattern of high income industries increasing their industrial water use over agricultural use.

- Significant increase in rate of groundwater development: Stage of GW Development (India) 30% (1991) to 58% (2006): Recent – 63 %

- Alarming status of overexploited states. Delhi (170%), Punjab (145%) Rajasthan (125%), Gurgaon (311%)

Over-exploitation of groundwater

Depleting Groundwater- Due to several factors like increasing no.

of bore wells, ineffective regulation, cropping pattern, cross subsidies, increasing demand) May further worsen under climate change scenarios

Comparative Trend of GW abstraction (Select countries)(km3/Year)

Source: WWAP; WWDR4

Major challenges in water sector

Water Pollution

River pollution continues to be a critical challenge. •[E.g. with respect to BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) & bacteriological contamination (Total Coliform)]•The number of observations having BOD and Coliform density has increased during 1995-2011. (mainly due to untreated domestic sewage and unavailability of adequate flow for dilution)

Lakes & wetlands•Pollution observed for Loktak lake (Manipur), Hussain Sagar lake (Hyderabad), Renuka Lake (Himachal Pradesh)•Meghalaya and Tamil nadu show heavy pollution for their wetlands. Wetlands of many states are moderately polluted.

Gradual deterioration in surface water quality

Data Source: CPCB MINARS (2011)

Main pollutants of concern

- Fluoride: Rajasthan is worst affected followed by Gujarat, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh, (Several other states)

- Arsenic: West Bengal, Bihar, U.P and Chhatisgarh

- Nitrate & Iron: Several states

- Inland Salinity: Mainly northern & western states [Rajasthan, Haryana (10000 µS/cm ), Punjab and Gujarat]

- Coastal Salinity ingress: Tamil Nadu & Mangrol–Chorwad-Porbander belt along the Saurashtra coast; Orissa coast & Pondicherry region.

- Heavy Metals & Pesticides

Groundwater contamination

Water Pollution

Inequity & Inefficiency

Inequitable access- Access to safe drinking

water in Urban areas has increased in last two decades. However, still about 10% lack access in urban and 26.8% in rural. (until 2001)

- High Disparity in per capita water supply (Eg. Delhi 29 to 509 lpcd); (India wide- 9 lpcd in Tuticorin to 584 lpcd in Triuvannamalai).

Unsustainable & inefficient water-use-Inconsistent supply (2-3 hours) with high leakages, thefts-High UFW (Unaccounted for water) in Urban water supply: (generally 20-50%);

Access to safe drinking water

75.181.4

90

26.5

55.5

73.2

0102030405060708090

100

1981 1991 2001

Years

Perc

ent

Urban Rural

Impacts of Climate Change The impacts of climate change may further exacerbate the

situation. Some of the observations over the 20th century include (IPCC, 2007);

• Increase in temperatures , Decrease in snow and ice cover (Glacial melting), Rise in global average sea level rise (SLR), Rise in Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs), Increase in frequency and intensity of extreme events

Changes in precipitation/rainfall, its frequency and intensity.• Directly affecting the runoff rates and thus the surface and

groundwater supply (availability & quality) to various sectors including irrigation, domestic, industries etc..

NAPCC (National Water Mission) Conservation of water, minimizing wastage and ensuring its more

equitable distribution both across and within States through integrated water resources development and management”

Impact of Climate Change

NAPCC/ NWM

NAPCC (National Water Mission) (Identified Goals)

Comprehensive water data base in public domain and assessment of impact of climate change on water resource;

Promotion of citizen and state action for water conservation, augmentation and preservation;

Focused attention to over-exploited areas Increasing water use efficiency by 20%

• Develop guidelines; Recycling/reuse of water/wastewater, Water positive/neutral technologies, Urban water supply efficiency

• Develop guidelines for mandatory water audit Promotion of basin level integrated water resources

management

Requirement is…

• To focus on an integrated water resources management (IWRM) promoting equity, efficiency, conservation & sustainability− that takes into account the need of all stakeholders falling in

trans-boundary, inter-river basin, sub-basin, watersheds

− Adaptation and mitigation for impacts of climate change

Required InterventionsRequired Interventions

(examples)(examples)

Adaptation options in water sector

Reducing Wastage Improving Efficiency Water Conservation

Enhancing Sectoral Water Use Efficiency

Adaptation measures…

Adaptation Measures in

Water sector

Mix of structural and non-structural measures

Key Approaches (Industrial Context)

Industrial Water Management Framework

Water Conservation (approach for industries)

• Increase water use efficiency & reduce Specific Water Consumption (m3/unit of product)

• Reduce water losses & improve water productivity• Institutionalize and undertake water conservation interventions

within the industry and its supply chain (interventions like rain water harvesting, groundwater recharge, etc.)

• Recycle & reuse wastewater, zero discharge, optimize process water use

• Reduce industrial water foot print by adopting advanced technology (Improving efficiency & water-rating) and increasing industrial water productivity

• Explore cross-sectoral water reuse (e.g treated domestic wastewater for industrial use)

Water Conservation (approach for industries)

• Regular/mandatory water audits must be institutionalised within the industry.

• Setting up of standards and benchmark (Eg. minimal quantity of water used/unit of product) for water consumption and efficiency.

• Renew business strategies with financial outlay for water saving (water policy of industries)

• Public Private Partnership to support adoption of water efficient practices/technologies among local communities

• CSR activities on water conservation

Examples & Case Studies

Water ConservationWater Conservation

There is a significant potential in Indian industries to reduce water consumption…. •Power Plants, Pulp & Paper, Heavy engineering, etc..

Sanitation (Toilets)

Scientific Investigation

Implementation Projects:(Artificial recharge of ground water)

Rooftop RWH

Farm Pond

Agri-Water

Development,

Rehabilitation &

Outreach

Program

an Integrated Watershed Management

Integrated Water Management

Potential benefits from groundwater recharge

Recharge potential of about 10-12 ML/year from 1 recharge structure (through validation).

Additional recharge of about 60 ML/Year from other 5 recharge structures. (Total from all the six recharge structures ~ 70 ML/Year)

Also, it was estimated that a sum of all the interventions envisaged under the study would help the water tables to increase.

Impacts from Interventions

Water Use Efficiency: Water Audits

Wastewater Recycling: (e.g. Railways)

Demand Supply analysis

It was estimated that implementation of the recycling system will lead to saving of around 0.23 MLD of water at one cluster of washing line. By recycling wastewater from all washing

lines around 1 to 2 MLD of water can be saved which can meet almost 45%-60% of the demand supply gap for potable water by

reducing fresh water requirements

It was estimated that implementation of the recycling system will lead to saving of around 0.23 MLD of water at one cluster of washing line. By recycling wastewater from all washing

lines around 1 to 2 MLD of water can be saved which can meet almost 45%-60% of the demand supply gap for potable water by

reducing fresh water requirements

Designing Wastewater Recycling System

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