State of the art Review on Conservation of Forest Tree Species in ...

State of the art Review on Conservation of Forest Tree Species

in Tropical Asia and the Pacific

~. International Tropical Timber Organization

Regional Centre for Forest Management



~. International Tropical Timber Organization

Regional Centre for Forest Management

©2000 by the International Tropical Timber Organization and the Regional Centre for Forest Management

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia/Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

International Tropical Timber Organization State of the art review on conservation of forest tree species in Tropical Asia and the Pacific I International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), Regional Centre for Forest Management (RCFM). ISBN 983-9518-08-9 1. Forest conservation-Asia. 2. Forest management-Asia. 3. Forest policy-Asia. I. Pusat Serantau Pengurusan Hutan. 634.92095

Copies available from:

Executive Director International Tropical Timber Organization International Organizations Centre, 5th Floor Pacifico-Yokohama, 1-1-1, Minato rnirai, Nishi-ku Yokohama, 220 Japan

Tel: Fax: E-mail: http:

Director

(81-45)223-1110 (81-45)223-1111 [email protected] Ilwww.itto.or.jp/

Regional Centre for Forest Management B11-11, 11th Floor Block B, Megan Phileo Avenue No. 12, Jalan Yap Kwan Seng 50450 Kuala Lumpur


(6-03) 2166-9929 (6-03) 2166-9931 [email protected] Ilwww.rcfrn.com.my

©2000 by the International Tropical Timber Organization and the Regional Centre for Forest Management

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia/Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

International Tropical Timber Organization State of the art review on conservation of forest tree species in Tropical Asia and the Pacific I International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), Regional Centre for Forest Management (RCFM). ISBN 983-9518-08-9 1. Forest conservation-Asia. 2. Forest management-Asia. 3. Forest policy-Asia. I. Pusat Serantau Pengurusan Hutan. 634.92095

Copies available from:

Executive Director International Tropical Timber Organization International Organizations Centre, 5th Floor Pacifico-Yokohama, 1-1-1, Minato rnirai, Nishi-ku Yokohama, 220 Japan


Director

(81-45)223-1110 (81-45)223-1111 [email protected] Ilwww.itto.or.jp/

Regional Centre for Forest Management B11-11, 11th Floor Block B, Megan Phileo Avenue No. 12, Jalan Yap Kwan Seng 50450 Kuala Lumpur


(6-03) 2166-9929 (6-03) 2166-9931 [email protected] Ilwww.rcfrn.com.my

CONTENTS

Foreword Acknowledgements List of tables List of figures

1.0 Introduction

2.0 National policy and legislation on conservation of tree species 2.1 Regional overview 2.2 National status

2.2.1 Brunei Darussalam 2.2.2 Indonesia 2.2.3 Malaysia 2.2.4 Philippines 2.2.5 Papua New Guinea

3.0 . Conservation status and management of tree genetic resources 3.1 Regional overview

3.1.1 In situ conservation 3.1.2 Ex situ conservation

3.2 Country profiles 3.2.1 Brunei Darussalam 3.2.2 Indonesia 3.2.3 Malaysia 3.2.4 Philippines 3.2.5 Papua New Guinea

4.0 Education and training

5.0 Public awareness

References

Appendices Appendix 1 Appendix2A Appendix2B Appendix 3

Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6

Distribution of wildlife reserve and hunting parks in Indonesia Teak varieties The experimental areas for provenance trials of teak in Indonesia Breeding populations of some important timber tree species in Indonesia List of project members and contributors Glossary Abbreviations

vi vii ix x

1

3 3 5 5 9

12 15 18

20 20 20 21 24 24 31 38 56 60

67

73

80

86 89 89

90 92 94 96

CONTENTS

Foreword Acknowledgements List of tables List of figures

1.0 Introduction

2.0 National policy and legislation on conservation of tree species 2.1 Regional overview 2.2 National status

2.2.1 Brunei Darussalam 2.2.2 Indonesia 2.2.3 Malaysia 2.2.4 Philippines 2.2.5 Papua New Guinea

3.0 . Conservation status and management of tree genetic resources 3.1 Regional overview

3.1.1 In situ conservation 3.1.2 Ex situ conservation

3.2 Country profiles 3.2.1 Brunei Darussalam 3.2.2 Indonesia 3.2.3 Malaysia 3.2.4 Philippines 3.2.5 Papua New Guinea

4.0 Education and training

5.0 Public awareness

References

Appendices Appendix 1 Appendix2A Appendix2B Appendix 3

Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6

Distribution of wildlife reserve and hunting parks in Indonesia Teak varieties The experimental areas for provenance trials of teak in Indonesia Breeding populations of some important timber tree species in Indonesia List of project members and contributors Glossary Abbreviations

vi vii ix x

1

3 3 5 5 9

12 15 18

20 20 20 21 24 24 31 38 56 60

67

73

80

86 89 89

90 92 94 96

vi

FOREWORD

The International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) is dedicated to the sustainable development of tropical forests through trade, conservation and bestpractice forest management. It finances and monitors a broad suite of projects throughout the tropics aimed at implementing sustainable forest management, promoting conservation and improving the lives of forest-dependent people.

One such project is PD 31/94 Rev. 1 (F): Planning practical and cost-effective strategies for genetic-resource conservation of commercial tree species in tropical Asia and the Pacific. This project, which was funded by the governments of Japan and the United States and implemented by the Regional Centre for Forest Management, has developed technical guidelines for the ex situ and in situ conservation of commercial tree species.

This State of the art Review, the first in a series of four publications produced by the project, is based on country reports prepared by resource experts in the project's five participating countries: Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea. It reveals the progress being made in the conservation of commercial forest tree species in each country and identifies gaps that will need to be filled if conservation is to be completely successful.

ITTO believes that such conservation is essential for sustainable development. These genetic resources form the basis of the current tropical timber trade - which brings much needed revenue and employment to tropical countries and provides an incentive to retain natural forests - and will constitute the raw material for genetic improvement in the future. But they are also important for other reasons: for example, most of these species are dominant in the forest and play crucial ecological roles.

I am therefore pleased that this publication, along with its three companion volumes, records valuable information that will aid in the long-term conservation of many forest trees. I hope and expect that the series will make a significant contribution by providing users with practical approaches and guidelines for implementing effective ex situ and in situ genetic-resource conservation strategies.

ITTO is indebted to the dedicated staff of the Regional Centre for Forest Management and to other national and international experts for their painstaking work in developing these publications. It also appreciates the cooperation extended by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, which undertook a technical and scientific review of the publication series through its representative in Malaysia. Finally, I would like to express my personal hope that this series will assist all ITTO member countries in their efforts to promote tropical forest conservation.

DR. MANOEL SOBRAL FILHO Executive Director International Tropical Timber Organization

vi

FOREWORD

The International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) is dedicated to the sustainable development of tropical forests through trade, conservation and bestpractice forest management. It finances and monitors a broad suite of projects throughout the tropics aimed at implementing sustainable forest management, promoting conservation and improving the lives of forest-dependent people.

One such project is PD 31/94 Rev. 1 (F): Planning practical and cost-effective strategies for genetic-resource conservation of commercial tree species in tropical Asia and the Pacific. This project, which was funded by the governments of Japan and the United States and implemented by the Regional Centre for Forest Management, has developed technical guidelines for the ex situ and in situ conservation of commercial tree species.

This State of the art Review, the first in a series of four publications produced by the project, is based on country reports prepared by resource experts in the project's five participating countries: Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea. It reveals the progress being made in the conservation of commercial forest tree species in each country and identifies gaps that will need to be filled if conservation is to be completely successful.

ITTO believes that such conservation is essential for sustainable development. These genetic resources form the basis of the current tropical timber trade - which brings much needed revenue and employment to tropical countries and provides an incentive to retain natural forests - and will constitute the raw material for genetic improvement in the future. But they are also important for other reasons: for example, most of these species are dominant in the forest and play crucial ecological roles.

I am therefore pleased that this publication, along with its three companion volumes, records valuable information that will aid in the long-term conservation of many forest trees. I hope and expect that the series will make a significant contribution by providing users with practical approaches and guidelines for implementing effective ex situ and in situ genetic-resource conservation strategies.

ITTO is indebted to the dedicated staff of the Regional Centre for Forest Management and to other national and international experts for their painstaking work in developing these publications. It also appreciates the cooperation extended by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, which undertook a technical and scientific review of the publication series through its representative in Malaysia. Finally, I would like to express my personal hope that this series will assist all ITTO member countries in their efforts to promote tropical forest conservation.

DR. MANOEL SOBRAL FILHO Executive Director International Tropical Timber Organization

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The succes of the project on planning practical and cost-effective strategies tor genetic-resource conservation of commercial tree species in tropical Asia and the Pacific owes on the financial support which were provided by the USA and Japanese Governments through the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). The continuous support and guidance rendered during the project implementation by the ITTO Secretariat in particular Dr. Manoel Sobral Filho (Executive Director); Dr. Efransjah (Project Manager) and Dato' Dr. B. C. Y. Freezailah (former Executive Director) have been essential to. the successful completion of the project.

A number of individuals and organisations have also contributed to this project. I would like to extend my gratitude to colleagues who have specially assisted the Regional Centre for Forest Management (RCFM) in providing technical guidance during the course of the project implementation and the preparation of the reports. This was made through a technical committee which was set up under the project and comprised of staff members of the executing agency, the International Genetic Resource Expert (IGRE), the International Technical Expert (ITE), and National Resource Persons (NRPs). Composition of the committee were as follows: Chairperson - Dr. Roslan b. Ismail (RCFM, from January 1998 - June 2000); Mr. Haron b. Abu Hassan (AIFM, from February 1996 - December 1997); Members -Prof. Dato' Dr. Zakri b. Abd. Hamid (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia - IGRE); Prof. Dr. Masaki Katsuta (Tokyo University of Agriculture - ITE); Dayang Noralinda bt. Hj. Ibrahim (Forestry Department, Brunei Darussalam - NRP); Mr. Mohd Charomaini (Forest Tree Improvement Research and Development Institute, Indonesia - NRP); Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noraini bt. Ab. Shukor (Universiti Putra Malaysia - NRP); Prof. Dr. Mercedes Garcia (University Philippines, Los Banos - NRP); Mr. Neville Howcroft (Forest Research Institute, Lae, Papua New Guinea - NRP); Mr. Nasaruddin b. Rahman (RCFM); and Hj. Dahlan b. Taha (RCFM).

Various government agencies, universities, research institutions, and nongovernmental organisations in the five participating countries as well as other neighboring countries were also consulted during the report preparation process. These included Brunei Darussalam (Forestry Department); Indonesia (Ministry of Forestry); Malaysia (Forest Research Institute, Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak); Philippnes (Forest Management Bureau, Provident Tree Farms Inc.); Thailand (Royal Forest Department); Papua New Guinea (Forest Authority); and Vietnam (Department for Forestry Development, Forest Inventory and Planning Institute).

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The succes of the project on planning practical and cost-effective strategies tor genetic-resource conservation of commercial tree species in tropical Asia and the Pacific owes on the financial support which were provided by the USA and Japanese Governments through the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). The continuous support and guidance rendered during the project implementation by the ITTO Secretariat in particular Dr. Manoel Sobral Filho (Executive Director); Dr. Efransjah (Project Manager) and Dato' Dr. B. C. Y. Freezailah (former Executive Director) have been essential to. the successful completion of the project.

A number of individuals and organisations have also contributed to this project. I would like to extend my gratitude to colleagues who have specially assisted the Regional Centre for Forest Management (RCFM) in providing technical guidance during the course of the project implementation and the preparation of the reports. This was made through a technical committee which was set up under the project and comprised of staff members of the executing agency, the International Genetic Resource Expert (IGRE), the International Technical Expert (ITE), and National Resource Persons (NRPs). Composition of the committee were as follows: Chairperson - Dr. Roslan b. Ismail (RCFM, from January 1998 - June 2000); Mr. Haron b. Abu Hassan (AIFM, from February 1996 - December 1997); Members -Prof. Dato' Dr. Zakri b. Abd. Hamid (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia - IGRE); Prof. Dr. Masaki Katsuta (Tokyo University of Agriculture - ITE); Dayang Noralinda bt. Hj. Ibrahim (Forestry Department, Brunei Darussalam - NRP); Mr. Mohd Charomaini (Forest Tree Improvement Research and Development Institute, Indonesia - NRP); Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noraini bt. Ab. Shukor (Universiti Putra Malaysia - NRP); Prof. Dr. Mercedes Garcia (University Philippines, Los Banos - NRP); Mr. Neville Howcroft (Forest Research Institute, Lae, Papua New Guinea - NRP); Mr. Nasaruddin b. Rahman (RCFM); and Hj. Dahlan b. Taha (RCFM).

Various government agencies, universities, research institutions, and nongovernmental organisations in the five participating countries as well as other neighboring countries were also consulted during the report preparation process. These included Brunei Darussalam (Forestry Department); Indonesia (Ministry of Forestry); Malaysia (Forest Research Institute, Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak); Philippnes (Forest Management Bureau, Provident Tree Farms Inc.); Thailand (Royal Forest Department); Papua New Guinea (Forest Authority); and Vietnam (Department for Forestry Development, Forest Inventory and Planning Institute).

viii

At RCFM, I would like to thank Mr. Nasaruddin b. Rahman, Hj. Dahlan b. Taha, Mr. Borhan b. Mohammad, Mr. Kasri b. Noh, Mr. Zaparuddin b. Hj. Karim, Mr. Johari b. Abdullah, Ms. Azlina bt. Ahmad and Ms. Siti Hajar bt. Sulaiman for assistance given to the project.

This report was first compiled by RCFM based on the country reports prepared by the NRPs. Prof. A. N. Rao of the International Plant Genetic Resources InstituteAsia Pacific Office (IPGRI-APO) provided scientific review of the report, which also benefited from the comments of Pr of. Roger Green (Singapore). Their valuable contribution is highly appreciated.

DR. ROSLAN B. ISMAIL Director Regional Centre for Forest Management

viii

At RCFM, I would like to thank Mr. Nasaruddin b. Rahman, Hj. Dahlan b. Taha, Mr. Borhan b. Mohammad, Mr. Kasri b. Noh, Mr. Zaparuddin b. Hj. Karim, Mr. Johari b. Abdullah, Ms. Azlina bt. Ahmad and Ms. Siti Hajar bt. Sulaiman for assistance given to the project.

This report was first compiled by RCFM based on the country reports prepared by the NRPs. Prof. A. N. Rao of the International Plant Genetic Resources InstituteAsia Pacific Office (IPGRI-APO) provided scientific review of the report, which also benefited from the comments of Pr of. Roger Green (Singapore). Their valuable contribution is highly appreciated.

DR. ROSLAN B. ISMAIL Director Regional Centre for Forest Management

ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Measures adopted by countries for in situ conservation of plants and animals 22

Table 2. General list of ex situ conservation measures being pursued in some Southeast Asian countries 23

Table 3. Forest classification in Brunei Darussalam 25

Table 4. Major forest types in Brunei Darussalam 25

Table 5. Target species in the GRA of the Labi Hill and Badas Forest Reserve 27

Table 6. Number of species (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms) 28

Table 7. Target species in the Labi Hill and the Badas Forest Reserves 28

Table 8. Teak clonal bank owned by PERHUTANI in Central Java 36

Table 9. Distribution of forest cover in Malaysia (Million Hectares) 38

Table 10. Main forest types of Peninsular Malaysia 39

Table 11. Potential target species in the three regions of Malaysia 39

Table 12. Areas under national parks, wildlife and bird sanctuaries in Malaysia (Million Hectares) 41

Table 13. Classification of PFE in Malaysia 42

Table 14. Forested Land in Peninsular Malaysia as at 31.12.94 42

Table 15. Target species of Dipterocarps and non-dipterocarps in Hulu Sedili Forest Reserve for GRA (in situ conservation) 45

Table 16. Selected target species in Semengoh Forest Reserve for GRA 45

Table 17. List of seed production areas (SPA) established by states of Peninsular Malaysia 47

Table 18. Summary of some field trials of different species in Semengoh Forest Reserve 48

Table 19. Existing seed stands/ orchards of selected species in Malaysia 49

ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Measures adopted by countries for in situ conservation of plants and animals 22

Table 2. General list of ex situ conservation measures being pursued in some Southeast Asian countries 23

Table 3. Forest classification in Brunei Darussalam 25

Table 4. Major forest types in Brunei Darussalam 25

Table 5. Target species in the GRA of the Labi Hill and Badas Forest Reserve 27

Table 6. Number of species (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms) 28

Table 7. Target species in the Labi Hill and the Badas Forest Reserves 28

Table 8. Teak clonal bank owned by PERHUTANI in Central Java 36

Table 9. Distribution of forest cover in Malaysia (Million Hectares) 38

Table 10. Main forest types of Peninsular Malaysia 39

Table 11. Potential target species in the three regions of Malaysia 39

Table 12. Areas under national parks, wildlife and bird sanctuaries in Malaysia (Million Hectares) 41

Table 13. Classification of PFE in Malaysia 42

Table 14. Forested Land in Peninsular Malaysia as at 31.12.94 42

Table 15. Target species of Dipterocarps and non-dipterocarps in Hulu Sedili Forest Reserve for GRA (in situ conservation) 45

Table 16. Selected target species in Semengoh Forest Reserve for GRA 45

Table 17. List of seed production areas (SPA) established by states of Peninsular Malaysia 47

Table 18. Summary of some field trials of different species in Semengoh Forest Reserve 48

Table 19. Existing seed stands/ orchards of selected species in Malaysia 49

x

Table 20. Clonal orchards of selected fast growing species in Malaysia 50

Table 21. List of species successfully cryopreserved and regenerated for ex situ conservation in PRIM, Malaysia 51

Table 22. Storage period under growth chamber conditions 51

Table 23. Embryos of timber species successfully cryopreserved 52

Table 24. Tree species successfully propagated by macropropagation 53

Table 25. List of tree species successfully regenerated through micropropagation technique for ex situ conservation 54

Table 26. Genetic diversity of some tropical tree species based on using isozyme methods 55

Table 27. Some endangered tree species included in CITES list 58

Table 28. Protected area in Papua New Guinea 62

Table 29. Species and provenances recommended for in situ conservation 63

Table 30. Seed sources represented in national seed production areas 64

Table 31. Details of arboreta in Papua New Guinea 66

Table 32. List of agencies that are actively involved in environmental planning training, education and public awareness for biodiversity conservation in the Philippines 77

x

Table 20. Clonal orchards of selected fast growing species in Malaysia 50

Table 21. List of species successfully cryopreserved and regenerated for ex situ conservation in PRIM, Malaysia 51

Table 22. Storage period under growth chamber conditions 51

Table 23. Embryos of timber species successfully cryopreserved 52

Table 24. Tree species successfully propagated by macropropagation 53

Table 25. List of tree species successfully regenerated through micropropagation technique for ex situ conservation 54

Table 26. Genetic diversity of some tropical tree species based on using isozyme methods 55

Table 27. Some endangered tree species included in CITES list 58

Table 28. Protected area in Papua New Guinea 62

Table 29. Species and provenances recommended for in situ conservation 63

Table 30. Seed sources represented in national seed production areas 64

Table 31. Details of arboreta in Papua New Guinea 66

Table 32. List of agencies that are actively involved in environmental planning training, education and public awareness for biodiversity conservation in the Philippines 77

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. In situ conservation at privately owned concession area in Indonesia 9

Figure 2. Seedling orchard of Acacia auriculiformis in Java, Indonesia 35

Figure 3. Teak planting from tissue culture raised plants in Java, Indonesia 37

Figure 4. Genetic resource area at Hulu Sedili Forest Reserve, Malaysia 44

Figure 5. Shorea macrophylla stands in GRA at Semengoh Forest Reserve, Sarawak 44

Figure 6. Dipterocarp arboretum at FRIM, Malaysia 46

Figure 7. Seed orchard of Eucalyptus deglupta in Papua New Guinea 65

Figure 8. Training course on ex situ conservation 69

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. In situ conservation at privately owned concession area in Indonesia 9

Figure 2. Seedling orchard of Acacia auriculiformis in Java, Indonesia 35

Figure 3. Teak planting from tissue culture raised plants in Java, Indonesia 37

Figure 4. Genetic resource area at Hulu Sedili Forest Reserve, Malaysia 44

Figure 5. Shorea macrophylla stands in GRA at Semengoh Forest Reserve, Sarawak 44

Figure 6. Dipterocarp arboretum at FRIM, Malaysia 46

Figure 7. Seed orchard of Eucalyptus deglupta in Papua New Guinea 65

Figure 8. Training course on ex situ conservation 69

Conservation of Forest Tree Species in Tropical Asia and the Pacific 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

It is well known and recorded that the wet and moist forests of Southeast Asia possess the highest biodiversity among terrestrial ecosystems known on earth. These forests however, face immense threat from human activity. Increased populations and pressure from social and economic development have resulted in the rapid decline of forest areas. Specifically, the main agents of deforestation and degradation include shifting agriculture, conversion to cash-crop plantations, firewood collection, live stock raising, unsustainable logging, and human induced fires exacerbated by unusual drought conditions. The main causes behind the loss and/ or degradation of forests are poverty, over-population, inequitable distribution ofland ownership, misguided policies, inept public sector, debt, lack of knowledge and trained personneL

A quick review of the status of forests in the region would leave a rather disconcerting view. For example, Indonesia has over 50 million ha that are degraded. The fires in the last few years caused further havoc to the region, and more forest areas need to be rehabilitated. Malaysia on the other hand is beginning to experience forest fires on a small scale. The situation can worsen in Thailand if no action is taken. However, floods, river sedimentation and deterioration of water supply have caused great trouble to the people, and heightened their concerns aboutthe way forests are being damaged. The situation in the Philippines appears to be in a much worse state, both flora and fauna are lost at a fast rate. Although Papua New Guinea has so far been spared of such consequences, major logging operations, mainly done in an unsustainable manner, will soon bring about many deleterious effects faced by other countries in the region.

Nevertheless, the countries in the region are aware of the exceptional diversity and uniqueness of the forests. Awareness of the rapid loss of such biodiversity, and the need for their continued availability for sustainable development is gaining ground. A huge number of tree species are exploited in the region, for a variety of purposes which are mainly harvested for timber, and to a lesser extent other products like fruit, resin, damar, gaharu, bark, fuel wood, medicinal plants and so on. An estimate on the number of tree species being exploited in the region has not been done, but probably the numbers would exceed few thousands. Among them, it may not be off target to say that some 30-40% are threatened, and a 100 or so species may actually be facing extinction in the near future, and more with time, if no action is taken to arrest the situation. Under such a threatening situation, conservation efforts have to be stepped up considerably.

The great need for the conservation of genetic resources of forest trees for sustaining the productive and protective values of the forest is being recognized. There are strong economic reasons for this action as welL At present, forestry


1.0 INTRODUCTION

It is well known and recorded that the wet and moist forests of Southeast Asia possess the highest biodiversity among terrestrial ecosystems known on earth. These forests however, face immense threat from human activity. Increased populations and pressure from social and economic development have resulted in the rapid decline of forest areas. Specifically, the main agents of deforestation and degradation include shifting agriculture, conversion to cash-crop plantations, firewood collection, live stock raising, unsustainable logging, and human induced fires exacerbated by unusual drought conditions. The main causes behind the loss and/ or degradation of forests are poverty, over-population, inequitable distribution ofland ownership, misguided policies, inept public sector, debt, lack of knowledge and trained personneL

A quick review of the status of forests in the region would leave a rather disconcerting view. For example, Indonesia has over 50 million ha that are degraded. The fires in the last few years caused further havoc to the region, and more forest areas need to be rehabilitated. Malaysia on the other hand is beginning to experience forest fires on a small scale. The situation can worsen in Thailand if no action is taken. However, floods, river sedimentation and deterioration of water supply have caused great trouble to the people, and heightened their concerns aboutthe way forests are being damaged. The situation in the Philippines appears to be in a much worse state, both flora and fauna are lost at a fast rate. Although Papua New Guinea has so far been spared of such consequences, major logging operations, mainly done in an unsustainable manner, will soon bring about many deleterious effects faced by other countries in the region.

Nevertheless, the countries in the region are aware of the exceptional diversity and uniqueness of the forests. Awareness of the rapid loss of such biodiversity, and the need for their continued availability for sustainable development is gaining ground. A huge number of tree species are exploited in the region, for a variety of purposes which are mainly harvested for timber, and to a lesser extent other products like fruit, resin, damar, gaharu, bark, fuel wood, medicinal plants and so on. An estimate on the number of tree species being exploited in the region has not been done, but probably the numbers would exceed few thousands. Among them, it may not be off target to say that some 30-40% are threatened, and a 100 or so species may actually be facing extinction in the near future, and more with time, if no action is taken to arrest the situation. Under such a threatening situation, conservation efforts have to be stepped up considerably.

The great need for the conservation of genetic resources of forest trees for sustaining the productive and protective values of the forest is being recognized. There are strong economic reasons for this action as welL At present, forestry

2 Conservation of Forest Tree Species in Tropical Asia and the Pacific

plays an important economic role among the countries in the region, mainly from export of timber and wood products. In the future, ecotourism and genetic resources would play a bigger role in financial terms. So conserving the huge variety of genetic material will prove to be an important economic strategy as well.

The countries in the region have started a variety of plans to achieve conservation of their genetic resources, in this case the forest tree species. Scientists and managers have devised numerous methods to enhance conservation. In the first place, good land use management plans are required so tha t marginal or degraded lands are used for other purposes and the rest are maintained under forests. Next sustainable forest management practices have been introduced with the recognition that proper management of natural forests is the cheapest and most effective way of conserving plant species. These managed stands also represent the largest forest areas in most places. Apart from minimizing destruction of forest, there is growing emphasis for tree plantations, preferably using indigenous species, which should ultimately reduce pressure on natural forests. Within the natural forest area, it is common practice to leave behind large tracts for non-production purposes, particularly sites that are not accessible, steep, highly eroded soils, or barren of timber species. Plantations go to extensive degrees to even conserve genotypes of a species which has particular biological attributes. Other conservation measures include setting aside Virgin Jungle Reserves, Parks, Buffer zones, Game reserves, Ecotouristic sites, Water catchments, etc. Further measures include developing gardens and arboreta where tree species are cultivated, not purely for their aesthetic values, but also for their biological and genetic attributes. The degree of progress may differ between the countries, but the conservation plans have been implemented in a variety of ways in the forest managementylans in each of the countries.

The conservation of forest trees can be legislated implementing national policies for a start. A review of the actual status of conservation would further reveal the extent to which laws and policies are translated into practice. Additional impetus to conservation can be made well known through education, training schemes, and the public awareness campaigns. In this publication, the above issues are reviewed assesing the situation in four countries in Southeast Asia (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines) and Papua New Guinea. This Review would also attempt to look into any shortfalls, and to promote further work with directions needed to enhance conservation efforts in the region.


plays an important economic role among the countries in the region, mainly from export of timber and wood products. In the future, ecotourism and genetic resources would play a bigger role in financial terms. So conserving the huge variety of genetic material will prove to be an important economic strategy as well.

The countries in the region have started a variety of plans to achieve conservation of their genetic resources, in this case the forest tree species. Scientists and managers have devised numerous methods to enhance conservation. In the first place, good land use management plans are required so tha t marginal or degraded lands are used for other purposes and the rest are maintained under forests. Next sustainable forest management practices have been introduced with the recognition that proper management of natural forests is the cheapest and most effective way of conserving plant species. These managed stands also represent the largest forest areas in most places. Apart from minimizing destruction of forest, there is growing emphasis for tree plantations, preferably using indigenous species, which should ultimately reduce pressure on natural forests. Within the natural forest area, it is common practice to leave behind large tracts for non-production purposes, particularly sites that are not accessible, steep, highly eroded soils, or barren of timber species. Plantations go to extensive degrees to even conserve genotypes of a species which has particular biological attributes. Other conservation measures include setting aside Virgin Jungle Reserves, Parks, Buffer zones, Game reserves, Ecotouristic sites, Water catchments, etc. Further measures include developing gardens and arboreta where tree species are cultivated, not purely for their aesthetic values, but also for their biological and genetic attributes. The degree of progress may differ between the countries, but the conservation plans have been implemented in a variety of ways in the forest managementylans in each of the countries.

The conservation of forest trees can be legislated implementing national policies for a start. A review of the actual status of conservation would further reveal the extent to which laws and policies are translated into practice. Additional impetus to conservation can be made well known through education, training schemes, and the public awareness campaigns. In this publication, the above issues are reviewed assesing the situation in four countries in Southeast Asia (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines) and Papua New Guinea. This Review would also attempt to look into any shortfalls, and to promote further work with directions needed to enhance conservation efforts in the region.


2.0 NATIONAL POLICY AND LEGISLATION ON CONSERVATION OF TREE SPECIES

2.1 Regional overview For successful conservation of tree species, national forest policies, legislative

framework and land tenure systems have to be in existence. The review of the forest policies is important for several reasons. In simple terms, the forest policy is based on principles or plan of action in the use of the forest resources which would contribute to the welfare of the society. In other words, the policy directs the course of action required to manage forests, including production, protection, conservation, utilization and rehabilitation. The forest policies may be enunciated in the country's constitution, forest laws and regulations, forestry plans, programmes and procedures. The policies are formulated by the legislative and executive branches of the government. In general the national forest policies dictate the broad outlines of work which the forest services have to pay serious attention or undertake. The legislative framework provides the legal context within which the forest departments and forest operations take place. The land tenures identify the land owners and their rights to the forest estate and include the traditional rights of indigenous people of the state.

A quick review of the policies as far as they relate to conservation issues would more or less indicate the level of preparedness of the country to implement measures for conservation and protection of the flora and fauna. The national legislations and policies on conservation of tree species vary in different countries influenced by the needs of the societies. All the countries reviewed presently have comprehensive bodies of forestry supported by legislations and general expressions of nationalforestry policies. Nevertheless, with the rapid changes witnessed in the field of tropical forest management, and the effective economic interest in them, it can be stated that many of the laws are no longer effective and revisions are needed.

In the case of Brunei, the Forest Policy directs forest conservation, production, and socio-economic development. The conservation measures include the maintenance of high forest cover, reservation of peat swamps, and management of production forests on a sustainable basis. Issues of water supply, soil protection, and conservation of nature and wildlife are given high emphasis.

Indonesia has evolved four foundations which direct forest development. Of them, the Constitutional Foundation delves on use of natural resources for the welfare of the people. The Conceptual Foundation provides the general outline for the national environmental policy, and addresses the need to protect the environment in the pursuit of development ofthe natural resources. The Legislative


2.0 NATIONAL POLICY AND LEGISLATION ON CONSERVATION OF TREE SPECIES

2.1 Regional overview For successful conservation of tree species, national forest policies, legislative

framework and land tenure systems have to be in existence. The review of the forest policies is important for several reasons. In simple terms, the forest policy is based on principles or plan of action in the use of the forest resources which would contribute to the welfare of the society. In other words, the policy directs the course of action required to manage forests, including production, protection, conservation, utilization and rehabilitation. The forest policies may be enunciated in the country's constitution, forest laws and regulations, forestry plans, programmes and procedures. The policies are formulated by the legislative and executive branches of the government. In general the national forest policies dictate the broad outlines of work which the forest services have to pay serious attention or undertake. The legislative framework provides the legal context within which the forest departments and forest operations take place. The land tenures identify the land owners and their rights to the forest estate and include the traditional rights of indigenous people of the state.

A quick review of the policies as far as they relate to conservation issues would more or less indicate the level of preparedness of the country to implement measures for conservation and protection of the flora and fauna. The national legislations and policies on conservation of tree species vary in different countries influenced by the needs of the societies. All the countries reviewed presently have comprehensive bodies of forestry supported by legislations and general expressions of nationalforestry policies. Nevertheless, with the rapid changes witnessed in the field of tropical forest management, and the effective economic interest in them, it can be stated that many of the laws are no longer effective and revisions are needed.

In the case of Brunei, the Forest Policy directs forest conservation, production, and socio-economic development. The conservation measures include the maintenance of high forest cover, reservation of peat swamps, and management of production forests on a sustainable basis. Issues of water supply, soil protection, and conservation of nature and wildlife are given high emphasis.

Indonesia has evolved four foundations which direct forest development. Of them, the Constitutional Foundation delves on use of natural resources for the welfare of the people. The Conceptual Foundation provides the general outline for the national environmental policy, and addresses the need to protect the environment in the pursuit of development ofthe natural resources. The Legislative


and Operational Foundation stipulates the basic forest policy, under which the Forestry Laws are implemented for protection and utilization of the natural resources.

In Malaysia, the forest resources in the Peninsular States come under the National Forestry Policy. The Policy pays much emphasis to dedicate Permanent Forest Estate for ensuring environmental protection functions and to provide amenities like water resources, recreation, soil conservation, research, and education. For enabling the policy, the National Forestry Act was passed.

The State of Sabah has a Forest Policy which requires that a permanent forest reserve is created for the protection of the environment and supply of timber. Likewise the Forest Policy ofSarawak provides the basic directives for conservation of forest in the State. The Policy recommends permanent forest reserves for environmental protection and timber supply.

In Papua New Guinea the National Forestry Policy, which has been passed as the National Forestry Act, aims at managing and protecting the nation's forests as a renewable resource. Among the features, the Policy emphasises to environmental safeguards. Among the regulations, an environmental plan which spells out the measures to be adopted for working in forests is a prerequisite.

While there are many general similarities in the laws of the countries, above mentioned some important differences can be detected too. A broad comparison would reveal marked differences. Brunei, a small oil-rich state, does not face the financial or land pressure and therefore its forest policies are uniformly applicable to ensure sustained economic, social and environmental benefits through sound forest management.

In the case ofIndonesia, whose conditions differ, and pressure on land is high, the policies pay greater attention to continuation of production flow, socioeconomic gains, resource safety, and sustainability oftimber production. Protection of flora and fauna and environmental conditions are given due attention, but the overwhelming issues of production and socio-economic benefits exert more weightage. By comparison, an all encompassing national forestry policy and legislations thereof, to protect wildlife, environmental quality, and national parks offer comprehensive cover towards forest species conservation.

Similarly, Papua New Guinea pays equal attention in its legislation to both the management and protection of forest resources and in the utilization of the resources for national development.

Differences in relative degrees of responsibility for forest management and other related services between the countries exist. For example, in Peninsular Malaysia, the agencies for wildlife protection and timber production are separate management. In other regions, these roles are managed by one agency. Likewise, the forest services undertake plenty of regeneration work in some countries, while in others these tasks are transferred to the concessionaire or are not at all considered. In some countries, separate ministries are responsible to save forest resources and environmental protection. This too creates lack of coordination, and congruence in the legislation and enforcement of the laws enacted.


and Operational Foundation stipulates the basic forest policy, under which the Forestry Laws are implemented for protection and utilization of the natural resources.

In Malaysia, the forest resources in the Peninsular States come under the National Forestry Policy. The Policy pays much emphasis to dedicate Permanent Forest Estate for ensuring environmental protection functions and to provide amenities like water resources, recreation, soil conservation, research, and education. For enabling the policy, the National Forestry Act was passed.

The State of Sabah has a Forest Policy which requires that a permanent forest reserve is created for the protection of the environment and supply of timber. Likewise the Forest Policy ofSarawak provides the basic directives for conservation of forest in the State. The Policy recommends permanent forest reserves for environmental protection and timber supply.

In Papua New Guinea the National Forestry Policy, which has been passed as the National Forestry Act, aims at managing and protecting the nation's forests as a renewable resource. Among the features, the Policy emphasises to environmental safeguards. Among the regulations, an environmental plan which spells out the measures to be adopted for working in forests is a prerequisite.

While there are many general similarities in the laws of the countries, above mentioned some important differences can be detected too. A broad comparison would reveal marked differences. Brunei, a small oil-rich state, does not face the financial or land pressure and therefore its forest policies are uniformly applicable to ensure sustained economic, social and environmental benefits through sound forest management.

In the case ofIndonesia, whose conditions differ, and pressure on land is high, the policies pay greater attention to continuation of production flow, socioeconomic gains, resource safety, and sustainability oftimber production. Protection of flora and fauna and environmental conditions are given due attention, but the overwhelming issues of production and socio-economic benefits exert more weightage. By comparison, an all encompassing national forestry policy and legislations thereof, to protect wildlife, environmental quality, and national parks offer comprehensive cover towards forest species conservation.

Similarly, Papua New Guinea pays equal attention in its legislation to both the management and protection of forest resources and in the utilization of the resources for national development.

Differences in relative degrees of responsibility for forest management and other related services between the countries exist. For example, in Peninsular Malaysia, the agencies for wildlife protection and timber production are separate management. In other regions, these roles are managed by one agency. Likewise, the forest services undertake plenty of regeneration work in some countries, while in others these tasks are transferred to the concessionaire or are not at all considered. In some countries, separate ministries are responsible to save forest resources and environmental protection. This too creates lack of coordination, and congruence in the legislation and enforcement of the laws enacted.


In majority of cases, the laws are reasonably comprehensive, more often than not these legislations may be set aside for short-term political and economic considerations. While adequate laws exist, they are applied capriciously, often under heavy political interference. The gazettement and degazettement of parks and other reserves are arbitrarily done, with no consideration for long term land use planning nor conservation efforts. The general statements in the legal documents are not necessarily implemented by many countries that face hardpressed economies. The action plans based on the legal requirements have to be ensured for conservation measures to be effective.

There are several areas which legislation has not caught up with either. These include the requirement of Environmental Impact Assessment of logging of forests, compulsory action of forest management and working plans. In Papua New Guinea, for example, no system of forest reservation exists, and under the present land tenure system it may even be difficult to establish a viable system. In case of Indonesia, instead of a formal reservation of forests, a land use plan is developed through a process of consensus by different interested groups. Such methods weaken the efforts of conservation.

The basic forestry policies in the region are all geared towards sustained productivity, multiple use while the establishment of permanent forest estates, socio-economic development, alleviation of poverty, and maintenance of proper environmental conditions. While the emphasis for conservation may differ between countries, following policies and related forestry acts help the formulation of forestry projects, strategies and programmes that can be directed towards forest conservation, chiefly aimed at ensuring that tree genetic resources are protected from extinction, and their full genetic potential can be harvested by future generations.

2.2 National status

2.2.1 Brunei Darussalam All programmes and measures for sustainable management of the natural

forests are based on the National Forest Policy. The Forest Enactment of Brunei Darussalam was first issued in 1934. In 1951 the first National Forestry Policy (NFP) was formulated and was subsequently revised in 1989. According to this policy, the Government of His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Dipertuan Negara Brunei Darussalam commits itself to ensure optimum sustained economic, social and environmental benefits for the people through sound management of the nation's forest estate. Consonant with these objectives, the development of forestry sector will be geared towards the three priority areas namely environmental forestry, industrial forestry and promotion of tropical forestry.


In majority of cases, the laws are reasonably comprehensive, more often than not these legislations may be set aside for short-term political and economic considerations. While adequate laws exist, they are applied capriciously, often under heavy political interference. The gazettement and degazettement of parks and other reserves are arbitrarily done, with no consideration for long term land use planning nor conservation efforts. The general statements in the legal documents are not necessarily implemented by many countries that face hardpressed economies. The action plans based on the legal requirements have to be ensured for conservation measures to be effective.

There are several areas which legislation has not caught up with either. These include the requirement of Environmental Impact Assessment of logging of forests, compulsory action of forest management and working plans. In Papua New Guinea, for example, no system of forest reservation exists, and under the present land tenure system it may even be difficult to establish a viable system. In case of Indonesia, instead of a formal reservation of forests, a land use plan is developed through a process of consensus by different interested groups. Such methods weaken the efforts of conservation.

The basic forestry policies in the region are all geared towards sustained productivity, multiple use while the establishment of permanent forest estates, socio-economic development, alleviation of poverty, and maintenance of proper environmental conditions. While the emphasis for conservation may differ between countries, following policies and related forestry acts help the formulation of forestry projects, strategies and programmes that can be directed towards forest conservation, chiefly aimed at ensuring that tree genetic resources are protected from extinction, and their full genetic potential can be harvested by future generations.

2.2 National status

2.2.1 Brunei Darussalam All programmes and measures for sustainable management of the natural

forests are based on the National Forest Policy. The Forest Enactment of Brunei Darussalam was first issued in 1934. In 1951 the first National Forestry Policy (NFP) was formulated and was subsequently revised in 1989. According to this policy, the Government of His Majesty the Sultan and Yang Dipertuan Negara Brunei Darussalam commits itself to ensure optimum sustained economic, social and environmental benefits for the people through sound management of the nation's forest estate. Consonant with these objectives, the development of forestry sector will be geared towards the three priority areas namely environmental forestry, industrial forestry and promotion of tropical forestry.


National forestry policy and legislation Pursuant to its national development objectives and consistent with global

strategies on bioecology in which the forest plays a vital role, the government of Brunei Darussalam commits itself to conserve, develop and manage forest resources for the preservation and upliftment of the quality of life of the people to promote social, political and economic well being. Technological progress of the country will continue along with environmental and ecological improvement.

One provision made under the National Forestry Policy is the management of genetic resources including various habitats, with the aim of sustaining the biodiversity and the ecosystems. Such meansure also serves as the legal framework for the biodiversity conservation programmes of the country.

While work on conservation of forest plant genetic resources in the country has not yet been fully implemented, there are various projects or programmes undertaken by some agencies. These programmes are integrated into the wider national plan for sustainable development through the strategic plans of the Forestry Department, which are responsible for the implementation of forestry and environmental programmes including genetic conservation.

Various goals and objectives, would ensure protection of sufficient areas of forests in order to adequately conserve representative samples of all vegetation types in the country and to document the country's fauna and floral resources.

Environmental forestry policy Biodiversity (flora and fauna) conservation is specially mentioned, very much

in line with the global development issues.

Forest act The most effective statutory instrument for the protection of Brunei's forests

and biodiversity has been the Forest Act which enables the establishment of Forest Reserves. Although the Act does not specifically mention the conservation of tree species it is included under general rules for the protection of the forests. Under Section 52 (Part Ill) of the Forest Act (Law of Brunei, Cap. 46) on harvesting forest resources, it is stated that:

• State land

1. Subject to the provisions of these rules, no person shall, except under and in accordance with the terms and conditions of a licence in forms 1,2 and 3, issued by a Forest Officer:-

a) fell, cut, tap, or injure by fire or otherwise any tree on state land; b) use timber on state land; to produce charcoal c) cut, collect, or remove from state land any forest produce included in the

First Schedule.


National forestry policy and legislation Pursuant to its national development objectives and consistent with global

strategies on bioecology in which the forest plays a vital role, the government of Brunei Darussalam commits itself to conserve, develop and manage forest resources for the preservation and upliftment of the quality of life of the people to promote social, political and economic well being. Technological progress of the country will continue along with environmental and ecological improvement.

One provision made under the National Forestry Policy is the management of genetic resources including various habitats, with the aim of sustaining the biodiversity and the ecosystems. Such meansure also serves as the legal framework for the biodiversity conservation programmes of the country.

While work on conservation of forest plant genetic resources in the country has not yet been fully implemented, there are various projects or programmes undertaken by some agencies. These programmes are integrated into the wider national plan for sustainable development through the strategic plans of the Forestry Department, which are responsible for the implementation of forestry and environmental programmes including genetic conservation.

Various goals and objectives, would ensure protection of sufficient areas of forests in order to adequately conserve representative samples of all vegetation types in the country and to document the country's fauna and floral resources.

Environmental forestry policy Biodiversity (flora and fauna) conservation is specially mentioned, very much

in line with the global development issues.

Forest act The most effective statutory instrument for the protection of Brunei's forests

and biodiversity has been the Forest Act which enables the establishment of Forest Reserves. Although the Act does not specifically mention the conservation of tree species it is included under general rules for the protection of the forests. Under Section 52 (Part Ill) of the Forest Act (Law of Brunei, Cap. 46) on harvesting forest resources, it is stated that:

• State land

1. Subject to the provisions of these rules, no person shall, except under and in accordance with the terms and conditions of a licence in forms 1,2 and 3, issued by a Forest Officer:-

a) fell, cut, tap, or injure by fire or otherwise any tree on state land; b) use timber on state land; to produce charcoal c) cut, collect, or remove from state land any forest produce included in the

First Schedule.


2. i) Except with the authorisation of the Conservator of Forests, no person shall fell any trees specified in the First Schedule having a girth less than the minim1:1.m prescribed in that Schedule.

ii) No trees of Shorea gysbertsiana, and any other species of Shorea that may be notified from time to time, producing illipe nuts, commonly known as engkabang or kawang, may be felled, burned, injured or removed from any state land.

iii)N 0 trees of the genus Dyera, commonly known as J elutong, shall be felled, burned, injured or removed from any state land, and the tapping of Jelutong trees shall be subject to such conditions as the Conservator of Forests may from time to time enforce.

• Reserved land (other than reserved forests)

3. No person shall tap, cut, saw, convert, or remove any forest produce included in the First Schedule or from any land (not being a reserved forest) which has been by notification in the Gazette reserved under the provisions of any law for a public purpose or for a residential reserve, except under and in accordance with the terms and conditions of a licence in forms 1,2 and 3 issued by the Forest Officer who controls such reserved land.

• Reserved forests

4. Permission to work within a reserved forest can be authorised by the Conservator of Forests under paragraph (c) of section 21, shall be given by means of a Permit which shall be subject to such conditions as the Conservator of Forests may consider it necessary either generally or specifically to impose.

• Alienated land

5. Subject to any legal or customary right, no forest produce included in the First Schedule shall be removed from any alienated land except under and in accordance with the terms and conditions of a licence in forms 1,2, and 3 issued by a Forest Officer.

Conservation activities/national park Specifically it is the policy of Brunei Darussalam government to manage the

genetic resources including habitats, with the aim of sustaining biodiversityand conservation of ecosystems.


2. i) Except with the authorisation of the Conservator of Forests, no person shall fell any trees specified in the First Schedule having a girth less than the minim1:1.m prescribed in that Schedule.

ii) No trees of Shorea gysbertsiana, and any other species of Shorea that may be notified from time to time, producing illipe nuts, commonly known as engkabang or kawang, may be felled, burned, injured or removed from any state land.

iii)N 0 trees of the genus Dyera, commonly known as J elutong, shall be felled, burned, injured or removed from any state land, and the tapping of Jelutong trees shall be subject to such conditions as the Conservator of Forests may from time to time enforce.

• Reserved land (other than reserved forests)

3. No person shall tap, cut, saw, convert, or remove any forest produce included in the First Schedule or from any land (not being a reserved forest) which has been by notification in the Gazette reserved under the provisions of any law for a public purpose or for a residential reserve, except under and in accordance with the terms and conditions of a licence in forms 1,2 and 3 issued by the Forest Officer who controls such reserved land.

• Reserved forests

4. Permission to work within a reserved forest can be authorised by the Conservator of Forests under paragraph (c) of section 21, shall be given by means of a Permit which shall be subject to such conditions as the Conservator of Forests may consider it necessary either generally or specifically to impose.

• Alienated land

5. Subject to any legal or customary right, no forest produce included in the First Schedule shall be removed from any alienated land except under and in accordance with the terms and conditions of a licence in forms 1,2, and 3 issued by a Forest Officer.

Conservation activities/national park Specifically it is the policy of Brunei Darussalam government to manage the

genetic resources including habitats, with the aim of sustaining biodiversityand conservation of ecosystems.


Specific measures and programmes relating to genetic conservation include development of appropriate silvicultural and management systems applicable to the Brunei forest conditions, plantation development, resource monitoring, research, ecotourism development, development of parks, protected areas and forest protection.

The development of national parks and protected areas also contribute to the genetic conservation programmes of the country. A total area of 50,000 hectares is being developed into the existing DIu Temburong National Park. In addition, the country has also designated an area of more than 1,700 hectares as forest park for recreation purposes. These areas are rich with diverse biological wealth of international importance. However, at present Brunei Darussalam does not have any specific legislation for national parks. Reserves and national parks have been established under the existing Forest Act following the National Forestry Policy.

Wildlife protection act (Cap. 102) The Wildlife Protection Act, administered by the Museums Department, has

provisions for the establishment of sanctuaries. It includes a schedule of protected animals that are not to be hunted, killed or captured. The Act only covers a very general reference to the forest. Part III of the Wildlife Sanctuaries states that:

a) Subject to the provisions of section 6, no person shall work or damage the Wildlife Sanctuary:

b) Quarry stone, burn lime or charcoal, or search for, collect or remove any forest produce or materials;

c) A Wildlife Sanctuary may include the whole or any part of a Forest Reserve or a Protected Forest, in which case nothing herein contained shall prohibit or restrict the management of the Forest or Protected Forest.

Other acts Apart from the above Acts, there are elements of environmental conservation

(and to a certain extent referring to biodiversity conserva tion) in other Enactments or Acts such as the,Mining Act 1920, Town and Country Planning Act 1972, Land Code, Water Supply Act, Customs Act, Poison Act 1957, Fisheries Act 1973, Ports Act, Antiquity and Treasure Trove Act 1971, and Penal Code 1952. In all, at least 10 ministries and 22 government departments and statutory bodies are concerned in the regulation of many aspects of the environment, and that in many cases the protection ofthe environment is incidental to their substantive mandates (Prabhu, 1996). Brunei Darussalam is in the process of drafting an Environment Act (Prabhu, 1996). The Brunei Government has authority in the protection of the environment through its National Environment Strategy which in its present capacity can be regarded as an existing law.


Specific measures and programmes relating to genetic conservation include development of appropriate silvicultural and management systems applicable to the Brunei forest conditions, plantation development, resource monitoring, research, ecotourism development, development of parks, protected areas and forest protection.

The development of national parks and protected areas also contribute to the genetic conservation programmes of the country. A total area of 50,000 hectares is being developed into the existing DIu Temburong National Park. In addition, the country has also designated an area of more than 1,700 hectares as forest park for recreation purposes. These areas are rich with diverse biological wealth of international importance. However, at present Brunei Darussalam does not have any specific legislation for national parks. Reserves and national parks have been established under the existing Forest Act following the National Forestry Policy.

Wildlife protection act (Cap. 102) The Wildlife Protection Act, administered by the Museums Department, has

provisions for the establishment of sanctuaries. It includes a schedule of protected animals that are not to be hunted, killed or captured. The Act only covers a very general reference to the forest. Part III of the Wildlife Sanctuaries states that:

a) Subject to the provisions of section 6, no person shall work or damage the Wildlife Sanctuary:

b) Quarry stone, burn lime or charcoal, or search for, collect or remove any forest produce or materials;

c) A Wildlife Sanctuary may include the whole or any part of a Forest Reserve or a Protected Forest, in which case nothing herein contained shall prohibit or restrict the management of the Forest or Protected Forest.

Other acts Apart from the above Acts, there are elements of environmental conservation

(and to a certain extent referring to biodiversity conserva tion) in other Enactments or Acts such as the,Mining Act 1920, Town and Country Planning Act 1972, Land Code, Water Supply Act, Customs Act, Poison Act 1957, Fisheries Act 1973, Ports Act, Antiquity and Treasure Trove Act 1971, and Penal Code 1952. In all, at least 10 ministries and 22 government departments and statutory bodies are concerned in the regulation of many aspects of the environment, and that in many cases the protection ofthe environment is incidental to their substantive mandates (Prabhu, 1996). Brunei Darussalam is in the process of drafting an Environment Act (Prabhu, 1996). The Brunei Government has authority in the protection of the environment through its National Environment Strategy which in its present capacity can be regarded as an existing law.


2.2.2 Indonesia The need for wood and timber on a national scale would affect the government/

forestry programs. One way is to increase the Industrial Forest Plantation (HT!) program extensively because deforestation of secondary forests is not a wise decision as it would cause environmental degradation. Increasing HT! plantations quantitatively would increase production both the quality and quantity. Indonesia established 283,557 ha of HT! during 1996/1997 or 11.83 % increase of REP LIT A VI that is 250, 000 ha (Anon, 1997)

Increasing the HTI plantation rate would decrease the number of available species and genotypes due to the less number of species utilized. Rapid progress in tree improvement and breeding would ultimately decrease the number of available genotypes. Other factors affecting depletion of forest tree genetic resources are conversion of forests into agricultural land, settlements and contruction of dams. Shifting cultivation is also a factor and is practiced although on a lesser intensity. Illegal cuttings have been reduced due to the unavailability of secondary forests and now has minimal impact on forest depletion. The conservation of forest tree genetic resources should be implemented, along with genetic diversity within species. Eiga (1994) stated main reasons for the conservation of forest genetic resources which are:

Species resources for breeding. i. Availability of species for breeding ii. Conservation of endangered rare tree species. iii. Conservation of potentially useful species: iv. Conservation of other genetic resources for scientific use other than the

ones mentioned above.

Figure 1. In situ conservation at privately owned concession area in Indonesia


2.2.2 Indonesia The need for wood and timber on a national scale would affect the government/

forestry programs. One way is to increase the Industrial Forest Plantation (HT!) program extensively because deforestation of secondary forests is not a wise decision as it would cause environmental degradation. Increasing HT! plantations quantitatively would increase production both the quality and quantity. Indonesia established 283,557 ha of HT! during 1996/1997 or 11.83 % increase of REP LIT A VI that is 250, 000 ha (Anon, 1997)

Increasing the HTI plantation rate would decrease the number of available species and genotypes due to the less number of species utilized. Rapid progress in tree improvement and breeding would ultimately decrease the number of available genotypes. Other factors affecting depletion of forest tree genetic resources are conversion of forests into agricultural land, settlements and contruction of dams. Shifting cultivation is also a factor and is practiced although on a lesser intensity. Illegal cuttings have been reduced due to the unavailability of secondary forests and now has minimal impact on forest depletion. The conservation of forest tree genetic resources should be implemented, along with genetic diversity within species. Eiga (1994) stated main reasons for the conservation of forest genetic resources which are:

Species resources for breeding. i. Availability of species for breeding ii. Conservation of endangered rare tree species. iii. Conservation of potentially useful species: iv. Conservation of other genetic resources for scientific use other than the

ones mentioned above.

Figure 1. In situ conservation at privately owned concession area in Indonesia


In Indonesia the Directorate of Forest Protection and Nature Preservation (DG PHP A) of the Ministry of Forestry is responsible for managing protected forests, national parks, game and wildlife reserves. Conservation activities are mainly concentrated on maintaining forest bio-diversity, flora and fauna. Specific activities on tree genetic resources such as conservation of superior genotypes for breeding programs, and rare species are handled and managed by specific institutions engaged in tree improvement and breeding of forest trees such as FTIRDI Yogyakarta, FRIs and forestry faculties in universities.

Laws on conservation of natural biodiversity and the ecosystem of Republic of Indonesia are included under Act no. 5/1990. This was based on Pasa15 ayat (1), Pasa120 ayat (1) and Pasa133 DUD 1945; DU no. 5/1967 about Forestry (Lembaran negara tahun 1967 Nombor 8, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nombor 2823); DU no. 4/1982 for management of a living ecosystem (Lembaran N egara Tahun 1982 Nombor 12, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nombor 3215); DU no.20 Tahun 1982 about National Safety Protection ( Lembaran Negara Tahun 1982 Nombor 51, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nombor 3234) have been changed by DU no. 1/ 1988 (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1988 Nombor 3, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nombor 3368); DU no. 9/1985 about fisheries (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1985 Nombor 46; Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nombor 3299) and hunting of animals are regulated under government regulation number 13, 1994.

The tree improvement program in Indonesia was implemented about 20 years ago. Presently the progress of the program in Indonesia is not far behind compared to similar programs implemented in Japan. This is probably because Indonesia has utilized fast growing species compared to those used in Japan such as Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) or Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) which have cutting rotations of 100 years.

The Government's policies on the conservation of biodiversity (Anon., 1994) are the following:

Forest resources: i. By planning land utilization and determining the permanent forest areas. ii. Forest land utilization with identified objectives to meet national targets. iii. Planting targets including annual planting. iv. Protection and production forests in permanent forest areas. v. Establishment of conservation network to implement forest programs.

Continuation of production flow: i. Annual statistics on national production of forest products. ii. Annual documentation of logging areas. iii. Length of cutting rotation for every forest type and time standards of forest

concessions. iv. Regulations on cutting sequence and record data on production forest

areas. v. Steps to harmonize the first cutting cycle and subsequent ones.


In Indonesia the Directorate of Forest Protection and Nature Preservation (DG PHP A) of the Ministry of Forestry is responsible for managing protected forests, national parks, game and wildlife reserves. Conservation activities are mainly concentrated on maintaining forest bio-diversity, flora and fauna. Specific activities on tree genetic resources such as conservation of superior genotypes for breeding programs, and rare species are handled and managed by specific institutions engaged in tree improvement and breeding of forest trees such as FTIRDI Yogyakarta, FRIs and forestry faculties in universities.

Laws on conservation of natural biodiversity and the ecosystem of Republic of Indonesia are included under Act no. 5/1990. This was based on Pasa15 ayat (1), Pasa120 ayat (1) and Pasa133 DUD 1945; DU no. 5/1967 about Forestry (Lembaran negara tahun 1967 Nombor 8, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nombor 2823); DU no. 4/1982 for management of a living ecosystem (Lembaran N egara Tahun 1982 Nombor 12, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nombor 3215); DU no.20 Tahun 1982 about National Safety Protection ( Lembaran Negara Tahun 1982 Nombor 51, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nombor 3234) have been changed by DU no. 1/ 1988 (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1988 Nombor 3, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nombor 3368); DU no. 9/1985 about fisheries (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1985 Nombor 46; Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nombor 3299) and hunting of animals are regulated under government regulation number 13, 1994.

The tree improvement program in Indonesia was implemented about 20 years ago. Presently the progress of the program in Indonesia is not far behind compared to similar programs implemented in Japan. This is probably because Indonesia has utilized fast growing species compared to those used in Japan such as Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) or Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) which have cutting rotations of 100 years.

The Government's policies on the conservation of biodiversity (Anon., 1994) are the following:

Forest resources: i. By planning land utilization and determining the permanent forest areas. ii. Forest land utilization with identified objectives to meet national targets. iii. Planting targets including annual planting. iv. Protection and production forests in permanent forest areas. v. Establishment of conservation network to implement forest programs.

Continuation of production flow: i. Annual statistics on national production of forest products. ii. Annual documentation of logging areas. iii. Length of cutting rotation for every forest type and time standards of forest

concessions. iv. Regulations on cutting sequence and record data on production forest

areas. v. Steps to harmonize the first cutting cycle and subsequent ones.


vi. Periodic timber production target from the forests. vii.The availability of silvicultural guidelines for the dominant forest types.

Level of environmental control: i. Management of other non-production components of the permanent forest

environment. ii. The ability to plan and protect water catchment areas and environmental

management for sustainability of production forests. iii. Following procedures available to assess Environmental Effects (AMDAL).

Socio-economic effect: i. Pattern and manpower trend. ii. Distribution pattern and income. iii. Expenses and income from forest management. iv. Following Procedures available to assess Environmental Effects (AMDAL).

Saving resources: i. Extension of forest environment or management unit. ii. Enforcing management plans. iii. Enforcing of borders in field management. iv. Prohibiting illegal cuttings human disturbances. v. Enforcing time period agreement on forest concessions.

Sustainability of timber production: i. Clear and direct cutting regulations. ii. Long-term soil productivity. iii. Inventory on stand potency before cutting. iv. Data about number of cut trees and/ or timber per hectare. v. Continuous monitoring of regeneration in logged-over areas. vi. Annual record on logging data and areas. vii.Identifying actual production areas.

Protection of flora and fauna: i. Protection of fauna ecosystem in HPH or forest management units. ii. Disturbance of vegetation after cutting.

Permitted level of environmental effect: i. The existence of soil degradation. ii. Areas and distribution of water bodies and protection areas of water

system. iii. Areas and level of soil erosion. vi. Regulations for protection of water bodies.


vi. Periodic timber production target from the forests. vii.The availability of silvicultural guidelines for the dominant forest types.

Level of environmental control: i. Management of other non-production components of the permanent forest

environment. ii. The ability to plan and protect water catchment areas and environmental

management for sustainability of production forests. iii. Following procedures available to assess Environmental Effects (AMDAL).

Socio-economic effect: i. Pattern and manpower trend. ii. Distribution pattern and income. iii. Expenses and income from forest management. iv. Following Procedures available to assess Environmental Effects (AMDAL).

Saving resources: i. Extension of forest environment or management unit. ii. Enforcing management plans. iii. Enforcing of borders in field management. iv. Prohibiting illegal cuttings human disturbances. v. Enforcing time period agreement on forest concessions.

Sustainability of timber production: i. Clear and direct cutting regulations. ii. Long-term soil productivity. iii. Inventory on stand potency before cutting. iv. Data about number of cut trees and/ or timber per hectare. v. Continuous monitoring of regeneration in logged-over areas. vi. Annual record on logging data and areas. vii.Identifying actual production areas.

Protection of flora and fauna: i. Protection of fauna ecosystem in HPH or forest management units. ii. Disturbance of vegetation after cutting.

Permitted level of environmental effect: i. The existence of soil degradation. ii. Areas and distribution of water bodies and protection areas of water

system. iii. Areas and level of soil erosion. vi. Regulations for protection of water bodies.


2.2.3 Malaysia Malaysia legislated details of forest conservation and acts were established

during the British Colonial era when forest reservations were created in order to protect them from indiscriminate fellings. Since then, the legal position has been further strengthened regarding protection of species. Another speciality of Malaysia is that it has three major regions with slightly different historical backgrounds. Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah have had different historical developments, inheriting different policies and legislations. They are now being made more uniform, but the state of development in the three regions perforce different approaches. For example in P. Malaysia, fewer people are dependent on shifting agriculture converse to the situation in Sabah and Sarawak. Thus enactments exist in the latter States to handle such situation. Likewise, the conservation laws differ in terms of forest use and indigenous peoples' rights. Despite this, there are no policies and any legal frameworks that specifically address the conservation probleams of timber species.

National forestry policy, 1978 (Amended 1992) Recognising the importance of forestry towards the socioeconomic development

of the country and in order to facilitate the adoption of a coordinated and common approach to forestry, the National Forestry Council (NFC) was established on 20 December, 1971 by the National Land Council (NLC). The NFC serves as a forum for the Federal and the State Governments to discuss and resolve common problems and issues relating to forestry policy, administration and management. The membership of the NFC comprises the Chief Ministers of the thirteen Malaysian States and Federal Ministers from the relevant Ministries. NFC is chaired by the Deputy Prime Minister reflecting the level of political commitment on matters related to forestry.

One of the most notable achievements of the NFC is the formulation of the National Forestry Policy which was endorsed by the NLC on 19 April, 1978. This National Forestry Policy contains 12 statements, formulated to ensure the sustenance and sound management of forest resources in Malaysia. NFP also covers some elements ofbiodiversity conservation or genetic conservation under the policy statement in section 1 (iii), section 2. Some of the related statements are:

• to dedicate sufficient areas of land strategically located throughout the country in accordance with the concept of national land use in order to ensure the conservation of adequate forest areas for recreation, education, research and the protection of the country's unique flora and fauna; and

• to manage them with the objective of maximising social, economic and environmental benefits for the nation and its people in accordance with the principles of sound forest management.


2.2.3 Malaysia Malaysia legislated details of forest conservation and acts were established

during the British Colonial era when forest reservations were created in order to protect them from indiscriminate fellings. Since then, the legal position has been further strengthened regarding protection of species. Another speciality of Malaysia is that it has three major regions with slightly different historical backgrounds. Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah have had different historical developments, inheriting different policies and legislations. They are now being made more uniform, but the state of development in the three regions perforce different approaches. For example in P. Malaysia, fewer people are dependent on shifting agriculture converse to the situation in Sabah and Sarawak. Thus enactments exist in the latter States to handle such situation. Likewise, the conservation laws differ in terms of forest use and indigenous peoples' rights. Despite this, there are no policies and any legal frameworks that specifically address the conservation probleams of timber species.

National forestry policy, 1978 (Amended 1992) Recognising the importance of forestry towards the socioeconomic development

of the country and in order to facilitate the adoption of a coordinated and common approach to forestry, the National Forestry Council (NFC) was established on 20 December, 1971 by the National Land Council (NLC). The NFC serves as a forum for the Federal and the State Governments to discuss and resolve common problems and issues relating to forestry policy, administration and management. The membership of the NFC comprises the Chief Ministers of the thirteen Malaysian States and Federal Ministers from the relevant Ministries. NFC is chaired by the Deputy Prime Minister reflecting the level of political commitment on matters related to forestry.

One of the most notable achievements of the NFC is the formulation of the National Forestry Policy which was endorsed by the NLC on 19 April, 1978. This National Forestry Policy contains 12 statements, formulated to ensure the sustenance and sound management of forest resources in Malaysia. NFP also covers some elements ofbiodiversity conservation or genetic conservation under the policy statement in section 1 (iii), section 2. Some of the related statements are:

• to dedicate sufficient areas of land strategically located throughout the country in accordance with the concept of national land use in order to ensure the conservation of adequate forest areas for recreation, education, research and the protection of the country's unique flora and fauna; and

• to manage them with the objective of maximising social, economic and environmental benefits for the nation and its people in accordance with the principles of sound forest management.


In fact, the National Forestry Policy was revised and amended in August, 1993 to incorporate sufficient provisions (Section 2.2.14). Nevertheless, there was no particular provision made on genetic conservation of timber species. To ensure effective implementation of the National Forestry Policy, the National Forestry Act and the Wood-Based Industries Act, forest administration, management, conservation and forestry sector development were streamlined. The two Acts were passed in Parliament in October, 1984. Prior to these two Acts, since 1930 different rules were formulated and practised by the respective state authorities in Peninsular Malaysia.

National forestry act, 1984 (Amended 1993) State Forest Enactment and Rules before 1984 had limited scope and depth to

meet present day needs. They were deficient and weak to support matters pertaining to forest conservation and management planning and the subsequent operations were vital for sustained yield management. Hence, the NFA was formulated and passed by the parliament in 1984 (Amended 1993) to eliminate such weaknesses.

Some of the salient parts of the NFA, under sections 7 and 12, which are implemented for conservation are as follows:

• when any land is allocated for economic use higher than that for which it is being utilised, the state authority should assign approximately equal area as replacement land and

• prepare and implement programmes relating to amenity forests.

The section 10-14 of this act also stipulates the need for equal replacement of every hectare of degazetted land. Unfortunately, there is no mention of compensating with forest land of equal or greater quality.

Wildlife act, 1972 The Act was promulgated in 1972 and its principles are being currently

implemented in Peninsular Malaysia. The Act empowers the authority, among others, to prescribe the following:

• to declare any state land to be wildlife reserve or a wildlife sanctuary; • to specify certain animals and birds to be partially or totally protected; and • to specify the location, methods or means and the time of the day or night

during which the protected wild animals or birds can be shot and killed including the types of firearms used.


In fact, the National Forestry Policy was revised and amended in August, 1993 to incorporate sufficient provisions (Section 2.2.14). Nevertheless, there was no particular provision made on genetic conservation of timber species. To ensure effective implementation of the National Forestry Policy, the National Forestry Act and the Wood-Based Industries Act, forest administration, management, conservation and forestry sector development were streamlined. The two Acts were passed in Parliament in October, 1984. Prior to these two Acts, since 1930 different rules were formulated and practised by the respective state authorities in Peninsular Malaysia.

National forestry act, 1984 (Amended 1993) State Forest Enactment and Rules before 1984 had limited scope and depth to

meet present day needs. They were deficient and weak to support matters pertaining to forest conservation and management planning and the subsequent operations were vital for sustained yield management. Hence, the NFA was formulated and passed by the parliament in 1984 (Amended 1993) to eliminate such weaknesses.

Some of the salient parts of the NFA, under sections 7 and 12, which are implemented for conservation are as follows:

• when any land is allocated for economic use higher than that for which it is being utilised, the state authority should assign approximately equal area as replacement land and

• prepare and implement programmes relating to amenity forests.

The section 10-14 of this act also stipulates the need for equal replacement of every hectare of degazetted land. Unfortunately, there is no mention of compensating with forest land of equal or greater quality.

Wildlife act, 1972 The Act was promulgated in 1972 and its principles are being currently

implemented in Peninsular Malaysia. The Act empowers the authority, among others, to prescribe the following:

• to declare any state land to be wildlife reserve or a wildlife sanctuary; • to specify certain animals and birds to be partially or totally protected; and • to specify the location, methods or means and the time of the day or night

during which the protected wild animals or birds can be shot and killed including the types of firearms used.


Environmental quality act, 1974 (Amended in 1994) The Act was amended to include Environmental Impact Assessment component

in 1985 under section 34A which requires any person intending to carry out any prescribed activity to submit a report on the environmental impact to the DirectorGeneral, Department of Environment, for approval. The Act came into force in 1978 which prescribes activities that involve the conversion of forest lands to other forms of land use that indirectly could control or reduce destruction of natural habitats. Such activities include:

• land development schemes converting an area of 500 ha or more of forest land into a different use;

• drainage of wetland, wildlife habitat or virgin forest covering an area of 100 ha or more;

• conversion of hill forestland to other land use covering an area of 50 ha or more; • logging or conversion of forested land to other land use within the catchment

area or reservoirs used for municipal water supply, irrigation or hydropower generator or areas adjacent to state and national parks and national marine parks;

• logging covering an area 500 ha or more; and • conversion of mangrove swamps for industrial, housing or agricultural use

covering 50 ha or more.

National parks act, 1980 The Act is currently being enforced in all the states in Peninsular Malaysia. The

establishment of parks under the Act is to preserve and protect wildlife, plant life and objects of geological, archaeological, historical, entomological, and other scientific and scenic interests and through their conservation and utilisation to promote education, culture, aesthetic values and recreation of the people.

Under the Act, the relevant authority may, among others, make regulations on the following matters:

• prohibition of burning, cutting and disposal of any plant materials found within a national park;

• the exclusion of members of the public from certain areas within a national park; and

• the prohibition of killing, maiming, trapping, capturing or importing and the disposal of any wildlife within a national park.

In Peninsular Malaysia, the need for effective forest management and conservation is not only to ensure sustained supply of timber but also to maintain environmental stability, provide sanctuary for wildlife and to serve as an invaluable storehouse of genetic resources useful for improvement of indigenous tree species. For instance, four tree species i.e. Ru laut (Casuarina equisetifolia) which prevents coastal erosion, Ensurai (Dipterocarpus oblongifolius) for control of river


Environmental quality act, 1974 (Amended in 1994) The Act was amended to include Environmental Impact Assessment component

in 1985 under section 34A which requires any person intending to carry out any prescribed activity to submit a report on the environmental impact to the DirectorGeneral, Department of Environment, for approval. The Act came into force in 1978 which prescribes activities that involve the conversion of forest lands to other forms of land use that indirectly could control or reduce destruction of natural habitats. Such activities include:

• land development schemes converting an area of 500 ha or more of forest land into a different use;

• drainage of wetland, wildlife habitat or virgin forest covering an area of 100 ha or more;

• conversion of hill forestland to other land use covering an area of 50 ha or more; • logging or conversion of forested land to other land use within the catchment

area or reservoirs used for municipal water supply, irrigation or hydropower generator or areas adjacent to state and national parks and national marine parks;

• logging covering an area 500 ha or more; and • conversion of mangrove swamps for industrial, housing or agricultural use

covering 50 ha or more.

National parks act, 1980 The Act is currently being enforced in all the states in Peninsular Malaysia. The

establishment of parks under the Act is to preserve and protect wildlife, plant life and objects of geological, archaeological, historical, entomological, and other scientific and scenic interests and through their conservation and utilisation to promote education, culture, aesthetic values and recreation of the people.

Under the Act, the relevant authority may, among others, make regulations on the following matters:

• prohibition of burning, cutting and disposal of any plant materials found within a national park;

• the exclusion of members of the public from certain areas within a national park; and

• the prohibition of killing, maiming, trapping, capturing or importing and the disposal of any wildlife within a national park.

In Peninsular Malaysia, the need for effective forest management and conservation is not only to ensure sustained supply of timber but also to maintain environmental stability, provide sanctuary for wildlife and to serve as an invaluable storehouse of genetic resources useful for improvement of indigenous tree species. For instance, four tree species i.e. Ru laut (Casuarina equisetifolia) which prevents coastal erosion, Ensurai (Dipterocarpus oblongifolius) for control of river


erosion, Engkabang jantung (Shorea macrophylla) and Engkabang bintang (Shorea splendida) for production of valuable illipenuts are totally protected in Sarawak as a result of appropriate placement of the 3 ordinances viz. (i) The Forest Ordinance (ii) National Parks Ordinance and (iii) Wildlife Ordinance. To ensure that all the designated areas are being conserved, the government is responsible to make revisions on the policies, acts or enactments to suit with the development from time to time.

National policy on biological diversity, 1998 The National Policy on Biological Diversity was formulated to ensure the

preservation and sustainable use of biological resources for the continued progress and socio-economic development of the nation. It was drawn by an ad hoc national committee coordinated by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment with the vision of transforming Malaysia into a centre of excellence in conservation, research and utilization of biological diversity following the strategies for year 2020. This policy lists 15 strategies with action plans to achieve the stated objectives.

Eventhough, the legislation for conservation of biological diversity exists it is still confined within the sectoral boundaries, similarly with managerial and administrative aspects.

2.2.4 Philippines The Philippines has promulgated several national policies and legislations that

are concerned with conservation, protection and proper utilization of its natural resources. Below are some details of several government laws that are directly or indirectly related with the protection and conservation of tree genetic resources.

The Philippine constitution The Philippine constitution has provisions that relate to forest resources:

1. Protection and achievement by the State of the right of all Filipino people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accordance with the rhythm and harmony of nature (Sec.16, Art. II); framework of national unity and development (Sec.22, Art. II);

2. State of ownership of all natural resources and inalienability, except for agricultural lands (Sec.2, Art. XII);

3. Full control and supervision by the State on exploration, development, and utilization of natural resources either by directly undertaking such activities or by entering into co-production, joint venture or production-sharing agreements with Filipino citizens or Filipino owned or controlled corporations or associations (Sec.2, Art. XII),


erosion, Engkabang jantung (Shorea macrophylla) and Engkabang bintang (Shorea splendida) for production of valuable illipenuts are totally protected in Sarawak as a result of appropriate placement of the 3 ordinances viz. (i) The Forest Ordinance (ii) National Parks Ordinance and (iii) Wildlife Ordinance. To ensure that all the designated areas are being conserved, the government is responsible to make revisions on the policies, acts or enactments to suit with the development from time to time.

National policy on biological diversity, 1998 The National Policy on Biological Diversity was formulated to ensure the

preservation and sustainable use of biological resources for the continued progress and socio-economic development of the nation. It was drawn by an ad hoc national committee coordinated by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment with the vision of transforming Malaysia into a centre of excellence in conservation, research and utilization of biological diversity following the strategies for year 2020. This policy lists 15 strategies with action plans to achieve the stated objectives.

Eventhough, the legislation for conservation of biological diversity exists it is still confined within the sectoral boundaries, similarly with managerial and administrative aspects.

2.2.4 Philippines The Philippines has promulgated several national policies and legislations that

are concerned with conservation, protection and proper utilization of its natural resources. Below are some details of several government laws that are directly or indirectly related with the protection and conservation of tree genetic resources.

The Philippine constitution The Philippine constitution has provisions that relate to forest resources:

1. Protection and achievement by the State of the right of all Filipino people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accordance with the rhythm and harmony of nature (Sec.16, Art. II); framework of national unity and development (Sec.22, Art. II);

2. State of ownership of all natural resources and inalienability, except for agricultural lands (Sec.2, Art. XII);

3. Full control and supervision by the State on exploration, development, and utilization of natural resources either by directly undertaking such activities or by entering into co-production, joint venture or production-sharing agreements with Filipino citizens or Filipino owned or controlled corporations or associations (Sec.2, Art. XII),


4. Small scale utilization of natural resources (Sec.2, Art. XIII);

5. Determination by Congress of the specific limits of forest lands by marking their boundaries on the ground (Sec.4, Art. XII);

6. Protection of the rights of ICCs by the State to their ancestral lands to ensure their economic, social, and cultural well being (Sec.5, Art.XII).

Of the seven provisions by the Philippine constitution, Article XII of Sections 4 and 5 are relevant to the conservation of tree species.

The Philippines has expressed its commitment to protect and conserve the biological resources through the formulation of the Philippine Strategy for Sustainable Development (PSSD) which was endorsed by former President Corazon Aquino and subsequently approved by the Cabinet in 1989 as a basic response to the global call for well balanced resource development.

Presidential decrees and executive orders Pursuantto PD No. 70S, as amended, and E. O. No. 192 dated 10 June 1987, and

in consonance with the sustainable development thrust of the government, a Log Control and Monitoring System were adopted with the following guidelines:

Section 1-Basic policy. Sustainability of the timber resources as a tool towards economic productivity and protection of the environment through maintenance of an adequate balance between resource growth and timber drain.

Section 2 - Objectives. The establishment of an effective Log Control and Monitoring System is aimed to:

2.1 Standardize gathering of timber resources data for easy storage, retrieval and audit;

2.2 Systematize the tracking of log and lumber flows from source to endusers;

2.3 Optimize utilization of timber resources; 2.4 Provide information for updating of timber/unit recovery factors from

residual plantation forests; 2.5 Improve the collection of forest derived revenues; and 2.6 Curtail unauthorized cutting, transportation, processing and disposition

of timber and wood products. .

Executive order no. 192 As mandated by Executive Order No. 192, was formulated, the Philippine

Strategy for Sustainable Development (PSSD) with biodiversity conservation as one of its ten major strategies. In the same year, the Philippine Council for Sustainable Development was created with a sub-committee on biodiversity


4. Small scale utilization of natural resources (Sec.2, Art. XIII);

5. Determination by Congress of the specific limits of forest lands by marking their boundaries on the ground (Sec.4, Art. XII);

6. Protection of the rights of ICCs by the State to their ancestral lands to ensure their economic, social, and cultural well being (Sec.5, Art.XII).

Of the seven provisions by the Philippine constitution, Article XII of Sections 4 and 5 are relevant to the conservation of tree species.

The Philippines has expressed its commitment to protect and conserve the biological resources through the formulation of the Philippine Strategy for Sustainable Development (PSSD) which was endorsed by former President Corazon Aquino and subsequently approved by the Cabinet in 1989 as a basic response to the global call for well balanced resource development.

Presidential decrees and executive orders Pursuantto PD No. 70S, as amended, and E. O. No. 192 dated 10 June 1987, and

in consonance with the sustainable development thrust of the government, a Log Control and Monitoring System were adopted with the following guidelines:

Section 1-Basic policy. Sustainability of the timber resources as a tool towards economic productivity and protection of the environment through maintenance of an adequate balance between resource growth and timber drain.

Section 2 - Objectives. The establishment of an effective Log Control and Monitoring System is aimed to:

2.1 Standardize gathering of timber resources data for easy storage, retrieval and audit;

2.2 Systematize the tracking of log and lumber flows from source to endusers;

2.3 Optimize utilization of timber resources; 2.4 Provide information for updating of timber/unit recovery factors from

residual plantation forests; 2.5 Improve the collection of forest derived revenues; and 2.6 Curtail unauthorized cutting, transportation, processing and disposition

of timber and wood products. .

Executive order no. 192 As mandated by Executive Order No. 192, was formulated, the Philippine

Strategy for Sustainable Development (PSSD) with biodiversity conservation as one of its ten major strategies. In the same year, the Philippine Council for Sustainable Development was created with a sub-committee on biodiversity


chaired by the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau of DENR. In 1994, the subcommittee on biodiversity formulated the Philippine Strategy for the Conservation of Biological Diversity (PSBDC) which became one of the basis in the preparation of the 1995 United Nations Environment Program or UNEP-assisted Biodiversity study. This project study also refined the PSBDC into the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan for the Philippines (NBSAP) in 1996, which was approved in June 1997 with PAWB as the overall coordinator.

Consistent with the goals of the Convention on Biological Diversity at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the NBSAP has the following goals and objectives:

1. Conservation of diversity through improved knowledge, management systems, research and development, information and institutional support;

2. Sustainable use of biodiversity; . 3. Equitable sharing of the benefits derived from biodiversity. 4. Collaborative activities to conservation strategies and management approaches; 5. Formulation of policies for the conservation, sustainable use, and equitable

sharing of biodiversity benefits; 6. Integration of biodiversity conservation strategies in development planning; 7. Practice of conservation ethics for using biodiversity; 8. Multisectoral participation in biodiversity conservation; and 9. Fulfillment of the country's obligations to various international agreements on

the conservation of biodiversity.

To realize the above objectives the following strategies and actions were proposed:

1. Expansion and improvement of knowledge on the extent, characteristics, uses and economic value of biodiversity;

2. Enhancement of existing and planned biodiversity conservation efforts and identifying potential ones, consolidating research and development and setting up of networks of conservation centers; ,

3. Formulation of policies and laws on biodiversity conservation emphasizing on the sustainable use and equitable sharing of benefits;

4. Integration of biodiversity conservation at all levels of government and nongovernment planning and in strengthening human resources capability for biodiversity conservation;

5. Mobilization and integration of information, education and communication (lEC) on biodiversity systems and

6. Advocacy for stronger international cooperation on biodiversity conservation.


chaired by the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau of DENR. In 1994, the subcommittee on biodiversity formulated the Philippine Strategy for the Conservation of Biological Diversity (PSBDC) which became one of the basis in the preparation of the 1995 United Nations Environment Program or UNEP-assisted Biodiversity study. This project study also refined the PSBDC into the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan for the Philippines (NBSAP) in 1996, which was approved in June 1997 with PAWB as the overall coordinator.

Consistent with the goals of the Convention on Biological Diversity at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the NBSAP has the following goals and objectives:

1. Conservation of diversity through improved knowledge, management systems, research and development, information and institutional support;

2. Sustainable use of biodiversity; . 3. Equitable sharing of the benefits derived from biodiversity. 4. Collaborative activities to conservation strategies and management approaches; 5. Formulation of policies for the conservation, sustainable use, and equitable

sharing of biodiversity benefits; 6. Integration of biodiversity conservation strategies in development planning; 7. Practice of conservation ethics for using biodiversity; 8. Multisectoral participation in biodiversity conservation; and 9. Fulfillment of the country's obligations to various international agreements on

the conservation of biodiversity.

To realize the above objectives the following strategies and actions were proposed:

1. Expansion and improvement of knowledge on the extent, characteristics, uses and economic value of biodiversity;

2. Enhancement of existing and planned biodiversity conservation efforts and identifying potential ones, consolidating research and development and setting up of networks of conservation centers; ,

3. Formulation of policies and laws on biodiversity conservation emphasizing on the sustainable use and equitable sharing of benefits;

4. Integration of biodiversity conservation at all levels of government and nongovernment planning and in strengthening human resources capability for biodiversity conservation;

5. Mobilization and integration of information, education and communication (lEC) on biodiversity systems and

6. Advocacy for stronger international cooperation on biodiversity conservation.


The signing of the CBD by the Philippines in 1992 increased the appreciation and interest on biodiversity conservation, which are manifested in the form of policies and action projects. Through the Executive Order N 0.192, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) has the prime responsibility to promote the well-being of the Filipino people through sustainable development of the country's forest resources, optimal utilization of forest lands, social equity and efficiency of forest resource use and effective forest management.

2.2.5 Papua New Guinea The national government has specific obligations to the nation as directed by

the National Goals and Directive Principles within the National Constitution that relates to the conservation of the country's natural resources and protection of the environment and this is:

"We declare our fourth goal to be for Papua New Guinea's natural resources and environment to be conserved and used for the collective benefit for us all, and be replenished for the benefit of future generations".

The constitutional directive principle has been disregarded by the timber industry and many resource owners in the country during the late eighties creating an extremely difficult situation for the former Department of Forests to regulate the timber industry sector. Concerns about environmental and financial mis-managementwere expressed at national government and intern ationallevels. Consequently reforms were instituted to control the situation. The outcome of these reforms was the approval of a New Forest Policy (1990) and supporting legislation !in 1991). The Department of Environment and Conservation also received significant support to combat poor forest harvest practices and to ensure that forests and the environment were protected (PNG Forest Authority, 1995).

Importantly, the new Forest Policy encapsulated the intentions of the National Constitution in its two main objectives. These are:

• The management and protection of the nation's forest resources as a renewable natural asset.

• Utilization of the nation's forest resources to achieve growth, employment creation, greater Papua New Guinea participation in the industry and increased viable onshore processing.

The new Forestry Act of 1991, supported by legislation, provides the basis for implementing the forest policy. Of note provisions are made in the Forestry Act for the Minister for Forests to be able to ban the expert of certain species (section 134 of the Act). Other aspects of legislation is the designated responsibility of the PNG Forest Authority to manage the national forest resources on a sustainable basis.

Other government agencies responsible for legislation and with influence over forest harvesting are the Provincial Forest management committees (ensuring all sectors of their society are involved in forest management in their province), the Department of Finance (enforcing the Customs Act, Customs Tariff Act and


The signing of the CBD by the Philippines in 1992 increased the appreciation and interest on biodiversity conservation, which are manifested in the form of policies and action projects. Through the Executive Order N 0.192, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) has the prime responsibility to promote the well-being of the Filipino people through sustainable development of the country's forest resources, optimal utilization of forest lands, social equity and efficiency of forest resource use and effective forest management.

2.2.5 Papua New Guinea The national government has specific obligations to the nation as directed by

the National Goals and Directive Principles within the National Constitution that relates to the conservation of the country's natural resources and protection of the environment and this is:

"We declare our fourth goal to be for Papua New Guinea's natural resources and environment to be conserved and used for the collective benefit for us all, and be replenished for the benefit of future generations".

The constitutional directive principle has been disregarded by the timber industry and many resource owners in the country during the late eighties creating an extremely difficult situation for the former Department of Forests to regulate the timber industry sector. Concerns about environmental and financial mis-managementwere expressed at national government and intern ationallevels. Consequently reforms were instituted to control the situation. The outcome of these reforms was the approval of a New Forest Policy (1990) and supporting legislation !in 1991). The Department of Environment and Conservation also received significant support to combat poor forest harvest practices and to ensure that forests and the environment were protected (PNG Forest Authority, 1995).

Importantly, the new Forest Policy encapsulated the intentions of the National Constitution in its two main objectives. These are:

• The management and protection of the nation's forest resources as a renewable natural asset.

• Utilization of the nation's forest resources to achieve growth, employment creation, greater Papua New Guinea participation in the industry and increased viable onshore processing.

The new Forestry Act of 1991, supported by legislation, provides the basis for implementing the forest policy. Of note provisions are made in the Forestry Act for the Minister for Forests to be able to ban the expert of certain species (section 134 of the Act). Other aspects of legislation is the designated responsibility of the PNG Forest Authority to manage the national forest resources on a sustainable basis.

Other government agencies responsible for legislation and with influence over forest harvesting are the Provincial Forest management committees (ensuring all sectors of their society are involved in forest management in their province), the Department of Finance (enforcing the Customs Act, Customs Tariff Act and


Exports (control and valuation) Act), and the Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) which is the lead national agency on conservation and environmental issues. Its policies are supported by four acts; Environmental Planning Act, Conservation Areas Act, Water Resources Act and Environmental Contaminants Act. This department is also responsible for the preparation of environmental plans for commercial operations and in cooperation with the Forest Authority, produced key standards for selection logging in Papua New Guinea (PNG Forest Authority, 1995).


Exports (control and valuation) Act), and the Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) which is the lead national agency on conservation and environmental issues. Its policies are supported by four acts; Environmental Planning Act, Conservation Areas Act, Water Resources Act and Environmental Contaminants Act. This department is also responsible for the preparation of environmental plans for commercial operations and in cooperation with the Forest Authority, produced key standards for selection logging in Papua New Guinea (PNG Forest Authority, 1995).


Chapter 3

CONSERVATION STATUS AND MANAGEMENT

OF TREE GENETIC RESOURCES

Regional overview

In situ conservation Broadly speaking, the various in situ conservation measures adopted by the

countries under review appear to be similar. In general most countries have divided their forests into production and protection categories. The production forests are the ones which are zoned for harvesting timber and other produce, at least theoretically on a sustainable basis. The plantations, which are generally species poor are also classed under this category. Within the production forest too, segments that are difficult to manage such as locally steep hills, timber-poor areas such as swampy lands are also set aside for habitat and species protection. Peninsular Malaysia developed the concept of Virgin Jungle Reserves (VJRs) as early as 1940. Within every large production forest compartment or forest reserve, between 80 - 200 ha of undisturbed vegetation is protected as a VJR. These VJRs may comprise unique habitats, endemic or rare species, and may also harbour high quality timber tree species saved as source of seeds for future rehabilitation programmes.

The protection forests comprise vegetation set aside for fulfilling a variety of roles, including amenities like water catchments, soil protection areas, ecotourism, research and education, and a variety of state and national wildlife parks or reserves. Others like hunting parks, historical sites, biological and ecosystem parks are also commonly established. In Papua New Guinea even national walking tracks have been identified for conservation. One other interesting concept is the Germplasm Resource Area where targetted species, mainly timber species are conserved for future breeding programmes. Forest lands devoted for local community utilization deserve special mention as these communities include useful species, mainly those that yield minor forest produce like edible fruits and nuts, other foods, resins, medicinal plants, fibres, etc. Besides the above a number of development programmes including tree improvement and rehabilitation of bare sites qualify for in situ conservation. Indonesia is particularly active in promoting such areas. Within the tree improvement programmes exist seed provenance stands, seedling and clonal orchards.

Another aspect of in situ tree species conservation is the management by all the countries of species that yield timber and other products on a sustainable basis. In


Chapter 3

CONSERVATION STATUS AND MANAGEMENT

OF TREE GENETIC RESOURCES

Regional overview

In situ conservation Broadly speaking, the various in situ conservation measures adopted by the

countries under review appear to be similar. In general most countries have divided their forests into production and protection categories. The production forests are the ones which are zoned for harvesting timber and other produce, at least theoretically on a sustainable basis. The plantations, which are generally species poor are also classed under this category. Within the production forest too, segments that are difficult to manage such as locally steep hills, timber-poor areas such as swampy lands are also set aside for habitat and species protection. Peninsular Malaysia developed the concept of Virgin Jungle Reserves (VJRs) as early as 1940. Within every large production forest compartment or forest reserve, between 80 - 200 ha of undisturbed vegetation is protected as a VJR. These VJRs may comprise unique habitats, endemic or rare species, and may also harbour high quality timber tree species saved as source of seeds for future rehabilitation programmes.

The protection forests comprise vegetation set aside for fulfilling a variety of roles, including amenities like water catchments, soil protection areas, ecotourism, research and education, and a variety of state and national wildlife parks or reserves. Others like hunting parks, historical sites, biological and ecosystem parks are also commonly established. In Papua New Guinea even national walking tracks have been identified for conservation. One other interesting concept is the Germplasm Resource Area where targetted species, mainly timber species are conserved for future breeding programmes. Forest lands devoted for local community utilization deserve special mention as these communities include useful species, mainly those that yield minor forest produce like edible fruits and nuts, other foods, resins, medicinal plants, fibres, etc. Besides the above a number of development programmes including tree improvement and rehabilitation of bare sites qualify for in situ conservation. Indonesia is particularly active in promoting such areas. Within the tree improvement programmes exist seed provenance stands, seedling and clonal orchards.

Another aspect of in situ tree species conservation is the management by all the countries of species that yield timber and other products on a sustainable basis. In


many situations the harvesting has been selective, heavily skewed for the most valuable timber and other species, so much so their future existence is in jeopardy. Whatever data that is coming out of cut forests clearly indicate that the less valuable timber species have begun to dominate the stand. Besides this, there are also genuine efforts carried out in enrichment planting at different levels of intensity in most of the countries. This augments the sustainable management efforts in terms of species conservation. Other programmes such as the timber stand improvement and restoration of degraded areas contribute to the in situ conservation efforts in most countries.

One final point is the realization that production forests would ultimately comprise the major and most extensive tracks of forests in all these Southeast Asian countries. It has been contented that if sustainably managed, these managed forests would form the biggest in situ conservation areas for forest tree species. The validity of this point cannot be less trenchantly emphasised. However, whether these large forest areas are truly managed on a sustainable basis, and therefore they indeed play the role of species conservation is another matter. Herein lies the greatest challenge to forest managers and conservation biologists. How to create a system whereby the produce of the forest is harvested without endangering the species that comprise the ecosystem. Much progress is made in this direction, and new and innovative techniques and approaches are developed. These include reduced impact logging techniques which achieve less damage to the stand, and Forest Certification Programmes which allow independent auditing of forest management. This comes as an external force and may be an incentive as well to ensure that the forests are managed on a sustainable basis, and species conservation is achieved in the process.

Ex situ conservation The details of ex situ conservation techniques are given elsewhere in this

report. Ex situ conservation has an important role to play in these mega-diversity centres of the world. Their importance would grow with increase in demand for genotypes most suitable for propagation. The conservation techniqes also have a major role to important species as a last effort to rescue them. Their values would also be realized, the species living under altered environments are unable to breed normally. Remedial measure need to be taken.

The ex situ conservation work receives less emphasis in countries like Papua New Guinea where the forests are not severely threatened. Moreover the techniques require strong research scientists support and not all the countries have sufficiently well developed research institutions to carry out the work. Arboreta, seed orchar~s and clonal banks are common to all the countries. In some countries extensive trial plots of local and exotic species are present, which are the repositories of important genetic and clonal materiaL Special areas have been demarcated, usually trees with exceptionally good qualities and these become future seed collection areas. There are claims for seed orchards but more often than not they may be only seed collection areas and not orchards designed for the purpose.


many situations the harvesting has been selective, heavily skewed for the most valuable timber and other species, so much so their future existence is in jeopardy. Whatever data that is coming out of cut forests clearly indicate that the less valuable timber species have begun to dominate the stand. Besides this, there are also genuine efforts carried out in enrichment planting at different levels of intensity in most of the countries. This augments the sustainable management efforts in terms of species conservation. Other programmes such as the timber stand improvement and restoration of degraded areas contribute to the in situ conservation efforts in most countries.

One final point is the realization that production forests would ultimately comprise the major and most extensive tracks of forests in all these Southeast Asian countries. It has been contented that if sustainably managed, these managed forests would form the biggest in situ conservation areas for forest tree species. The validity of this point cannot be less trenchantly emphasised. However, whether these large forest areas are truly managed on a sustainable basis, and therefore they indeed play the role of species conservation is another matter. Herein lies the greatest challenge to forest managers and conservation biologists. How to create a system whereby the produce of the forest is harvested without endangering the species that comprise the ecosystem. Much progress is made in this direction, and new and innovative techniques and approaches are developed. These include reduced impact logging techniques which achieve less damage to the stand, and Forest Certification Programmes which allow independent auditing of forest management. This comes as an external force and may be an incentive as well to ensure that the forests are managed on a sustainable basis, and species conservation is achieved in the process.

Ex situ conservation The details of ex situ conservation techniques are given elsewhere in this

report. Ex situ conservation has an important role to play in these mega-diversity centres of the world. Their importance would grow with increase in demand for genotypes most suitable for propagation. The conservation techniqes also have a major role to important species as a last effort to rescue them. Their values would also be realized, the species living under altered environments are unable to breed normally. Remedial measure need to be taken.

The ex situ conservation work receives less emphasis in countries like Papua New Guinea where the forests are not severely threatened. Moreover the techniques require strong research scientists support and not all the countries have sufficiently well developed research institutions to carry out the work. Arboreta, seed orchar~s and clonal banks are common to all the countries. In some countries extensive trial plots of local and exotic species are present, which are the repositories of important genetic and clonal materiaL Special areas have been demarcated, usually trees with exceptionally good qualities and these become future seed collection areas. There are claims for seed orchards but more often than not they may be only seed collection areas and not orchards designed for the purpose.


Table 1. Measures adopted by countries for in situ conservation of plants and animals

Country

Brunei

Indonesia

11alaysia

Phillipines

Papua New Guinea

In situ conservation measures

Forest Reserves-Production

Stateland Forests Germplasm Conservation

Ecosystem Reserves Tree Species Conservation

Protected Areas

Production Forests

Total Protected Areas

Permanent Forest Reserves

Conservation Forests National Parks Recreational Forests

Forest 11anagement Germplasm Resource Areas

National Parks, Wildlife reserves, Conservation Programme: Replanting bare sites, Hunting Park, Tree Improvement Programmes: (Provenance Seed Stand, Seed Orchard, Clonal Seed Orchard, Provenances) Local Community Activity (Biosphere reserves) National Parks State Parks

Production Forests Protection Forests Amenity Research and Education Virgin Jungle Reserves Genetic Resource Areas Seed Production Areas

Tree Species Conservation Integrated Protected Area System National Parks Protected Areas

Genetic Resources, Research and Development-in situ conservation stands National Parks & Fauna Acts

Wildlife 11anagement Areas Sanctuaries National Parks Provincial Parks Protected Areas (Biological & Ecosystem Reserves) Nature Reserves Historical Sites National Walking Tracks

Integrated Conservation & Development Projects National Forest and Conservation Action Progmmes


Table 1. Measures adopted by countries for in situ conservation of plants and animals

Country

Brunei

Indonesia

11alaysia

Phillipines

Papua New Guinea

In situ conservation measures

Forest Reserves-Production

Stateland Forests Germplasm Conservation

Ecosystem Reserves Tree Species Conservation

Protected Areas

Production Forests

Total Protected Areas

Permanent Forest Reserves

Conservation Forests National Parks Recreational Forests

Forest 11anagement Germplasm Resource Areas

National Parks, Wildlife reserves, Conservation Programme: Replanting bare sites, Hunting Park, Tree Improvement Programmes: (Provenance Seed Stand, Seed Orchard, Clonal Seed Orchard, Provenances) Local Community Activity (Biosphere reserves) National Parks State Parks

Production Forests Protection Forests Amenity Research and Education Virgin Jungle Reserves Genetic Resource Areas Seed Production Areas

Tree Species Conservation Integrated Protected Area System National Parks Protected Areas

Genetic Resources, Research and Development-in situ conservation stands National Parks & Fauna Acts

Wildlife 11anagement Areas Sanctuaries National Parks Provincial Parks Protected Areas (Biological & Ecosystem Reserves) Nature Reserves Historical Sites National Walking Tracks

Integrated Conservation & Development Projects National Forest and Conservation Action Progmmes


Next to mention are a series of difficult techniques which assist in conservation of tree species. In places like Papua New Guinea, for obvious reasons such problems need to be well identified. Indonesia and Malaysia have strong plantation programmes on the drawing board. Techniques such as tissue culture, seed storage, cryopreservation of seeds and pollen, and recombinant DNA techniques are in vogue, and institutions are using considerable amounts of research grants to develop the techniques. The anticipated results have not yet justified their expense, but in the long term they may prove helpful for developing plantations and to conserve rare and highly threatened species.

Table 2. General list of ex situ conservation measures being pursued in some Southeast Asian countries

Country

Brunei

Indonesia

Malaysia

Philippines

Papua New Guinea

Ex situ Activities & Techniques

Trial Plots of Local & Exotic Tree species In vitro Cultures of elite genotypes In vitro Storage Field Gene Banks Seed Banks & Seed Orchards Germplasm Collection Forest Genetic Resources checklist

Genebanks for Seed & Pollen Clonal Banks Arboreta Breeding Populations Tissue Culture Cryopreservation Recombinant DNA

Trial Plots of Local and Exotic Tree Species Seed Stands / Orchards Clonal Orchards Seed Genebanks In vitro Gene Banks Cryopreservation Slow growth studies Tissue Culture

Species and Provenance Trials Clonal Propagation Macropropagation Tissue Culture Seed Banks In vitro banks

Seed Orchards Gene Banks Clonal Orchards & Banks Arboreta


Next to mention are a series of difficult techniques which assist in conservation of tree species. In places like Papua New Guinea, for obvious reasons such problems need to be well identified. Indonesia and Malaysia have strong plantation programmes on the drawing board. Techniques such as tissue culture, seed storage, cryopreservation of seeds and pollen, and recombinant DNA techniques are in vogue, and institutions are using considerable amounts of research grants to develop the techniques. The anticipated results have not yet justified their expense, but in the long term they may prove helpful for developing plantations and to conserve rare and highly threatened species.

Table 2. General list of ex situ conservation measures being pursued in some Southeast Asian countries

Country

Brunei

Indonesia

Malaysia

Philippines

Papua New Guinea

Ex situ Activities & Techniques

Trial Plots of Local & Exotic Tree species In vitro Cultures of elite genotypes In vitro Storage Field Gene Banks Seed Banks & Seed Orchards Germplasm Collection Forest Genetic Resources checklist

Genebanks for Seed & Pollen Clonal Banks Arboreta Breeding Populations Tissue Culture Cryopreservation Recombinant DNA

Trial Plots of Local and Exotic Tree Species Seed Stands / Orchards Clonal Orchards Seed Genebanks In vitro Gene Banks Cryopreservation Slow growth studies Tissue Culture

Species and Provenance Trials Clonal Propagation Macropropagation Tissue Culture Seed Banks In vitro banks

Seed Orchards Gene Banks Clonal Orchards & Banks Arboreta


Country profiles

Brunei Darussalam

In situ conservation The forests in Brunei Darussalam are generally categorized into Forest

Reserves (Permanent Forest Estates) or stateland forests. The former consists of areas to be kept as permanent forests and to be managed for maximum benefits. The latter is earmarked for non-forest development such as for agriculture, industries, residential areas, etc. This means that the control of Forestry Department on the statelands lasts as long as the forests exist. Once they are exploited, the land will automatically be under the jurisdiction of the relevant government agencies. Forest Reserves which currently cover some 42 % (or approximately 226,000 ha) of the totalland area ofthe country have been carefully managed and well maintained for sustained yield management. Steps are now being taken to increase the present extent of the reserved forests to about 55% of the total land area in compliance with the objectives of the National Forestry Policy. The latter dictates that the country should maintain at least 55% of land under permanent forest cover.

To effectively manage and conserve the forest resources, the Forestry Department has classified the forest resources into functional categories, viz., Production Forests, Recreation Forests, Protection Forests, Conservation Forests and National Park (see Table 3 for the extent of the various categories):

• Protection Forests - Preserved forests which are intended primarily to protect soil and water resources; prevent or minimise the occurrence of floods, droughts, erosion, pollution and similar environmental problems; and contribute to the ecological stability of the country.

• Production Forests - natural and man-made forests, including non-timber plantations, for sustained supply of forest products for the country.

• Recreational Forests - Forested areas with natural features that are developed for outdoor recreation in order to promote social, psychological, physical and economic well being of the people.

• Conservation Forests - undisturbed forests set aside to preserve and conserve biodiversity for scientific, educational and related purposes.

• National Park - area with distinct geologic, topographic and other formations and features of special interest, which are reserved to maintain biologically diverse plant and animal communities for the benefit of the present as well as the coming generations.


Country profiles

Brunei Darussalam

In situ conservation The forests in Brunei Darussalam are generally categorized into Forest

Reserves (Permanent Forest Estates) or stateland forests. The former consists of areas to be kept as permanent forests and to be managed for maximum benefits. The latter is earmarked for non-forest development such as for agriculture, industries, residential areas, etc. This means that the control of Forestry Department on the statelands lasts as long as the forests exist. Once they are exploited, the land will automatically be under the jurisdiction of the relevant government agencies. Forest Reserves which currently cover some 42 % (or approximately 226,000 ha) of the totalland area ofthe country have been carefully managed and well maintained for sustained yield management. Steps are now being taken to increase the present extent of the reserved forests to about 55% of the total land area in compliance with the objectives of the National Forestry Policy. The latter dictates that the country should maintain at least 55% of land under permanent forest cover.

To effectively manage and conserve the forest resources, the Forestry Department has classified the forest resources into functional categories, viz., Production Forests, Recreation Forests, Protection Forests, Conservation Forests and National Park (see Table 3 for the extent of the various categories):

• Protection Forests - Preserved forests which are intended primarily to protect soil and water resources; prevent or minimise the occurrence of floods, droughts, erosion, pollution and similar environmental problems; and contribute to the ecological stability of the country.

• Production Forests - natural and man-made forests, including non-timber plantations, for sustained supply of forest products for the country.

• Recreational Forests - Forested areas with natural features that are developed for outdoor recreation in order to promote social, psychological, physical and economic well being of the people.

• Conservation Forests - undisturbed forests set aside to preserve and conserve biodiversity for scientific, educational and related purposes.

• National Park - area with distinct geologic, topographic and other formations and features of special interest, which are reserved to maintain biologically diverse plant and animal communities for the benefit of the present as well as the coming generations.

Conservation of Forest Tree Species in Tropical Asia and the Pacific

Table 3. Forest classification in Brunei Darussalam

Forest Category

Protection Forest Conservation Forest National Park Production Forest Recreation Forest

TOTAL

Gazetted Area (ha)

18,562 28,511 46,210

138,026 4,211

235,520

Source: Forestry in Brunei (1996)

Proposed Area (ha)

° 3,173 2,644

80,624 234

86,675

Total Area (ha)

18,562 31,684 48,854

218,650 4,445

322, 195

% of % of Forests Total

Land Area

3.96 3.22 6.75 5.50

10.41 8.47 46.62 37.92 0.95 0.77

68.69 55.88

25

The rainforests of Brunei Darussalam are rich and highly diverse in composition. They are categorised into seven major forest types (Table 4).

Table 4. Major forest types in Brunei Darussalam

No. Forest Type Area Proportion of Forests (ha) (%)

1. Mangrove 18,418 3.9 2. Freshwater Swamp 12,668 2.7 3. Peat Swamp 90,884 19.4 4. Kerangas 3,445 0.7 5. Mixed Dipterocarp 192,575 41.1 6. Montane Forest 7,196 1.5 7. Mixed Type 15,988 3.4

Total 341,184 72.7

Most representative stands of these forest types are easily accessible from the capital, Bandar Seri Begawan. However, a large chunk of the national forest estate extends inland into the largely uninhabited interior bordering the Malaysian State of Sarawak to the west, south and the east.

It has been estimated that there are more than 2,000 tree species in Brunei Darussalam of about 100 families. Of these, hundreds of species are of commercial value for their timber, while others are valuable in some other ways. Most of Brunei Darussalam's land area is under natural forests, which are in mostly pristine condition. This makes conservation and management of tree genetic resources a high priority. Conservation, in general, has been of prime importance in the National Forestry Policy, although the conservation of specific tree species may not have presently been sufficiently addressed, except for very few species.


Table 3. Forest classification in Brunei Darussalam

Forest Category

Protection Forest Conservation Forest National Park Production Forest Recreation Forest

TOTAL

Gazetted Area (ha)

18,562 28,511 46,210

138,026 4,211

235,520

Source: Forestry in Brunei (1996)

Proposed Area (ha)

° 3,173 2,644

80,624 234

86,675

Total Area (ha)

18,562 31,684 48,854

218,650 4,445

322, 195

% of % of Forests Total

Land Area

3.96 3.22 6.75 5.50

10.41 8.47 46.62 37.92 0.95 0.77

68.69 55.88

25

The rainforests of Brunei Darussalam are rich and highly diverse in composition. They are categorised into seven major forest types (Table 4).

Table 4. Major forest types in Brunei Darussalam

No. Forest Type Area Proportion of Forests (ha) (%)

1. Mangrove 18,418 3.9 2. Freshwater Swamp 12,668 2.7 3. Peat Swamp 90,884 19.4 4. Kerangas 3,445 0.7 5. Mixed Dipterocarp 192,575 41.1 6. Montane Forest 7,196 1.5 7. Mixed Type 15,988 3.4

Total 341,184 72.7

Most representative stands of these forest types are easily accessible from the capital, Bandar Seri Begawan. However, a large chunk of the national forest estate extends inland into the largely uninhabited interior bordering the Malaysian State of Sarawak to the west, south and the east.

It has been estimated that there are more than 2,000 tree species in Brunei Darussalam of about 100 families. Of these, hundreds of species are of commercial value for their timber, while others are valuable in some other ways. Most of Brunei Darussalam's land area is under natural forests, which are in mostly pristine condition. This makes conservation and management of tree genetic resources a high priority. Conservation, in general, has been of prime importance in the National Forestry Policy, although the conservation of specific tree species may not have presently been sufficiently addressed, except for very few species.


Germplasm conservation of forestry species The approach for the management of the production forests in Brunei

Darussalam at present is one of the harmonised combination of forest heritage protection and environmentally sustainable production on a long-term basis. This is in line with the National Forestry Policy which emphasises conservation and sound management of the country's forest resources. In the mixed dipterocarp forests (MD F), the Brunei Selection Felling System (BSFS) is being practised and only those commercially desirable trees above a specified diameter limit are allowed to be cut and removed. The younger "pole-sized" individuals are left behind, thus permitting the management of the timber stand following a" sustainedyield" principle.

Because of the small size of the forest, there is a pressing need to maximise the per hectare productivity of the forest. This is through proper applications of scientific management and silvicultural regimes. Haphazard and unplanned cuttings of the trees and removal of the timber are avoided by following environmental and conservation considerations.

On an average commercial logging in the MDF of Brunei Darussalam generally removes about 4 to 7 mature trees per hectare. Sometimes only 2 trees per hectare. Due to strict control on the minimum cut limit sometimes logging is not possible at alL In order to ensure better survival and conservation of younger trees, fines are levied if damages are caused to trees marked to be left behind, which develop for the next cut.

Timber Stand Improvement (TSI) operations are carried out after logging to upgrade the growing conditions and to promote residual regeneration. Enrichment Planting on blank patches and restoration of the degraded areas are also practiced.

Genetic Resource Area (GRA) As part ofthe long-term strategy, an area of about 1,100 hectares within the Labi

Hills Forest Reserve and 53 hectares in the Badas Forest Reserve have been earmarked for seed production and conservation of genetic diversity. This pilot project is conducted under the auspices of the ASEAN-Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre.

The GRA in Labi Hills Forest Reserve comprised 4 compartments, which were selectively logged over a period of 3 years. Prior to this, there was no human activity in the forest. Badas Forest Reserve, was intensively harvested in the 1950's. It is the only site where natural regeneration of Agathis borneensis is recorded. Phenological studies initiated in 1984 of the above species showed that it has no defined flowering and fruiting season during any year. Hence, it is not possible to predict seed availability for gathering. Further observations confirmed that Agathis borneensis falling within a DBH class of less than 90 cm does not produce cones with seeds. Thus, Badas forest reserve is an important genetic resource area for Agathis borneensis. It will complement and strengthen the longterm management of the population, hard to replace.


Germplasm conservation of forestry species The approach for the management of the production forests in Brunei

Darussalam at present is one of the harmonised combination of forest heritage protection and environmentally sustainable production on a long-term basis. This is in line with the National Forestry Policy which emphasises conservation and sound management of the country's forest resources. In the mixed dipterocarp forests (MD F), the Brunei Selection Felling System (BSFS) is being practised and only those commercially desirable trees above a specified diameter limit are allowed to be cut and removed. The younger "pole-sized" individuals are left behind, thus permitting the management of the timber stand following a" sustainedyield" principle.

Because of the small size of the forest, there is a pressing need to maximise the per hectare productivity of the forest. This is through proper applications of scientific management and silvicultural regimes. Haphazard and unplanned cuttings of the trees and removal of the timber are avoided by following environmental and conservation considerations.

On an average commercial logging in the MDF of Brunei Darussalam generally removes about 4 to 7 mature trees per hectare. Sometimes only 2 trees per hectare. Due to strict control on the minimum cut limit sometimes logging is not possible at alL In order to ensure better survival and conservation of younger trees, fines are levied if damages are caused to trees marked to be left behind, which develop for the next cut.

Timber Stand Improvement (TSI) operations are carried out after logging to upgrade the growing conditions and to promote residual regeneration. Enrichment Planting on blank patches and restoration of the degraded areas are also practiced.

Genetic Resource Area (GRA) As part ofthe long-term strategy, an area of about 1,100 hectares within the Labi

Hills Forest Reserve and 53 hectares in the Badas Forest Reserve have been earmarked for seed production and conservation of genetic diversity. This pilot project is conducted under the auspices of the ASEAN-Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre.

The GRA in Labi Hills Forest Reserve comprised 4 compartments, which were selectively logged over a period of 3 years. Prior to this, there was no human activity in the forest. Badas Forest Reserve, was intensively harvested in the 1950's. It is the only site where natural regeneration of Agathis borneensis is recorded. Phenological studies initiated in 1984 of the above species showed that it has no defined flowering and fruiting season during any year. Hence, it is not possible to predict seed availability for gathering. Further observations confirmed that Agathis borneensis falling within a DBH class of less than 90 cm does not produce cones with seeds. Thus, Badas forest reserve is an important genetic resource area for Agathis borneensis. It will complement and strengthen the longterm management of the population, hard to replace.


One of the major objectives of this project was to identifiy and manage a set of "target species" intended to be monitored and maintained as seed production sources. Two such "target species" (outstanding mother trees) were selected based on relative abundance and in the Labi Hill Forest Reserve, 9 out of 14 target species were selected (Table 5).

Table 5. Target species in the GRA of the Labi Hill and Badas Forest Reserve

Scientific Name

Agathis borneensis Dipterocarpus globosus Dryobalanops beccarrii Koompassia malaccensis Shorea beccariana Shorea crassifolia Shorea curtisii Shorea ovata Shorea secrichetioides

Ecosystem reserves

Local Name

Tulong Keruing Buah Bulat KapurBukit Kempas Meranti Langgai Selangan Daun Tebal Seraya Meranti Sarang Punai DamarHitam

Family

Araucariaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Fabaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae

Under the proposed 7th National Development Plan (1996-2000), one of the projects to be implemented is the development of the tropical forest biodiversity centre with the objective of ensuring conservation and utilization of resources on a sustainable basis by instituting an organization for tropical biodiversity management which includes the development of in situ conservation for all forest types. As planned appropriate in situ conservation areas will be designated in the Forest Reserves for development and upgrading of forest recreation parks in the country. A total area of more than 3000 hectares located in various forest reserves in the country was designated by the Forestry Department for such purpose.

Tree species conservation The rich tropical mixed dipterocarp forest has been the mainstay of the wood

based industry in Brunei Darussalam. Members of the family Dipterocarpaceae account for about 80% of the standing timber volume and most of them are of economic importance.

Additional information is now available on Brunei's macroflora, especially with the recent publication of plant checklist by Coode et al. (1996). Although the checklist is far from complete, a good record on the number of (macroflora) species in Brunei Darussalam is now made available. Table 6 summarizes the total number of species of gymnosperms and angiosperms.


One of the major objectives of this project was to identifiy and manage a set of "target species" intended to be monitored and maintained as seed production sources. Two such "target species" (outstanding mother trees) were selected based on relative abundance and in the Labi Hill Forest Reserve, 9 out of 14 target species were selected (Table 5).

Table 5. Target species in the GRA of the Labi Hill and Badas Forest Reserve

Scientific Name

Agathis borneensis Dipterocarpus globosus Dryobalanops beccarrii Koompassia malaccensis Shorea beccariana Shorea crassifolia Shorea curtisii Shorea ovata Shorea secrichetioides

Ecosystem reserves

Local Name

Tulong Keruing Buah Bulat KapurBukit Kempas Meranti Langgai Selangan Daun Tebal Seraya Meranti Sarang Punai DamarHitam

Family

Araucariaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Fabaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae

Under the proposed 7th National Development Plan (1996-2000), one of the projects to be implemented is the development of the tropical forest biodiversity centre with the objective of ensuring conservation and utilization of resources on a sustainable basis by instituting an organization for tropical biodiversity management which includes the development of in situ conservation for all forest types. As planned appropriate in situ conservation areas will be designated in the Forest Reserves for development and upgrading of forest recreation parks in the country. A total area of more than 3000 hectares located in various forest reserves in the country was designated by the Forestry Department for such purpose.

Tree species conservation The rich tropical mixed dipterocarp forest has been the mainstay of the wood

based industry in Brunei Darussalam. Members of the family Dipterocarpaceae account for about 80% of the standing timber volume and most of them are of economic importance.

Additional information is now available on Brunei's macroflora, especially with the recent publication of plant checklist by Coode et al. (1996). Although the checklist is far from complete, a good record on the number of (macroflora) species in Brunei Darussalam is now made available. Table 6 summarizes the total number of species of gymnosperms and angiosperms.


Table 6. Number of species (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms)

Division Class Families Genera Species

Gymnosperms 5 8 31 Angiosperms Monocots 32 222 734

Dicots 125 692 2,802

TOTAL 162 922 3,567

The Brunei flora includes a high percentage of flowering plants with rich biodiversity. It is concluded that about 60 percent of Borneo's flora is found in Brunei Darussalam including important plant groups like the dipterocarps.

Under a joint project between the Forestry Department, Brunei Darussalam and the ASEAN-Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre, a project on conservation of tree species for the production of quality seeds and planting material was conducted. Two areas were selected for, i.e., the Labi Hills Forest Reserve (1,100 ha) for the mixed dipterocarp forest species and the Badas Forest Reserve (about 70 ha) for Agathis borneensis. Table 7 shows the target species considered in the two loca tions.

Table 7. Target species in the Labi Hill and the Badas Forest Reserves

Scientific Name

In the Labi Hills Forest Reserve:

Dipterocarpus globosus Vesque Dipterocarpus penangianus Fox Dryobalanops beccarii Dyer Koompassia malaccensis Maing ex Benth Shorea amplexicaulis Ashton Shorea beccariana Burck Shorea crassa Ashton Shorea curtisii Dyer ex king Shorea laevis Ridl Shorea ovata Dyer ex Brandis Shorea secrichetioides Heim Shorea smithiana Sym

In the Badas Forest Reserve:

Agathis borneensis

Source: Borhan, M and G. Lahaye (1993)

Local Name

Keruing buah bulat Keruing gasing Kapurbukit Kempas Meranti kawang pinang licin Meranti langgai Selangan daun tebal Seraya Kumus Meranti sarang punai Damarhitam Meranti rambai

Tulong

Family

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Fabaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae

Araucariaceae

The conservation issue is steadily gaining importance and the plantation programme pro ceding as planned, the role of these "Genetic Resource Areas" (GRAs) in supplying quality seed and planting materials will become benificial.


Table 6. Number of species (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms)

Division Class Families Genera Species

Gymnosperms 5 8 31 Angiosperms Monocots 32 222 734

Dicots 125 692 2,802

TOTAL 162 922 3,567

The Brunei flora includes a high percentage of flowering plants with rich biodiversity. It is concluded that about 60 percent of Borneo's flora is found in Brunei Darussalam including important plant groups like the dipterocarps.

Under a joint project between the Forestry Department, Brunei Darussalam and the ASEAN-Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre, a project on conservation of tree species for the production of quality seeds and planting material was conducted. Two areas were selected for, i.e., the Labi Hills Forest Reserve (1,100 ha) for the mixed dipterocarp forest species and the Badas Forest Reserve (about 70 ha) for Agathis borneensis. Table 7 shows the target species considered in the two loca tions.

Table 7. Target species in the Labi Hill and the Badas Forest Reserves

Scientific Name

In the Labi Hills Forest Reserve:

Dipterocarpus globosus Vesque Dipterocarpus penangianus Fox Dryobalanops beccarii Dyer Koompassia malaccensis Maing ex Benth Shorea amplexicaulis Ashton Shorea beccariana Burck Shorea crassa Ashton Shorea curtisii Dyer ex king Shorea laevis Ridl Shorea ovata Dyer ex Brandis Shorea secrichetioides Heim Shorea smithiana Sym

In the Badas Forest Reserve:

Agathis borneensis

Source: Borhan, M and G. Lahaye (1993)

Local Name

Keruing buah bulat Keruing gasing Kapurbukit Kempas Meranti kawang pinang licin Meranti langgai Selangan daun tebal Seraya Kumus Meranti sarang punai Damarhitam Meranti rambai

Tulong

Family

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Fabaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae

Araucariaceae

The conservation issue is steadily gaining importance and the plantation programme pro ceding as planned, the role of these "Genetic Resource Areas" (GRAs) in supplying quality seed and planting materials will become benificial.


Ex situ conservation The importance of ex situ conservation and its practical applications are many.

One advantage is that the target species are grown naturally in a suitable environment. Such approach to conservation can be useful, especially when the subject species are threatened with extinction or when ready materials are needed for propagation. Excellent examples are the collection of selected tree species, palms, bamboo and rattans at the Brunei Forestry Centre in Sungai Liang. The establishment of a network of such areas in the country is by conserving suitable habitat types to ensure the survival of biodiversity in their natural state. These reserves are not only the sanctuaries for large mammals, birds and invertebrates but rich plant genetic resources (Borhan and Cheah 1987).

Trial plots These plots include both local and exotic species and 60 plots have been

established in various parts of the country. Some plots are more than 35 years old.

The Ulu Temburong National Park can be described as one of the largest in-situ conservation area in Brunei Darussalam. With an area of approximately 50,000 hectares (480sq km), it has a very rich biodiversity representation. Situated in the Batu Apoi Forest Reserve in Temburong District, the National Park is virtually a virgin forest comprising various forest types classified according to altitudes and kind of soil. Research programmes have been carried out in this reserve since sixties. In the eighties, a complete inventory of the timber resources was carried out and in 1991 the Brunei Government declared the whole area as a National Park. Another significant development in 1990 was to start the Brunei Field Study Centre. The Brunei Rainforest Project commenced in 1991/92 as a joint enterprise between the University of Brunei Darussalam and the Royal Geographical Society of London. Upon completion of the project, the centre was open for research scientists and other visitors. Short courses for students from secondary schools are also held regularly throughout the year. The park is managed by the National Park and Conservation Unit of the Forestry Department. Apart from conservation, research and education, the park also caters for ecotourism with various facilities provided by the Forestry Department for studies on environmental impact factors. Wooden trails are constructed in order to prevent erosions, protect the ground cover and to improve access to steep slopes and swampy terrains. Being a large area, the park is systematically divided into zones, high intensity zone, scientific, research and education zones. The field study centre remains under University management and is used for research and environmental education.


Ex situ conservation The importance of ex situ conservation and its practical applications are many.

One advantage is that the target species are grown naturally in a suitable environment. Such approach to conservation can be useful, especially when the subject species are threatened with extinction or when ready materials are needed for propagation. Excellent examples are the collection of selected tree species, palms, bamboo and rattans at the Brunei Forestry Centre in Sungai Liang. The establishment of a network of such areas in the country is by conserving suitable habitat types to ensure the survival of biodiversity in their natural state. These reserves are not only the sanctuaries for large mammals, birds and invertebrates but rich plant genetic resources (Borhan and Cheah 1987).

Trial plots These plots include both local and exotic species and 60 plots have been

established in various parts of the country. Some plots are more than 35 years old.

The Ulu Temburong National Park can be described as one of the largest in-situ conservation area in Brunei Darussalam. With an area of approximately 50,000 hectares (480sq km), it has a very rich biodiversity representation. Situated in the Batu Apoi Forest Reserve in Temburong District, the National Park is virtually a virgin forest comprising various forest types classified according to altitudes and kind of soil. Research programmes have been carried out in this reserve since sixties. In the eighties, a complete inventory of the timber resources was carried out and in 1991 the Brunei Government declared the whole area as a National Park. Another significant development in 1990 was to start the Brunei Field Study Centre. The Brunei Rainforest Project commenced in 1991/92 as a joint enterprise between the University of Brunei Darussalam and the Royal Geographical Society of London. Upon completion of the project, the centre was open for research scientists and other visitors. Short courses for students from secondary schools are also held regularly throughout the year. The park is managed by the National Park and Conservation Unit of the Forestry Department. Apart from conservation, research and education, the park also caters for ecotourism with various facilities provided by the Forestry Department for studies on environmental impact factors. Wooden trails are constructed in order to prevent erosions, protect the ground cover and to improve access to steep slopes and swampy terrains. Being a large area, the park is systematically divided into zones, high intensity zone, scientific, research and education zones. The field study centre remains under University management and is used for research and environmental education.


Storage of planting materials and in vitro culture In vitro propagation is convenient particularly when ex situ conservation of the

target species is very difficult to implement. Under the ex situ approach, an adequate sample has to be determined for the conservation of genetic diversity. It varies from 20 to 30 plants for a single population, to several hundreds for gene pool conservation, and between 5,000 -20,000 plants, depending on the species, for the maintenance of heterozygosity. The land space requirement is a very crucial consideration, especially with regard to fruit trees. In addition, labour costs and trained personnel will have a telling effect on the success of such ventures. Variation in natural conditions make the specimens totally exposed to many disasters, pests and pathogens.

The in vitro methods in agriculture in Brunei Darussalam are well established, particularly in horticulture, i.e., for the clonal propagation of elite genotypes. In recent years, the role of in vitro technology has increased dramatically with the development in methods of pathogen eradication, germplasm acquisition and distribution.

Germplasm storage by using in vitro techniques can be of great interest especially for recalcitrant and vegetatively propagated species. A tissue culture laboratory was established atthe Kilanas Agricultural Research and Development Centre, maintained by the Agriculture Department, to cater for in vitro propagation as well as conservation studies. At present, research and development work is being carried out for this purpose, particularly for orchids, ferns and pitcher plants.

Field genebanks With the initiatives of the Forestry Department, an Ex situ Conservation Centre

was established in 1995. Development and expansion of gardens for certain groups namely bamboos, palms, vines, orchids and trees are in progress. To fully develop the ex-situ collection a substantial area within one of the Forest Reserves of the country (i.e Andulau Forest Reserve) has been identified as a repository for plant genetic materials of the entire nation. There is no genebank at present. The genecological study using isozyme techniques on tropical tree species is in progress.

Seed banks and seed orchards At present, there in no sophisticated storage facilities for seeds. An organized

storage system for this purpose is still in the planning stage. In the meantime the ex-situ gardens and arboreta provide seed. At present no specific sites have been identified as seed orchards but seeds are collected from seed production areas. These areas are mainly in the Forest Reserves and state lands. The seeds collected are mostly of Dipterocarpus and Agathis sp.


Storage of planting materials and in vitro culture In vitro propagation is convenient particularly when ex situ conservation of the

target species is very difficult to implement. Under the ex situ approach, an adequate sample has to be determined for the conservation of genetic diversity. It varies from 20 to 30 plants for a single population, to several hundreds for gene pool conservation, and between 5,000 -20,000 plants, depending on the species, for the maintenance of heterozygosity. The land space requirement is a very crucial consideration, especially with regard to fruit trees. In addition, labour costs and trained personnel will have a telling effect on the success of such ventures. Variation in natural conditions make the specimens totally exposed to many disasters, pests and pathogens.

The in vitro methods in agriculture in Brunei Darussalam are well established, particularly in horticulture, i.e., for the clonal propagation of elite genotypes. In recent years, the role of in vitro technology has increased dramatically with the development in methods of pathogen eradication, germplasm acquisition and distribution.

Germplasm storage by using in vitro techniques can be of great interest especially for recalcitrant and vegetatively propagated species. A tissue culture laboratory was established atthe Kilanas Agricultural Research and Development Centre, maintained by the Agriculture Department, to cater for in vitro propagation as well as conservation studies. At present, research and development work is being carried out for this purpose, particularly for orchids, ferns and pitcher plants.

Field genebanks With the initiatives of the Forestry Department, an Ex situ Conservation Centre

was established in 1995. Development and expansion of gardens for certain groups namely bamboos, palms, vines, orchids and trees are in progress. To fully develop the ex-situ collection a substantial area within one of the Forest Reserves of the country (i.e Andulau Forest Reserve) has been identified as a repository for plant genetic materials of the entire nation. There is no genebank at present. The genecological study using isozyme techniques on tropical tree species is in progress.

Seed banks and seed orchards At present, there in no sophisticated storage facilities for seeds. An organized

storage system for this purpose is still in the planning stage. In the meantime the ex-situ gardens and arboreta provide seed. At present no specific sites have been identified as seed orchards but seeds are collected from seed production areas. These areas are mainly in the Forest Reserves and state lands. The seeds collected are mostly of Dipterocarpus and Agathis sp.


Germplasm collection Plant genetic resource activities are progressing in the country. Several

significant accomplishments include establishment of facilities (Tropical Biodiversity Centre, Ex situ Plant Collection Centre, etc.) for future comprehensive activities in the country. The strengthening and revitalization of Brunei herbarium is also a step towards this end. The plant checklist by Coode et al. (1996) was published. The activities in the country are constrained by lack of technical expertise and equipment. Human resources development in this field and procurement of necessary laboratory equipment and materials is deemed essential.

The greatest value of plant genetic resources to the country is the selection of genetically superior trees for forest plantation development which the country is vigorously pursuing to achieve self-sufficiency in timber production.

It is realized that training and greater access to technical expertise are very vital for development. At present the use of computerized data base system for forest plant genetic resources is very limited and it is only confined to the botanical collection at the Brunei Herbarium. Also very little agronomic information is integrated in the documentation system beside the basic taxonomic or botanical description of forest plant materials. In terms of evaluation and characterization of forest species in the context of genetic resources work, no formal and organized activities have been undertaken.

Forest genetic resources A collaborative programme to carry out a botanical inventory of forests was

conducted with the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. A checklist of the flowering plants and gymnosperms was produced in 1996. Another collaborative programme soon to be carried out with the University of Brunei Darussalam is the "Tree Flora of Brunei Darussalam".

Indonesia

In situ conservation

Protected areas Protected areas are for the conservation of biodiversity where the existing

balanced ecosystem is not disturbed. In situ conservation of such areas is not very easy to implement, because disturbances from human activities, e.g. firewood gathering by people living in the vicinity, conversion to agricultural lands and others. Efforts by government to overcome such problems include creating buffer zones to keep people away from the protected areas. One example is Kerinci Seblat National Park (KSNP) in Sumatra which has an area of 1,484,650 ha covering 4 provinces, Jambi, West Sumatra, South Sumatra and Bengkulu. Local people use the forest land illegally, cultivate cinnamon, rubber, coffee, paddy and vegetables for their own use and earn money. Some convert the land for commercial purposes. Encroachment has been the most serious problem in managing the park. (Ramdhani et al., 1996; Anon, 1995)


Germplasm collection Plant genetic resource activities are progressing in the country. Several

significant accomplishments include establishment of facilities (Tropical Biodiversity Centre, Ex situ Plant Collection Centre, etc.) for future comprehensive activities in the country. The strengthening and revitalization of Brunei herbarium is also a step towards this end. The plant checklist by Coode et al. (1996) was published. The activities in the country are constrained by lack of technical expertise and equipment. Human resources development in this field and procurement of necessary laboratory equipment and materials is deemed essential.

The greatest value of plant genetic resources to the country is the selection of genetically superior trees for forest plantation development which the country is vigorously pursuing to achieve self-sufficiency in timber production.

It is realized that training and greater access to technical expertise are very vital for development. At present the use of computerized data base system for forest plant genetic resources is very limited and it is only confined to the botanical collection at the Brunei Herbarium. Also very little agronomic information is integrated in the documentation system beside the basic taxonomic or botanical description of forest plant materials. In terms of evaluation and characterization of forest species in the context of genetic resources work, no formal and organized activities have been undertaken.

Forest genetic resources A collaborative programme to carry out a botanical inventory of forests was

conducted with the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom. A checklist of the flowering plants and gymnosperms was produced in 1996. Another collaborative programme soon to be carried out with the University of Brunei Darussalam is the "Tree Flora of Brunei Darussalam".

Indonesia

In situ conservation

Protected areas Protected areas are for the conservation of biodiversity where the existing

balanced ecosystem is not disturbed. In situ conservation of such areas is not very easy to implement, because disturbances from human activities, e.g. firewood gathering by people living in the vicinity, conversion to agricultural lands and others. Efforts by government to overcome such problems include creating buffer zones to keep people away from the protected areas. One example is Kerinci Seblat National Park (KSNP) in Sumatra which has an area of 1,484,650 ha covering 4 provinces, Jambi, West Sumatra, South Sumatra and Bengkulu. Local people use the forest land illegally, cultivate cinnamon, rubber, coffee, paddy and vegetables for their own use and earn money. Some convert the land for commercial purposes. Encroachment has been the most serious problem in managing the park. (Ramdhani et al., 1996; Anon, 1995)


Protected areas are usually filled with native species. Some management activities such as planting of wildings and seedlings oflocal species are carried out to replant bare areas created by naturally fallen dead trees. This is done to ensure a balanced ecosystem in the protected areas and is categorised as conservation of forest tree biodiversity. For KSNP, the park is classified into three zones namely core zone, wilderness zone for research and development and intensive zone for recreation and ecotourism development (Ramdhani et a1.1996).

Most protected forest areas are managed by the Directorate-General of Forest Protection and Nature Preservation, Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia (see Appendix 1). Protected forests have been managed for a long time with funds acquired from the World Wildlife Fund.

Production forests Indonesia is an archipelago with 17,000 islands. The production forests are

scattered throughout many islands. In the main island of Java, production forests are dominated by species such as Tectona grandis, Pinus merkusii, Swietenia macrophylla, S. mahagoni, Dalbergia latifolia, several species of legumes such as acacias, cassias and others. The agency responsible for managing the production forests in Java is the Forest State Enterprise, PERHUTANI.

Production forests are intended for several purposes, such as, production of timber, firewood and other forest by-products such as turpentine, copal, resins, etc. Production forests are beneficial i.e., provide livelihood for the people living around the forests. By practising planting systems such as taungya or tumpangsari, forest trees are planted alongside certain cash crops such as dry land paddy, corn, pineapple, chilli, cassava and so on. The people are encouraged to prepare the land, to plant and tend both the forest trees and their cash income crops. After two years, they can harvest their crops before moving on to other planting areas. During cutting operations of teak, people are allowed to gather branches of certain· sizes (rencek) for use as firewood.

Due to rapid deforestation, natural production forests outside Java are loosing economically important species and genotypes. Forest concessionaires have been asked to leave or conserve 300 ha of forest per each concession area. In addition, the government has recently enforced a regulation to create more conservation areas and 100 ha of forest is conserved for every 5-year operational plan (RKL). So far, about 104 concessionaires have complied with this regulation (Anon., 1993). Several objectives to set up the conservation zones are:

- Provide replanting stocks for pioneer and commercial timber species. - Provide replanting stocks for indigenous species, both of direct value to local

people and of potential agriculture and pharmaceutical value. - Maintain viable genetic stock for future generations. - Maintain a self sufficient ecological balance (Anon, 1993)

As 100 ha should be set up for every RKL, every concession would own a proportionate conservation area representative of the forest condition.


Protected areas are usually filled with native species. Some management activities such as planting of wildings and seedlings oflocal species are carried out to replant bare areas created by naturally fallen dead trees. This is done to ensure a balanced ecosystem in the protected areas and is categorised as conservation of forest tree biodiversity. For KSNP, the park is classified into three zones namely core zone, wilderness zone for research and development and intensive zone for recreation and ecotourism development (Ramdhani et a1.1996).

Most protected forest areas are managed by the Directorate-General of Forest Protection and Nature Preservation, Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia (see Appendix 1). Protected forests have been managed for a long time with funds acquired from the World Wildlife Fund.

Production forests Indonesia is an archipelago with 17,000 islands. The production forests are

scattered throughout many islands. In the main island of Java, production forests are dominated by species such as Tectona grandis, Pinus merkusii, Swietenia macrophylla, S. mahagoni, Dalbergia latifolia, several species of legumes such as acacias, cassias and others. The agency responsible for managing the production forests in Java is the Forest State Enterprise, PERHUTANI.

Production forests are intended for several purposes, such as, production of timber, firewood and other forest by-products such as turpentine, copal, resins, etc. Production forests are beneficial i.e., provide livelihood for the people living around the forests. By practising planting systems such as taungya or tumpangsari, forest trees are planted alongside certain cash crops such as dry land paddy, corn, pineapple, chilli, cassava and so on. The people are encouraged to prepare the land, to plant and tend both the forest trees and their cash income crops. After two years, they can harvest their crops before moving on to other planting areas. During cutting operations of teak, people are allowed to gather branches of certain· sizes (rencek) for use as firewood.

Due to rapid deforestation, natural production forests outside Java are loosing economically important species and genotypes. Forest concessionaires have been asked to leave or conserve 300 ha of forest per each concession area. In addition, the government has recently enforced a regulation to create more conservation areas and 100 ha of forest is conserved for every 5-year operational plan (RKL). So far, about 104 concessionaires have complied with this regulation (Anon., 1993). Several objectives to set up the conservation zones are:

- Provide replanting stocks for pioneer and commercial timber species. - Provide replanting stocks for indigenous species, both of direct value to local

people and of potential agriculture and pharmaceutical value. - Maintain viable genetic stock for future generations. - Maintain a self sufficient ecological balance (Anon, 1993)

As 100 ha should be set up for every RKL, every concession would own a proportionate conservation area representative of the forest condition.


As industrial forest plantation HTI develops, the number of production forests will also increase. However, the number of species and genotypes will decrease due to selection in forest tree breeding activities. In plantation forests, ex situ, instead of in situ, conservation is mandatory for breeding programs or genetic conservation, superior tree genotypes should be considered. Forest Tree Improvement Research and Development Institute (FTIRDI) Yogyakarta has plans to conserve better genotypes of Acacia mangium, Acacia crassicarpa, Paraserianthes falcataria for such purposes. Roguing has been conducted on A. mangium provenance-progeny trials (seedling seed orchards) in South Sumatera and South Kalimantan (Nirsatmanto, 1996). Clonal banks will be established in Wonogiri, Central Java, as well as the establishment of a first generation clonal seed orchard in Riau, Sumatera, as ex situ selected genotypes.

Management plans Conservation management plans are classified into two categories:-

1. In situ conservation areas intended for recording biodiversity of species, flora and fauna within the forest ecosystem.

2. In situ conservation areas intended for recording forest tree species diversity within the region and genotype diversity within species.

The classification is reasonable and can be implemented separately, ensuring no overlapping activities. The first deals mostly with protected forests, national parks, game and wildlife reserves which have been managed by DG PHP A Bogor. The second category, intended for conservation, can be handled by the FTIRDI, universities or FRIs.

a. Species diversity of forest trees within region (provenance).

The management plan of natural geographical ranges of population (provenance) scattered throughout the Indonesian archipelago include:

Provenances rich in genetic resources which need to be saved for utilization in current and future breeding programs.

- Destruction of provenance stands due to inappropriate seed collection methods that result in poor growth and even standi tree mortality. Destruction due to environmental factors such as grazing and forest fires. Grazing is usually difficult to handle because of the people's way of life. People should be educated through extension programmes. Management plans should include budget to carry out such programmes. Land conversions for settlements and agricultural purposes.


As industrial forest plantation HTI develops, the number of production forests will also increase. However, the number of species and genotypes will decrease due to selection in forest tree breeding activities. In plantation forests, ex situ, instead of in situ, conservation is mandatory for breeding programs or genetic conservation, superior tree genotypes should be considered. Forest Tree Improvement Research and Development Institute (FTIRDI) Yogyakarta has plans to conserve better genotypes of Acacia mangium, Acacia crassicarpa, Paraserianthes falcataria for such purposes. Roguing has been conducted on A. mangium provenance-progeny trials (seedling seed orchards) in South Sumatera and South Kalimantan (Nirsatmanto, 1996). Clonal banks will be established in Wonogiri, Central Java, as well as the establishment of a first generation clonal seed orchard in Riau, Sumatera, as ex situ selected genotypes.

Management plans Conservation management plans are classified into two categories:-

1. In situ conservation areas intended for recording biodiversity of species, flora and fauna within the forest ecosystem.

2. In situ conservation areas intended for recording forest tree species diversity within the region and genotype diversity within species.

The classification is reasonable and can be implemented separately, ensuring no overlapping activities. The first deals mostly with protected forests, national parks, game and wildlife reserves which have been managed by DG PHP A Bogor. The second category, intended for conservation, can be handled by the FTIRDI, universities or FRIs.

a. Species diversity of forest trees within region (provenance).

The management plan of natural geographical ranges of population (provenance) scattered throughout the Indonesian archipelago include:

Provenances rich in genetic resources which need to be saved for utilization in current and future breeding programs.

- Destruction of provenance stands due to inappropriate seed collection methods that result in poor growth and even standi tree mortality. Destruction due to environmental factors such as grazing and forest fires. Grazing is usually difficult to handle because of the people's way of life. People should be educated through extension programmes. Management plans should include budget to carry out such programmes. Land conversions for settlements and agricultural purposes.


The Forest Research Institute in Aek Na Uli, North Sumatera has proposed an in situ conservation for 3 races of Pinus merkusii namely Aceh, Kerinci and Tapanuli (Harahap, 1996). In 1996, FTIRDI Yogyakarta proposed a conservation program for Eucalyptus pellita provenances in Irian Iaya, which ultimately was converted to a human settlement.

b. Decreasing genotype diversity within designated species.

This problem is inherent in tree improvement/ breeding activities. As breeding programmes are progressive, more unpreferred genotypes are deleted. However, it should be noted that genotypes unpreferred at present might be important for future utilization. Management plans should, therefore, also consider ex situ conservation of such species. FTIRDI as well as other FRls in Indonesia will carry-out conservation programmes of selected genotypes. So far, implementation has been in the preparation stage (Kharisma, 1996). Effort on forest management regarding the conservation and forest guarding would be prioritised to increase welfare of the people. From 1997/1998, conservation activities were concentrated on the effort to utilise them sustainably Activities were not only restricted to guard and protect but also to utilise. The conservation zones and protected areas support life and community welfare. In order for the activities to be useful, there should be : - Human resource development for good management enforcing laws and

regulations. - The inventory of resources, habitat and population, development of

domestication, development of information and promotion are to be carried out in protected forest areas (Anon, 1997).

Ex situ conservation

Genebanks for seeds/ pollen Genebank is for the storage of genetic material of plants, seeds, tissues or

pollens of preferred genotypes. Genebanks are useful in tree improvement programs and genotypes are used at present or will be used in future. Seeds are stored in Directorate of Reforestation and Land Rehabilitation (DGRRL) where (DCS) facilities are available. Specific containers will be selected for storing seeds (recalcitrant or orthodox). Recalcitrant seeds will not survive under 15% seed moisture content (Copeland and McDonald, 1985). Problems occur with Dipterocarp seeds such as Shorea, which usually germinate under storage condition.

Good seed banks should be established. FTIRDI Yogyakarta, with the help of IICA, has been working with the storage of seeds for short term conservation such as seed orchard progeny and provenance trials. Researches into the natural ranges of several species such as Melaleuca spp, Santalum album, Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus


The Forest Research Institute in Aek Na Uli, North Sumatera has proposed an in situ conservation for 3 races of Pinus merkusii namely Aceh, Kerinci and Tapanuli (Harahap, 1996). In 1996, FTIRDI Yogyakarta proposed a conservation program for Eucalyptus pellita provenances in Irian Iaya, which ultimately was converted to a human settlement.

b. Decreasing genotype diversity within designated species.

This problem is inherent in tree improvement/ breeding activities. As breeding programmes are progressive, more unpreferred genotypes are deleted. However, it should be noted that genotypes unpreferred at present might be important for future utilization. Management plans should, therefore, also consider ex situ conservation of such species. FTIRDI as well as other FRls in Indonesia will carry-out conservation programmes of selected genotypes. So far, implementation has been in the preparation stage (Kharisma, 1996). Effort on forest management regarding the conservation and forest guarding would be prioritised to increase welfare of the people. From 1997/1998, conservation activities were concentrated on the effort to utilise them sustainably Activities were not only restricted to guard and protect but also to utilise. The conservation zones and protected areas support life and community welfare. In order for the activities to be useful, there should be : - Human resource development for good management enforcing laws and

regulations. - The inventory of resources, habitat and population, development of

domestication, development of information and promotion are to be carried out in protected forest areas (Anon, 1997).


Genebanks for seeds/ pollen Genebank is for the storage of genetic material of plants, seeds, tissues or

pollens of preferred genotypes. Genebanks are useful in tree improvement programs and genotypes are used at present or will be used in future. Seeds are stored in Directorate of Reforestation and Land Rehabilitation (DGRRL) where (DCS) facilities are available. Specific containers will be selected for storing seeds (recalcitrant or orthodox). Recalcitrant seeds will not survive under 15% seed moisture content (Copeland and McDonald, 1985). Problems occur with Dipterocarp seeds such as Shorea, which usually germinate under storage condition.

Good seed banks should be established. FTIRDI Yogyakarta, with the help of IICA, has been working with the storage of seeds for short term conservation such as seed orchard progeny and provenance trials. Researches into the natural ranges of several species such as Melaleuca spp, Santalum album, Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus


pellita, and Acacia crassicarpa have been carried out. The seeds are kept under DCS facilities in Y ogyakarta to be used for research purposes in tree improvement and to establish conservation plantations.

Specific genebanks intended for long storage of seeds have been established by several institutions, one of which is Indonesian Institute for Science (LIP!) in Bogor. LIPI has been associated with International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) for some time and specifically focuses on fruit and· fastgrowing forest tree species, including Acacia mangium, Paraserianthes falcataria, Peronema canescens and Pometia pinnata. Several packaging methods for storage of seeds have been established by researchers in Seed Technology Institute in Bogor (BTP) and Forest Research and Development Centre (FRDC), Bogor.

Genebanks for the storage of pollen of forest tree species have not yet been established. Since the tree improvement programmes in Indonesia have not incorporated tree hybridisation, pollen storage studies for conservation has not been carried out. Furthermore, sophisticated equipment is needed and trained researchers are unavailable.

Figure 2. Seedling (2 years old) orchard of Acacia auriculiformis in Java, Indonesia

Clonal banks Information on teak clonal banks found in Cepu and Randublatung are as in

Table 8.


pellita, and Acacia crassicarpa have been carried out. The seeds are kept under DCS facilities in Y ogyakarta to be used for research purposes in tree improvement and to establish conservation plantations.

Specific genebanks intended for long storage of seeds have been established by several institutions, one of which is Indonesian Institute for Science (LIP!) in Bogor. LIPI has been associated with International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) for some time and specifically focuses on fruit and· fastgrowing forest tree species, including Acacia mangium, Paraserianthes falcataria, Peronema canescens and Pometia pinnata. Several packaging methods for storage of seeds have been established by researchers in Seed Technology Institute in Bogor (BTP) and Forest Research and Development Centre (FRDC), Bogor.

Genebanks for the storage of pollen of forest tree species have not yet been established. Since the tree improvement programmes in Indonesia have not incorporated tree hybridisation, pollen storage studies for conservation has not been carried out. Furthermore, sophisticated equipment is needed and trained researchers are unavailable.

Figure 2. Seedling (2 years old) orchard of Acacia auriculiformis in Java, Indonesia

Clonal banks Information on teak clonal banks found in Cepu and Randublatung are as in

Table 8.


Table 8. Teak clonal bank owned by PERHUTANI in Central Java

No. Location Planting Number of Total (ha) Number of year clones trees

1. Cepu 1985-1992 124 6.30 1,240

2. Randublatung 1983-1985 30 1.40 233

Other clonal banks have also been established by forestry companies in Indonesia such as Sumalindo Lestari Jaya in East Kalimantan which established a clonal bank for Gmelina arborea species in 1994 using 128 clones. Not many clonal banks have been established in Indonesia.

Arboreta Several arboreta have been established in Java by FRDC Bogor (see Appendix

1). Information on these arboreta is complete except for the arboreta in Baturaja, South Sumatera; Way Hanakau, Central Lampung; Sumberjaya, West Lampung and Tanjungan, South Lampung. Several arboreta have also been established by FR! Aek Na Uli, North Sumatera; FRI Samarinda, South Kalimantan; FRI Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi and FRI Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara. However, information and activities of the arboreta established by FRIs in Indonesia have not been completely documented yet.

Breeding populations As tree improvement programs progress, more results are achieved. Usual

target activities in tree improvement is tree breeding, provenance trials, progeny trials, clonal and seedling seed orchards, provenance seed stands, clonal banks and hedged orchards. Breeding populations can be obtained from these stands when needed. In addition, they form genetic resource plantations.

Through the development of HT! in Indonesia, several collaborations have been established. Several Forest Research Institutes such as FTIRD!, BTP Bogor, Reforestation Technology Institute (BTR), Banjarbaru, Institute of Technology Production (BP2B) South Sumatera, LIPI Bogor, universities (UGM, IPB), and the State Forest Enterprise PERHUTANI have established their own breeding populations in the form of arboreta and seed orchards.

Provenance trial stands for teak breeding have been established in Java by PERHUTANI. Provenances are from India: Malabar, Godavari and Central Province; Burma (Myanmar): Yezin; Thailand: Pre; Laos: Paklay, Kay, Kuoai, Kouos and Hinh; Indonesia: Muna, Cepu, Pati, Gundih, Ponorogo, Bangilan, Margasari and Ngliron. Trials are planted in Nglambangan, Bojonegoro, East Java, and Kesamben, Blitar, more details shown in Appendix 2A & 2B. Information on breeding populations established in Indonesia by government institutions and organizations are shown in Appendix 3.


Table 8. Teak clonal bank owned by PERHUTANI in Central Java

No. Location Planting Number of Total (ha) Number of year clones trees

1. Cepu 1985-1992 124 6.30 1,240

2. Randublatung 1983-1985 30 1.40 233

Other clonal banks have also been established by forestry companies in Indonesia such as Sumalindo Lestari Jaya in East Kalimantan which established a clonal bank for Gmelina arborea species in 1994 using 128 clones. Not many clonal banks have been established in Indonesia.

Arboreta Several arboreta have been established in Java by FRDC Bogor (see Appendix

1). Information on these arboreta is complete except for the arboreta in Baturaja, South Sumatera; Way Hanakau, Central Lampung; Sumberjaya, West Lampung and Tanjungan, South Lampung. Several arboreta have also been established by FR! Aek Na Uli, North Sumatera; FRI Samarinda, South Kalimantan; FRI Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi and FRI Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara. However, information and activities of the arboreta established by FRIs in Indonesia have not been completely documented yet.

Breeding populations As tree improvement programs progress, more results are achieved. Usual

target activities in tree improvement is tree breeding, provenance trials, progeny trials, clonal and seedling seed orchards, provenance seed stands, clonal banks and hedged orchards. Breeding populations can be obtained from these stands when needed. In addition, they form genetic resource plantations.

Through the development of HT! in Indonesia, several collaborations have been established. Several Forest Research Institutes such as FTIRD!, BTP Bogor, Reforestation Technology Institute (BTR), Banjarbaru, Institute of Technology Production (BP2B) South Sumatera, LIPI Bogor, universities (UGM, IPB), and the State Forest Enterprise PERHUTANI have established their own breeding populations in the form of arboreta and seed orchards.

Provenance trial stands for teak breeding have been established in Java by PERHUTANI. Provenances are from India: Malabar, Godavari and Central Province; Burma (Myanmar): Yezin; Thailand: Pre; Laos: Paklay, Kay, Kuoai, Kouos and Hinh; Indonesia: Muna, Cepu, Pati, Gundih, Ponorogo, Bangilan, Margasari and Ngliron. Trials are planted in Nglambangan, Bojonegoro, East Java, and Kesamben, Blitar, more details shown in Appendix 2A & 2B. Information on breeding populations established in Indonesia by government institutions and organizations are shown in Appendix 3.


Tissue culture Some tissue culture activities conducted so far is supported by HTI activities.

However, the second phase of the tree improvement cooperative project is between FTIRDI andJICA. Tissue culture work for conservation will be considered for several species such as Santalum album, Melaleuca spp., bamboos and other rare species like Gonystylus bancanus, Shorea spp. and others. Herawan, (1996) reported that plans to establish plantations to conserve several tree species through tissue culture was in progress.

LIPI, Bogor conducted tissue cultures research for conservation purposes on several species of A. mangium, Peronema canescens, Paraserianthes falcataria and Pometia pinnata.

Figure 3. Teak planting from tissue culture raised plants in Java, Indonesia

Cryopreservation This conservation method involves quite sophisticated technology and not

much progress is made. Only a few institutions have been equipped with the relevant cryopreservation facilities such as LIPI Bogor and FTIRDI Yogyakarta. As tree improvement/breeding activities progress fast, the need for more cryopreservation facilities and conservation programs become more important.

Recombinant DNA This branch of knowledge is quite new for foresters in Indonesia. This is

probably due to the limited number of researchers and equipment as well as budget. FTIRDI, aided by the JICA cooperative project is well equipped to conduct research. However, due to budget problems in acquiring the necessary chemicals, research has not gone on smoothly as planned.


Tissue culture Some tissue culture activities conducted so far is supported by HTI activities.

However, the second phase of the tree improvement cooperative project is between FTIRDI andJICA. Tissue culture work for conservation will be considered for several species such as Santalum album, Melaleuca spp., bamboos and other rare species like Gonystylus bancanus, Shorea spp. and others. Herawan, (1996) reported that plans to establish plantations to conserve several tree species through tissue culture was in progress.

LIPI, Bogor conducted tissue cultures research for conservation purposes on several species of A. mangium, Peronema canescens, Paraserianthes falcataria and Pometia pinnata.

Figure 3. Teak planting from tissue culture raised plants in Java, Indonesia

Cryopreservation This conservation method involves quite sophisticated technology and not

much progress is made. Only a few institutions have been equipped with the relevant cryopreservation facilities such as LIPI Bogor and FTIRDI Yogyakarta. As tree improvement/breeding activities progress fast, the need for more cryopreservation facilities and conservation programs become more important.

Recombinant DNA This branch of knowledge is quite new for foresters in Indonesia. This is

probably due to the limited number of researchers and equipment as well as budget. FTIRDI, aided by the JICA cooperative project is well equipped to conduct research. However, due to budget problems in acquiring the necessary chemicals, research has not gone on smoothly as planned.


Malaysia Malaysia is predominantly forested covering about 19.01 million hectares of

natural forests (MOSTE, 1997), or about 58% of the total land area. Much of this forested area is in East Malaysia. The state of Sarawak has the largest area under naturalforest cover (i.e. about 70% ofland area) whereas Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah have about 47% and 68% forested areas respectively (Table 9).

Table 9. Distribution of forest cover in Malaysia (million hectares)

Region Land Area Natural Forest Plantation Forest Agriculture Crops

Peninsular 13.16 5.95 0.07 3.41 Malaysia

Sabah 7.37 4.41 0.09 0.64

Sarawak 12.33 8.65 0.01 0.39

Total 32.86 19.01 0.17 4.44

Source: Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia, 1994

Malaysia has a wide range of distinct ecological formations. Most rainforest formations are present in the country and are classified into 16 forest types based on climatic and edaphic factors (Table 10). Climatic influences are mainly due to elevation and rainfall while edaphic factors include change in terrain and soils.

To date, there is no national list of target species for the purpose of conservation of timber species. The target species are those considered to be commercially important in the designated forest stands. They are selected for special considerations i.e. (i) commercially important species and in great demand (ii) potentially important species found in low numbers that their future may be

. threatened (iii) high value and rare species or slow growing ones that may be threatened by removal and (iv) species with low regeneration potential. The following list provides the timber species for Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah based on the good attributes relating to growth, silviculture, and good wood qualities.


Malaysia Malaysia is predominantly forested covering about 19.01 million hectares of

natural forests (MOSTE, 1997), or about 58% of the total land area. Much of this forested area is in East Malaysia. The state of Sarawak has the largest area under naturalforest cover (i.e. about 70% ofland area) whereas Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah have about 47% and 68% forested areas respectively (Table 9).

Table 9. Distribution of forest cover in Malaysia (million hectares)

Region Land Area Natural Forest Plantation Forest Agriculture Crops

Peninsular 13.16 5.95 0.07 3.41 Malaysia

Sabah 7.37 4.41 0.09 0.64

Sarawak 12.33 8.65 0.01 0.39

Total 32.86 19.01 0.17 4.44

Source: Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia, 1994

Malaysia has a wide range of distinct ecological formations. Most rainforest formations are present in the country and are classified into 16 forest types based on climatic and edaphic factors (Table 10). Climatic influences are mainly due to elevation and rainfall while edaphic factors include change in terrain and soils.

To date, there is no national list of target species for the purpose of conservation of timber species. The target species are those considered to be commercially important in the designated forest stands. They are selected for special considerations i.e. (i) commercially important species and in great demand (ii) potentially important species found in low numbers that their future may be

. threatened (iii) high value and rare species or slow growing ones that may be threatened by removal and (iv) species with low regeneration potential. The following list provides the timber species for Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah based on the good attributes relating to growth, silviculture, and good wood qualities.


Table 10. Main forest types of Peninsular Malaysia

Ecological Classification of Forest Types (Symington, 1943)

Descriptions No.ofVJRs

I. Climatic Climax Formation Lowland Dipterocarp Forests Hill Dipterocarp Forests Upper Hill Dipterocarp Forests Oak Dipterocarp Forests Ericaceous Dipterocarp Forests Lower subalpine vegetation Semi evergreen seasonal forest

H. Edaphic Climax Formation Mangrove Swamp Forests Coastal Forests Peat Swamp Forests

300 m a.s.l. 56 ~m~l V 1,200 m a.s.l. 7 1,000 - 1,500 a.s.l. 2 > 1,500 a.s.l. 1

Muddy shores, below high tide 2 Along sandy coast 2 Freshwater swamps with peat 1

Freshwater Alluvial Swamp Forests Riparian Fringes

Freshwater swamps without peat 0 Narrow strips along banks of

Heath Forests

Forest over limestone Forest over ultramafic outcrops Seasonal swamp forest

Source: Chin and Sal eh, 1995

estuaries, rivers and streams 0 Shrubs and bushes found on ridges 1 and acidic beach terraces

Table 11. Potential target species in the three regions of Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia

Anisoptera laevis Azadirachta excelsa Dyera cos tu lata Dryobalanops aromatica Dryobalanops oblongifolia Endospermum malaccense Hopea odorata Khaya ivarensis Koompasia malaccensis Neobalanocarpus heimii Pterocarpus indicus Shorea curtisii Shorea leprosula Shorea singkawang Shorea parvifolia

Sarawak

Azadirachta excelsa Dipterocarpus sarawakensis Dryobalanops beccarii Eusideroxylon zwageri Gonystylus bancanus Palaquim Shorea beccariana Shorea hemsleyaana Shorea macrophylla Shorea splendida

Sabah

Dryobalanops lanceolata Eusideroxylon zwageri Shorea beccariana Shorea glaucescens Shorea gysbertsiana Shorea leprosula Shorea macrophylla Shorea mecistoptery Shorea ovata Shorea superba Octomeles sumatrana


Table 10. Main forest types of Peninsular Malaysia

Ecological Classification of Forest Types (Symington, 1943)

Descriptions No.ofVJRs

I. Climatic Climax Formation Lowland Dipterocarp Forests Hill Dipterocarp Forests Upper Hill Dipterocarp Forests Oak Dipterocarp Forests Ericaceous Dipterocarp Forests Lower subalpine vegetation Semi evergreen seasonal forest

H. Edaphic Climax Formation Mangrove Swamp Forests Coastal Forests Peat Swamp Forests

300 m a.s.l. 56 ~m~l V 1,200 m a.s.l. 7 1,000 - 1,500 a.s.l. 2 > 1,500 a.s.l. 1

Muddy shores, below high tide 2 Along sandy coast 2 Freshwater swamps with peat 1

Freshwater Alluvial Swamp Forests Riparian Fringes

Freshwater swamps without peat 0 Narrow strips along banks of

Heath Forests

Forest over limestone Forest over ultramafic outcrops Seasonal swamp forest

Source: Chin and Sal eh, 1995

estuaries, rivers and streams 0 Shrubs and bushes found on ridges 1 and acidic beach terraces

Table 11. Potential target species in the three regions of Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia

Anisoptera laevis Azadirachta excelsa Dyera cos tu lata Dryobalanops aromatica Dryobalanops oblongifolia Endospermum malaccense Hopea odorata Khaya ivarensis Koompasia malaccensis Neobalanocarpus heimii Pterocarpus indicus Shorea curtisii Shorea leprosula Shorea singkawang Shorea parvifolia

Sarawak

Azadirachta excelsa Dipterocarpus sarawakensis Dryobalanops beccarii Eusideroxylon zwageri Gonystylus bancanus Palaquim Shorea beccariana Shorea hemsleyaana Shorea macrophylla Shorea splendida

Sabah

Dryobalanops lanceolata Eusideroxylon zwageri Shorea beccariana Shorea glaucescens Shorea gysbertsiana Shorea leprosula Shorea macrophylla Shorea mecistoptery Shorea ovata Shorea superba Octomeles sumatrana


In situ conservation The in situ conservation areas in Malaysia are categorised according to the

degree of protection, which in part also depends on the land use classification.

Protected Areas (PAs) The PAs are classified into several categories: National/State Parks, Wildlife

Reserves /Sanctuaries and Nature Reserves depending on legal instruments used to govern their gazettement. To date there is no single standardised P A system common to all the three regions in Malaysia. A similar designation may have contradicting interpretation under different legislation in the three regions.

National and state parks Malaysia has established a network of protected areas for the conservation of

biological diversity in the form of National and State Parks. In fact, they are the best protected areas under the existing laws and regulations in the country. In 1994 Malaysia had 1.39 million hectares of protected areas; 0.74 million hectares in Peninsular Malaysia, 0.39 million hectares in Sabah and 0.26 million hectares in Sarawak (Table 12). Of these, 1.06 million hectares are located outside the Permanent Forest Reserve, whilst another 0.33 million hectares are within the reserve. An additional area of 1.42 million hectares is under consideration for future reservation with 0.67 million hectares in Peninsular Malaysia which is located in the PFE and 0.75 million hectares in Sarawak comprising 10 national parks and 4 wildlife sanctuaries (Masran, 1994). There are legislative conflicts with the management of Wildlife Reserve and Santuaries in Malaysia as the implementing agencies, the Forest Department in Sarawak, Deparment of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN) in Peninsular Malaysia, and the Wildlife Department in Sabah, are managed by different ministries. Conflict in land use also arises when wildlife reserves and sanctuaries overlap with those of the production forest in the PFE. For example, Malaysia's largest national park (Taman N egara) covering an area of 434,351 hectares was gazetted iri 1939 and is virtually a virgin forest comprising of various forest types according to altitudes and soils. It has been estimated to contain 60% of the local mammals, 211 out of 241 lowland forest birds and 60 out of 76 known mountain species (Davidson, 1982). Other examples of these national parks include the KinabaluNational Park (75,370 ha),.Croker National Park (139,919 ha) and Mulu National Park (52,887 ha). Recognising the importance of conserving biological diversity along the border between two countries, a bilateral protection area between Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, Sarawak, Malaysia and Bentuang Karimun Nature Reserve, Kalimantan, Indonesia was established covering an area of 800,000 hectares.


In situ conservation The in situ conservation areas in Malaysia are categorised according to the

degree of protection, which in part also depends on the land use classification.

Protected Areas (PAs) The PAs are classified into several categories: National/State Parks, Wildlife

Reserves /Sanctuaries and Nature Reserves depending on legal instruments used to govern their gazettement. To date there is no single standardised P A system common to all the three regions in Malaysia. A similar designation may have contradicting interpretation under different legislation in the three regions.

National and state parks Malaysia has established a network of protected areas for the conservation of

biological diversity in the form of National and State Parks. In fact, they are the best protected areas under the existing laws and regulations in the country. In 1994 Malaysia had 1.39 million hectares of protected areas; 0.74 million hectares in Peninsular Malaysia, 0.39 million hectares in Sabah and 0.26 million hectares in Sarawak (Table 12). Of these, 1.06 million hectares are located outside the Permanent Forest Reserve, whilst another 0.33 million hectares are within the reserve. An additional area of 1.42 million hectares is under consideration for future reservation with 0.67 million hectares in Peninsular Malaysia which is located in the PFE and 0.75 million hectares in Sarawak comprising 10 national parks and 4 wildlife sanctuaries (Masran, 1994). There are legislative conflicts with the management of Wildlife Reserve and Santuaries in Malaysia as the implementing agencies, the Forest Department in Sarawak, Deparment of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN) in Peninsular Malaysia, and the Wildlife Department in Sabah, are managed by different ministries. Conflict in land use also arises when wildlife reserves and sanctuaries overlap with those of the production forest in the PFE. For example, Malaysia's largest national park (Taman N egara) covering an area of 434,351 hectares was gazetted iri 1939 and is virtually a virgin forest comprising of various forest types according to altitudes and soils. It has been estimated to contain 60% of the local mammals, 211 out of 241 lowland forest birds and 60 out of 76 known mountain species (Davidson, 1982). Other examples of these national parks include the KinabaluNational Park (75,370 ha),.Croker National Park (139,919 ha) and Mulu National Park (52,887 ha). Recognising the importance of conserving biological diversity along the border between two countries, a bilateral protection area between Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, Sarawak, Malaysia and Bentuang Karimun Nature Reserve, Kalimantan, Indonesia was established covering an area of 800,000 hectares.


Table 12. Areas under national parks, wildlife and bird sanctuaries in Malaysia (million hectares)

Region National Park Wildlife & Total Bird Sanctuary

Peninsular Malaysia 0.43 0.31 0.74 Sabah 0.25 0.14 0.39 Sarawak 0.08 0.18 0.26

Total 0.76 0.63 1.39

Source: Masran, 1994

* Note: A total of 190,000 hectares in Peninsular Malaysia and 140,000 hectares in Sabah are located in the Permanent Forest Estate.

Permanent Forest Estate (PFE)

41

PFE refers to forest reserves, maintained and managed for their maximum economic, social and ecological benefits. A total of 14.08 million hectares of the forested land have been gazetted as PFE in accordance with the National Forestry Policy. There are four categories within the PFE:

i) Production Forest for the economic exploitation of the timber production ii) Protection Forest for its many ecological services, e.g. maintenance of climatic

conditions, water resources, soil fertility, biological diversity and flood mitigation

iii)Forests for Education and Research iv)Amenity Forest

The term PFE, however may be misleading since permanency of the forest is not guaranteed as the Executive Council within the state governments can degazette any area ofPFE for infrastructure development, agriculture and housing:

Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak have their individual forest classifications: 11 in Peninsular Malaysia, 7 in Sabah and 3 in Sarawak (Table 13). Peninsular Malaysia classifies the PFE according to its ecological functions while protection for a particular forest ecosystem forms the basis of classification for Sabah and Sarawak.

11.25 million of the 14.08 million hectares are managed as production forests and the remaining 2.83 million hectares as protection, amenity, research and education forests. PFE in Peninsular Malaysia accounts for 4.68 million hectares and its distribution across the states are given in Table 14.


Table 12. Areas under national parks, wildlife and bird sanctuaries in Malaysia (million hectares)

Region National Park Wildlife & Total Bird Sanctuary

Peninsular Malaysia 0.43 0.31 0.74 Sabah 0.25 0.14 0.39 Sarawak 0.08 0.18 0.26

Total 0.76 0.63 1.39

Source: Masran, 1994

* Note: A total of 190,000 hectares in Peninsular Malaysia and 140,000 hectares in Sabah are located in the Permanent Forest Estate.

Permanent Forest Estate (PFE)

41

PFE refers to forest reserves, maintained and managed for their maximum economic, social and ecological benefits. A total of 14.08 million hectares of the forested land have been gazetted as PFE in accordance with the National Forestry Policy. There are four categories within the PFE:

i) Production Forest for the economic exploitation of the timber production ii) Protection Forest for its many ecological services, e.g. maintenance of climatic

conditions, water resources, soil fertility, biological diversity and flood mitigation

iii)Forests for Education and Research iv)Amenity Forest

The term PFE, however may be misleading since permanency of the forest is not guaranteed as the Executive Council within the state governments can degazette any area ofPFE for infrastructure development, agriculture and housing:

Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak have their individual forest classifications: 11 in Peninsular Malaysia, 7 in Sabah and 3 in Sarawak (Table 13). Peninsular Malaysia classifies the PFE according to its ecological functions while protection for a particular forest ecosystem forms the basis of classification for Sabah and Sarawak.

11.25 million of the 14.08 million hectares are managed as production forests and the remaining 2.83 million hectares as protection, amenity, research and education forests. PFE in Peninsular Malaysia accounts for 4.68 million hectares and its distribution across the states are given in Table 14.


Table 13. Classification of PFE in Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia

Timber Production Forest Under Sustainaed Yield Soil Protection Forest Soil Reclaimation Forest Flood Control Forest Water Catchment Forest Forest Sanctuary for Wildlife Virgin Jungle Reserves Amenity Forest Education Forest Research Forest Forest for Federal Purposes

Sabah

Protection Forest Reserve Commercial Forest Reserve Domestic Forest Reserve Amenity Forest Reserve Mangrove Forest Reserve Virgin Jungle Reserve Wildlife Reserve

Sarawak

Forest Reserves Protected Forest Communal Forest

Table 14. Forested land in Peninsular Malaysia as at 31.12.94

State Permanent Forest Estate Virgin Forest Virgin Forest % (ha)* Reserve (ha) (1)

Existing Proposed Total

Johor 320543 3241 323784 91308 2388 0.7 Kedah 307150 35567 342717 132308 4186 1.2 Kelantan 626372 0 626372 181053 1611 0.3 Melaka 7220 89 7309 96 153 2.1 Ng. Sembilan 169202 0 169202 22046 3734 2.2 Pahang 1360314 34677 1394991 792203 1232 0.1 Perak 996561 0 996561 502960 6229 0.6 Perlis 5856 5312 11168 714 55 0.5 P. Pinang 6406 0 6406 5273 189 3.0 Selangor 237394 11276 248670 15056 1109 0.4 Terengganu 464043 96179 560222 252529 398 0.1 Wilayah 61 0 61 5 0 0 Persekutuan

Total 4501122 186341 4687463 1995553 21284 0.5

Source: Forest Department of Peninsular Malaysia, 1994; Chin and Saleh, 1995

* Note:-

% (2)

2.6 3.2 0.9 0.9 16 9 0.2 1.2 7.7 3.6 7.4 0.2

1.1

(1) Percentage of Virgin Forest Reserves as compared to the total Permanent Forest Reserves in each state in Peninsular Malaysia.

(2) Percentage of Virgin Forest Reserves as compared to the total Virgin Forest in each state in Peninsular Malaysia.


Table 13. Classification of PFE in Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia

Timber Production Forest Under Sustainaed Yield Soil Protection Forest Soil Reclaimation Forest Flood Control Forest Water Catchment Forest Forest Sanctuary for Wildlife Virgin Jungle Reserves Amenity Forest Education Forest Research Forest Forest for Federal Purposes

Sabah

Protection Forest Reserve Commercial Forest Reserve Domestic Forest Reserve Amenity Forest Reserve Mangrove Forest Reserve Virgin Jungle Reserve Wildlife Reserve

Sarawak

Forest Reserves Protected Forest Communal Forest

Table 14. Forested land in Peninsular Malaysia as at 31.12.94

State Permanent Forest Estate Virgin Forest Virgin Forest % (ha)* Reserve (ha) (1)

Existing Proposed Total

Johor 320543 3241 323784 91308 2388 0.7 Kedah 307150 35567 342717 132308 4186 1.2 Kelantan 626372 0 626372 181053 1611 0.3 Melaka 7220 89 7309 96 153 2.1 Ng. Sembilan 169202 0 169202 22046 3734 2.2 Pahang 1360314 34677 1394991 792203 1232 0.1 Perak 996561 0 996561 502960 6229 0.6 Perlis 5856 5312 11168 714 55 0.5 P. Pinang 6406 0 6406 5273 189 3.0 Selangor 237394 11276 248670 15056 1109 0.4 Terengganu 464043 96179 560222 252529 398 0.1 Wilayah 61 0 61 5 0 0 Persekutuan

Total 4501122 186341 4687463 1995553 21284 0.5

Source: Forest Department of Peninsular Malaysia, 1994; Chin and Saleh, 1995

* Note:-

% (2)

2.6 3.2 0.9 0.9 16 9 0.2 1.2 7.7 3.6 7.4 0.2

1.1

(1) Percentage of Virgin Forest Reserves as compared to the total Permanent Forest Reserves in each state in Peninsular Malaysia.

(2) Percentage of Virgin Forest Reserves as compared to the total Virgin Forest in each state in Peninsular Malaysia.


Production forest Production forest is managed mainly for timber production. Logging is still the

primary activity. Timber and other products contributed RM13.5 billion or 7.3% of Malaysia's Gross National Product (GNP) for 1994. Approximtely 160,222 ha of forest areas were opened for logging in Peninsular Malaysia that year, of which 31 % were from the production forests of PFE.

The Selective Management System (SMS) has been widely adopted throughout Malaysia. However, owing to the duration of logging, much forested land is still operated under the Malaysian Uniform System (MUS). The SMS allows a flexible timber harvesting regime with provision of satisfying the demands of timber market. Trees are felled selectively according to specific cutting limits; over 55 cm dbh for dipterocarps except for Neobalanocarpus heimii Le at >60 cm dbh and over 45 cm dbh for non-dipterocarps at a rate of 32 trees per ha. Cutting cycle is 30 years for Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah. The cutting limit of dipterocarp is higher in Sarawak Le >60 cm dbh with shorter cutting cycle i.e 25 years.

Virgin Jungle Reserves (VJRs) Virgin Jungle Reserves (VJRs) were gazetted by the State Forest Departments.

The purpose of these forests is to establish permanent nature reserves and natural arboreta as controls for comparing harvested and silviculturally treated forest and also as undisturbed natural forests for ecological and botanical studies. A total of 72 VJRs, covering 22,325 ha, have been established throughout Peninsular Malaysia and 50 VJRs covering an area of 90,442 ha in Sabah. The VJRs represent the many forest types of Malaysia including lowland dipterocarp and hill dipterocarp forests. All the VJRs in Peninsular Malaysia are currently being inventorised to assess the flora (including tree species) and their distribution for more effective conservation of these resources. The sizes of these VGRs vary from areas as small 10.9 hectare to 2,744 hectare in Peninsular Malaysia to 6,735 hectare reserve in Sabah.

Genetic Resource Area (GRA) GRA is a strategy for in situ conservation and to manage and utilise the gene

pools of selected tree species that may be at risk. Among the objectives of the establishment include (i) maintain and perpectuate genetic diversity of economically important tree species in logged over forest (ii) to utilise selected genetic sources for breeding, research, education and plantation purposes (iii) to reduce genetic erosion and minimise risk of genetic loss (iv) to integrate genetic management into forest operation (v) to establish an operating scale which demonstrates the feasibility, costs and benefits of systematic conservation of forest genetic resources and (vi) source of certified seeds and other materials.


Production forest Production forest is managed mainly for timber production. Logging is still the

primary activity. Timber and other products contributed RM13.5 billion or 7.3% of Malaysia's Gross National Product (GNP) for 1994. Approximtely 160,222 ha of forest areas were opened for logging in Peninsular Malaysia that year, of which 31 % were from the production forests of PFE.

The Selective Management System (SMS) has been widely adopted throughout Malaysia. However, owing to the duration of logging, much forested land is still operated under the Malaysian Uniform System (MUS). The SMS allows a flexible timber harvesting regime with provision of satisfying the demands of timber market. Trees are felled selectively according to specific cutting limits; over 55 cm dbh for dipterocarps except for Neobalanocarpus heimii Le at >60 cm dbh and over 45 cm dbh for non-dipterocarps at a rate of 32 trees per ha. Cutting cycle is 30 years for Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah. The cutting limit of dipterocarp is higher in Sarawak Le >60 cm dbh with shorter cutting cycle i.e 25 years.

Virgin Jungle Reserves (VJRs) Virgin Jungle Reserves (VJRs) were gazetted by the State Forest Departments.

The purpose of these forests is to establish permanent nature reserves and natural arboreta as controls for comparing harvested and silviculturally treated forest and also as undisturbed natural forests for ecological and botanical studies. A total of 72 VJRs, covering 22,325 ha, have been established throughout Peninsular Malaysia and 50 VJRs covering an area of 90,442 ha in Sabah. The VJRs represent the many forest types of Malaysia including lowland dipterocarp and hill dipterocarp forests. All the VJRs in Peninsular Malaysia are currently being inventorised to assess the flora (including tree species) and their distribution for more effective conservation of these resources. The sizes of these VGRs vary from areas as small 10.9 hectare to 2,744 hectare in Peninsular Malaysia to 6,735 hectare reserve in Sabah.

Genetic Resource Area (GRA) GRA is a strategy for in situ conservation and to manage and utilise the gene

pools of selected tree species that may be at risk. Among the objectives of the establishment include (i) maintain and perpectuate genetic diversity of economically important tree species in logged over forest (ii) to utilise selected genetic sources for breeding, research, education and plantation purposes (iii) to reduce genetic erosion and minimise risk of genetic loss (iv) to integrate genetic management into forest operation (v) to establish an operating scale which demonstrates the feasibility, costs and benefits of systematic conservation of forest genetic resources and (vi) source of certified seeds and other materials.


Figure 4. Genetic resource area at Hulu Sedili Forest Reserve, Malaysia

Figure 5. Shorea macrophylla stands in GRA at Semengoh Forest Reserve, Sarawak


Figure 4. Genetic resource area at Hulu Sedili Forest Reserve, Malaysia

Figure 5. Shorea macrophylla stands in GRA at Semengoh Forest Reserve, Sarawak


There are two GRA projects in Malaysia i.e. in DIu Sedili Forest Resource, J ohor and Semengoh Forest Reserve, Sarawak. They were joint projects between the Federal and State Forestry Departments and the ASEAN Forest Tree Seed Centre (AFTSC). The Centre provides the technical expertise and training to undertake the project work. The GRA in Johor comprises 30 compartments, 19 of which have been logged, others scheduled to be logged in future (Urn and Chin, 1995).

The DIu Sedili Forest Genetic Resource Area is a Lowland Dipterocarp Forest characterised by dominance of the trees belonging to the genera Dipterocarpus, Shorea, Dryobalanops, Neobalanocarpus, Hopea and Anisoptera. Other important (timber) species include trees from the families of Burseraceae, Guttiferae, Myristicacae, M yrtaceae, Sapotaceae, Annonaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Flacourtiaceae and Rubiaceae. GRA in DIu Sedili Forest Reserves involve 8 target species (Table 15) and the one in Semengoh includes 13 target species (Table 16).

Table 15. Target species of dipterocarps and non-dipterocarps in Ulu Sedili Forest Reserve for GRA (in situ conservation)

Scientific Name

Anisoptera laevis Dryobalanops aromatica Dyera cos tu lata Koompassia malaccensis Neobalanocarpus heimii Shorea curtisii Shorea laevis Shorea singkawang

Local Name

Merawan Durian Kapur Jelutong Kempas Chengal Meranti Seraya BalauKumus Meranti Sengkawang Merah

* Note: Based on 1 compartment only (out of 30 compartments). Source: Urn and Chin, 1995

Family

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Apocynaceae Fabaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae

Table 16. Selected target species in Semengoh Forest Reserve for GRA

Scientific Name

Azadirachta excelsa Dipterocarpus sarawakensis Dryobalanops beccarii Dyera costulata Eusideroxylon zwageri Gonystylus bancanus Palaquim spp. S. beccariana S. hemsleyana Shorea macrophylla S. splendida Shorea sp.

Local Name

Sentang Keruing layang-layang Kapurbukit Jelutong bukit Belian Ramin telur Nyatoh Engkabanglanggai Engkabang gading Engkabang jantung Engkabang bintang Selangan batu

Family

Meliaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Apocynaceae Lauraceae Gonystylaceae Sapotaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae


There are two GRA projects in Malaysia i.e. in DIu Sedili Forest Resource, J ohor and Semengoh Forest Reserve, Sarawak. They were joint projects between the Federal and State Forestry Departments and the ASEAN Forest Tree Seed Centre (AFTSC). The Centre provides the technical expertise and training to undertake the project work. The GRA in Johor comprises 30 compartments, 19 of which have been logged, others scheduled to be logged in future (Urn and Chin, 1995).

The DIu Sedili Forest Genetic Resource Area is a Lowland Dipterocarp Forest characterised by dominance of the trees belonging to the genera Dipterocarpus, Shorea, Dryobalanops, Neobalanocarpus, Hopea and Anisoptera. Other important (timber) species include trees from the families of Burseraceae, Guttiferae, Myristicacae, M yrtaceae, Sapotaceae, Annonaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Flacourtiaceae and Rubiaceae. GRA in DIu Sedili Forest Reserves involve 8 target species (Table 15) and the one in Semengoh includes 13 target species (Table 16).

Table 15. Target species of dipterocarps and non-dipterocarps in Ulu Sedili Forest Reserve for GRA (in situ conservation)

Scientific Name

Anisoptera laevis Dryobalanops aromatica Dyera cos tu lata Koompassia malaccensis Neobalanocarpus heimii Shorea curtisii Shorea laevis Shorea singkawang

Local Name

Merawan Durian Kapur Jelutong Kempas Chengal Meranti Seraya BalauKumus Meranti Sengkawang Merah

* Note: Based on 1 compartment only (out of 30 compartments). Source: Urn and Chin, 1995

Family

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Apocynaceae Fabaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae

Table 16. Selected target species in Semengoh Forest Reserve for GRA

Scientific Name

Azadirachta excelsa Dipterocarpus sarawakensis Dryobalanops beccarii Dyera costulata Eusideroxylon zwageri Gonystylus bancanus Palaquim spp. S. beccariana S. hemsleyana Shorea macrophylla S. splendida Shorea sp.

Local Name

Sentang Keruing layang-layang Kapurbukit Jelutong bukit Belian Ramin telur Nyatoh Engkabanglanggai Engkabang gading Engkabang jantung Engkabang bintang Selangan batu

Family

Meliaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Apocynaceae Lauraceae Gonystylaceae Sapotaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae


Seed production area Natural forests include plus trees for seed sources. Seeds are collected from

them for immediate and long term usage. Initiatives of Forest Department and FRIM have included plus trees of both Dipterocarp and non-Dipterocarp as in the target list. The list of seed production areas (SPA) established by states of Peninsular Malaysia are given in Table 17.

Forests for research and education In addition, some of the forests are allocated for research and education

purposes which include the Air Hitam Forest Reserve belonging to University Putra Malaysia; FRIM's research stations in Kepong, Jengka, Ulu Tekam Forest Reserve and Pasoh Forest Reserve; Setiu, Terengganu, research plots in Bukit Hari, Bukit Lagong and Sg. Menyala, and Gombak Research Station of the University of Malaya.


Field genebanks An alternative for storing seed in seed banks is the establishment of field gene

banks in the form of an arboretum or botanical garden and trial plots. Field gene banks require the transplanting of tree species of the virgin forest or wild relatives from their natural environment into gardens and arboreta.

Botanical gardens Among the known botanical gardens in the country are the Penang Botanical

Garden and Rimba Ilmu of University of Malaya. Tropical tree species collected from all over the world are grown in these gardens. Although the number of trees is very limited, even a single individual can serve as a specimen tree.

Arboretum An improvement over the botanical garden as a gene bank is the arboretum. An

example of this arboretum is the one in the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM), where it maintains 722 species of timber trees from 80 families, and live collection of the Shorea species.

Figure 6. Dipterocarp arboretum at FRIM, Malaysia


Seed production area Natural forests include plus trees for seed sources. Seeds are collected from

them for immediate and long term usage. Initiatives of Forest Department and FRIM have included plus trees of both Dipterocarp and non-Dipterocarp as in the target list. The list of seed production areas (SPA) established by states of Peninsular Malaysia are given in Table 17.

Forests for research and education In addition, some of the forests are allocated for research and education

purposes which include the Air Hitam Forest Reserve belonging to University Putra Malaysia; FRIM's research stations in Kepong, Jengka, Ulu Tekam Forest Reserve and Pasoh Forest Reserve; Setiu, Terengganu, research plots in Bukit Hari, Bukit Lagong and Sg. Menyala, and Gombak Research Station of the University of Malaya.


Field genebanks An alternative for storing seed in seed banks is the establishment of field gene

banks in the form of an arboretum or botanical garden and trial plots. Field gene banks require the transplanting of tree species of the virgin forest or wild relatives from their natural environment into gardens and arboreta.

Botanical gardens Among the known botanical gardens in the country are the Penang Botanical

Garden and Rimba Ilmu of University of Malaya. Tropical tree species collected from all over the world are grown in these gardens. Although the number of trees is very limited, even a single individual can serve as a specimen tree.

Arboretum An improvement over the botanical garden as a gene bank is the arboretum. An

example of this arboretum is the one in the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM), where it maintains 722 species of timber trees from 80 families, and live collection of the Shorea species.

Figure 6. Dipterocarp arboretum at FRIM, Malaysia


Field trials of indigenous and exotic species Trial plots serving as field gene banks include small scale plantation plots

established by the State Forest Departments for Chengal (Neobalanocarpus heimii) and Kapor (Dryobalanops aromatica) at Bukit Sekilau, Pahang; Kapor (Dryobalanops aromatica) at Banang Forest Reserve, Johor; Big tree Plot of Tualang (Koompassia excelsa) at Lancang, Temerloh, Pahang and Jati (Tectona grandis) at Bukit Raya, Kedah. Examples of field trials for certain species in Semengoh Forest Reserve are given in Table 18.

Table 17. List of Seed Production Areas (SPA) established by states of Peninsular Malaysia

States Forest reserve (F.R.) Comp.No. No. of Plus Trees

Johor Gunung Banang F.R. 94

Kedah Bukit Enggang F.R. 30

N.Sembilan/ Melaka 1) Sungai Menyala F.R. 2) Pasir Panjang F.R. 3) Teriang F.R. 68

Kelantan Hulu Sat F.R. Comp.12 68

Pahang 1) Lentang F.R. Blk. I, Comp. 8 Blk 11, Comp.4

2) LeparF.R. Blk.I 3) BalokF.R. Blk. 11 4) Mergastua Taman Negeri

Endau-Rompin F.R. 5) Kemasul F.R. Blk.I 6) SomF.R. Blk.1I 7) Jengka F.R. 8) Terengganu F.R. Comp.1 347

Perak 1) Bukit Tapah F.R. Comp.24 2) Keledang Saiong F.R. 3) Bubu F.R. Comp.4 53

Perlis Mata Ayer F.R. Blk. 1953 Blk. 1962 69

Pulau Pinang 1) Bukit Pancor F.R. 2) Pantai Acheh F.R. 32

Selangor 1) Sungai Buluh F.R. 2) Bukit Cerakah F.R.

Terengganu 1) Bukit Bauk F.R. Comp.21 2) Kersing F.R. Comp.9

Comp.lO 3) BesutF.R. Comp.16 4) Sungai Paka F.R. Comp.7 5) Bukit Jemalang F.R. Comp.1

,6) Bukit Bandi F.R. Comp.6 93

• Note: Most of the plus trees in the respective states are of similar species belonging to Dipterocarpaceae e.g. Shorea JeprosuJa, S. parvifoIia , S. macroptera, S. acuminata, S. foxworthyi, S. muItifIora, S. paucifIora, NeobaJanocarpus heimii and DryobaJanops aromatica


Field trials of indigenous and exotic species Trial plots serving as field gene banks include small scale plantation plots

established by the State Forest Departments for Chengal (Neobalanocarpus heimii) and Kapor (Dryobalanops aromatica) at Bukit Sekilau, Pahang; Kapor (Dryobalanops aromatica) at Banang Forest Reserve, Johor; Big tree Plot of Tualang (Koompassia excelsa) at Lancang, Temerloh, Pahang and Jati (Tectona grandis) at Bukit Raya, Kedah. Examples of field trials for certain species in Semengoh Forest Reserve are given in Table 18.

Table 17. List of Seed Production Areas (SPA) established by states of Peninsular Malaysia

States Forest reserve (F.R.) Comp.No. No. of Plus Trees

Johor Gunung Banang F.R. 94

Kedah Bukit Enggang F.R. 30

N.Sembilan/ Melaka 1) Sungai Menyala F.R. 2) Pasir Panjang F.R. 3) Teriang F.R. 68

Kelantan Hulu Sat F.R. Comp.12 68

Pahang 1) Lentang F.R. Blk. I, Comp. 8 Blk 11, Comp.4

2) LeparF.R. Blk.I 3) BalokF.R. Blk. 11 4) Mergastua Taman Negeri

Endau-Rompin F.R. 5) Kemasul F.R. Blk.I 6) SomF.R. Blk.1I 7) Jengka F.R. 8) Terengganu F.R. Comp.1 347

Perak 1) Bukit Tapah F.R. Comp.24 2) Keledang Saiong F.R. 3) Bubu F.R. Comp.4 53

Perlis Mata Ayer F.R. Blk. 1953 Blk. 1962 69

Pulau Pinang 1) Bukit Pancor F.R. 2) Pantai Acheh F.R. 32

Selangor 1) Sungai Buluh F.R. 2) Bukit Cerakah F.R.

Terengganu 1) Bukit Bauk F.R. Comp.21 2) Kersing F.R. Comp.9

Comp.lO 3) BesutF.R. Comp.16 4) Sungai Paka F.R. Comp.7 5) Bukit Jemalang F.R. Comp.1

,6) Bukit Bandi F.R. Comp.6 93

• Note: Most of the plus trees in the respective states are of similar species belonging to Dipterocarpaceae e.g. Shorea JeprosuJa, S. parvifoIia , S. macroptera, S. acuminata, S. foxworthyi, S. muItifIora, S. paucifIora, NeobaJanocarpus heimii and DryobaJanops aromatica


Table 18. Summary of some field trials of different species in Semengoh Forest Reserve

Plot No. Species Area Year (ha) established Objective

4B Shorea splendida (De Vr.) Ashton 0.11 1926 To observe fruiting under (E. bin tang) conditions of close canopy.

4C Shorea hemsleyana King ex. Forw. 2.19 1935 Study growth rate, (E. gading) flowering pattern and fruit

yeild. 5C Shorea pinanga scheff 0.81 1935 As above

(E.langgai bukit) 7C S. macrophylla (De. Vr.) Ashton 1.62 1936 As above

(E. jantong) 8C S. splendida (De Vr.) Ashton 2.03 1936 As above

(E. bin tang) 9 S. splendida (De Vr.) Ashton 1.34 1936 As above

(E. bintang) 10 S. splendida (De Vr.) Ashton 0.44 1929 As above

(E. bin tang) 12 Shorea palembanica miq. (E. asu) 0.81 1940 As above

Seed stand Emphasis is also given on the establishment of seed stands to get good supply

of genetically superior seeds when compared to seeds collected from wildings or natural populations in Peninsular Malaysia that came from seed stands especially for Acacia mangium, Tectona grandis, Gmelina arborea, Dyera costulata and Endospermum malaccense. There is a total of 147 ha of seed stands in Peninsular Malaysia. The breakdown of areas for each species is given in Table 19. In addition, clonal forestry has received more attention in Malaysian forestry programme. Examples of these are given in Table 20.


Table 18. Summary of some field trials of different species in Semengoh Forest Reserve

Plot No. Species Area Year (ha) established Objective

4B Shorea splendida (De Vr.) Ashton 0.11 1926 To observe fruiting under (E. bin tang) conditions of close canopy.

4C Shorea hemsleyana King ex. Forw. 2.19 1935 Study growth rate, (E. gading) flowering pattern and fruit

yeild. 5C Shorea pinanga scheff 0.81 1935 As above

(E.langgai bukit) 7C S. macrophylla (De. Vr.) Ashton 1.62 1936 As above

(E. jantong) 8C S. splendida (De Vr.) Ashton 2.03 1936 As above

(E. bin tang) 9 S. splendida (De Vr.) Ashton 1.34 1936 As above

(E. bintang) 10 S. splendida (De Vr.) Ashton 0.44 1929 As above

(E. bin tang) 12 Shorea palembanica miq. (E. asu) 0.81 1940 As above

Seed stand Emphasis is also given on the establishment of seed stands to get good supply

of genetically superior seeds when compared to seeds collected from wildings or natural populations in Peninsular Malaysia that came from seed stands especially for Acacia mangium, Tectona grandis, Gmelina arborea, Dyera costulata and Endospermum malaccense. There is a total of 147 ha of seed stands in Peninsular Malaysia. The breakdown of areas for each species is given in Table 19. In addition, clonal forestry has received more attention in Malaysian forestry programme. Examples of these are given in Table 20.


Table 19. Existing seed stands/ orchards of selected species in Malaysia

Species Locality Source Hectarage

Peninsular Malaysia (1) FRIM Acacia mangium Kemasul F.R., Pahang 3 from QLD, 2 from PNG 8.00 Acacia mangium Ulu Sedili F.R., Johor 3 from QLD, 2 from PNG 12.40 Acacia mangium Rantau Panjang F.R., Selangor 3 from QLD, 2 from PNG 22.20 Acacia mangium Setul F.R., Negeri Sembilan 3 from QLD, 2 from PNG 22.70 Acacia mangium Relai F.R., Kelantan 5.60 Acacia mangium Merchang F.R. Terengganu 10.00 Tectona grandis Mata Ayer F.R., Perlis 2.63 Pinus caribaea Baloh F.R., Pahang 0.24 Pinus caribaea Jambu Bongkok F.R., Terengganu 0.24 Pinus caribaea Bukit Tinggi F.R., Pahang 0.24 Gmelina arborea Bintang Hijau F.R., Perak 41.11 Dyera costulata Bukit Lagong F.R., Selangor 1.56 Acacia auriculiformis Bukit Tinggi F.R., Pahang 0.40 Shorea lepidota Bukit Lagong F.R., Selangor 0.32 Rhizophora sp. Sungai Tinggi F.R., Perak 8.10 Endospermum malaccense Sungai Tekam F.R., Pahang 0.80

Sabah (1) SAFODA Acacia mangium Bengkoka 1 from QLD, 2 from PNG 15.0

(2) FRC Acacia mangium Sook, ex-muengo 7 from QLD, 5 from Sabah 5.99

Acacia mangium SookFl F2 NA Acacia mangium Gum Gum (PRS) 5.0 Acacia mangium Kolapis B (PRS) 3 from Sabah, 5 from Australia 5.0 Acacia mangium Kolapis B (PVT) 3 from Sabah, 5 from Australia 1.49 Acacia mangium Telupid (PRS) 6.68 Acacia mangium Telupid (PVT) 1.49 Acacia mangium Sook(PRS) 7 from QLD, 5 from Sabah 5.6 Acacia mangium Kolapis A (PVT) 3 from Sabah, 5 from Australia 3.66 Acacia mangium Kolapis A (PRS) 3 from Sabah, 5 from Australia 5.20 A. aulacocarpa Kolapis A (PT) 0.81 A. auriculiformis Kolapis A (PT) 0.72 A. crassicarpa Kolapis A (PT) 1.60 Paraserianthes falcataria Kolapis A (PRS) 3 from Sabah, 5 from Australia 0.80 P. falcataria Kolapis B (PRS) 7.64 P. falcataria Kolapis B (PVT) 1.56

(3) SSB Paraserianthes falcataria PFllA(63C) 31.33 P. falcataria PF118 (36H8) 7.19 Acacia mangium AMllG(92E) 16.06 Acacia mangium AMllC (35Fl) 5.73 Gmelina arborea GAllA (26J) 3.55 Eucalyptus deglupta EDllA (6201) 5.32

(4) SFI Acacia mangium L21 Various QLD provenances 1.50 Acacia mangium L42 Few PNG provenances 1.50 Acacia crassicarpa L40/41 Few PNG provenances 1.00 Acacia aulacocarpa L42 Few PNG provenances 1.50 Acacia aulacocarpa L40/41 Few PNG provenances 1.00 Acacia aulacocarpa L44 Various PNG provenances 6.00 Eucalyptus urophylla P3 Mixed PNG provenances 1.50 Eucalyptus grandis P3 Mixed Indian provenances 0.8 Eucalyptus grandis P3 SFI Plantation 2.0

PRIM = Forest Research Institute Malaysia; SAFODA = Sabah Forestry Development Authority; FRC = Forest Research Centre; SSB = Sabah Softwood Berhad; PRS - Provenance Resources Stand; PVT - Provenance Trial; PT - Progeny Trial


Table 19. Existing seed stands/ orchards of selected species in Malaysia

Species Locality Source Hectarage

Peninsular Malaysia (1) FRIM Acacia mangium Kemasul F.R., Pahang 3 from QLD, 2 from PNG 8.00 Acacia mangium Ulu Sedili F.R., Johor 3 from QLD, 2 from PNG 12.40 Acacia mangium Rantau Panjang F.R., Selangor 3 from QLD, 2 from PNG 22.20 Acacia mangium Setul F.R., Negeri Sembilan 3 from QLD, 2 from PNG 22.70 Acacia mangium Relai F.R., Kelantan 5.60 Acacia mangium Merchang F.R. Terengganu 10.00 Tectona grandis Mata Ayer F.R., Perlis 2.63 Pinus caribaea Baloh F.R., Pahang 0.24 Pinus caribaea Jambu Bongkok F.R., Terengganu 0.24 Pinus caribaea Bukit Tinggi F.R., Pahang 0.24 Gmelina arborea Bintang Hijau F.R., Perak 41.11 Dyera costulata Bukit Lagong F.R., Selangor 1.56 Acacia auriculiformis Bukit Tinggi F.R., Pahang 0.40 Shorea lepidota Bukit Lagong F.R., Selangor 0.32 Rhizophora sp. Sungai Tinggi F.R., Perak 8.10 Endospermum malaccense Sungai Tekam F.R., Pahang 0.80

Sabah (1) SAFODA Acacia mangium Bengkoka 1 from QLD, 2 from PNG 15.0

(2) FRC Acacia mangium Sook, ex-muengo 7 from QLD, 5 from Sabah 5.99

Acacia mangium SookFl F2 NA Acacia mangium Gum Gum (PRS) 5.0 Acacia mangium Kolapis B (PRS) 3 from Sabah, 5 from Australia 5.0 Acacia mangium Kolapis B (PVT) 3 from Sabah, 5 from Australia 1.49 Acacia mangium Telupid (PRS) 6.68 Acacia mangium Telupid (PVT) 1.49 Acacia mangium Sook(PRS) 7 from QLD, 5 from Sabah 5.6 Acacia mangium Kolapis A (PVT) 3 from Sabah, 5 from Australia 3.66 Acacia mangium Kolapis A (PRS) 3 from Sabah, 5 from Australia 5.20 A. aulacocarpa Kolapis A (PT) 0.81 A. auriculiformis Kolapis A (PT) 0.72 A. crassicarpa Kolapis A (PT) 1.60 Paraserianthes falcataria Kolapis A (PRS) 3 from Sabah, 5 from Australia 0.80 P. falcataria Kolapis B (PRS) 7.64 P. falcataria Kolapis B (PVT) 1.56

(3) SSB Paraserianthes falcataria PFllA(63C) 31.33 P. falcataria PF118 (36H8) 7.19 Acacia mangium AMllG(92E) 16.06 Acacia mangium AMllC (35Fl) 5.73 Gmelina arborea GAllA (26J) 3.55 Eucalyptus deglupta EDllA (6201) 5.32

(4) SFI Acacia mangium L21 Various QLD provenances 1.50 Acacia mangium L42 Few PNG provenances 1.50 Acacia crassicarpa L40/41 Few PNG provenances 1.00 Acacia aulacocarpa L42 Few PNG provenances 1.50 Acacia aulacocarpa L40/41 Few PNG provenances 1.00 Acacia aulacocarpa L44 Various PNG provenances 6.00 Eucalyptus urophylla P3 Mixed PNG provenances 1.50 Eucalyptus grandis P3 Mixed Indian provenances 0.8 Eucalyptus grandis P3 SFI Plantation 2.0

PRIM = Forest Research Institute Malaysia; SAFODA = Sabah Forestry Development Authority; FRC = Forest Research Centre; SSB = Sabah Softwood Berhad; PRS - Provenance Resources Stand; PVT - Provenance Trial; PT - Progeny Trial


Table 20. Clonal orchards of selected fast growing species in Malaysia

Species Locality Hectarage Remarks

Peninsular Malaysia Acacia mangium (CSO) Ulu Sedili 4.0 Clonal material by A. mangium (SSO) Ulu Sedili 2.0 marcotting of selected

pI us trees from Tectona grandis (CSO) Langkawi 1.5 different provenances Sabah SAPODA A. auriculiformis (SCO) Bengkoka 0.14 Hybrids Bengkoka na

SFl Acacia mangium L21 3.5 Acacia mangium L44 1.71 Acacia mangium L44 2.00 Acacia crassicarpa L44 1.20 Gmelina arborea L44 16.00 Acacia auriculiformis L39 1.50

SSB Paraserianthes falcataria PP20A (153C) 0.98 Paraserianthes falcataria PP20B (17F) 0.67 Paraserianthes falcataria PF20C (45H) 0.67 Paraserianthes falcataria PF7 A (80C/D) 20.00 Acacia mangium AM15B 4.50 Acacia mangium AM7A (9G/D) 13.80 Gmelina arborea G7A (17B) 17.19 Eucalyptus deglupta ED7A (9G/D) 8.70

Seed banks Research using cryopreservation to preserve tropical and recalcitrant seeds

was conducted and species are listed in Table 21. Protocols to regenerate seeds after cryopreservation was undertaken (M. Marzalina, pers. comm.). Cryopreserved seeds of Swietenia macrophylla showed 100% survival rate. Seedlings obtained (12 out of 14, where 2 seedlings were accidentally killed during weeding) were transplanted in PRIM's arboretum and are growing for a period of 36 months. Trees grown using these seeds were confirmed to be genetically stable. In addition, species including Adenanthera pavonia, Paraserianthes falcataria, Cassia spectabilis, Leucaena lecucocephala, Lagestromia floribunda and Pterocarpus indicus were also field planted. (M. Marzalina, pers. comm).


Table 20. Clonal orchards of selected fast growing species in Malaysia

Species Locality Hectarage Remarks

Peninsular Malaysia Acacia mangium (CSO) Ulu Sedili 4.0 Clonal material by A. mangium (SSO) Ulu Sedili 2.0 marcotting of selected

pI us trees from Tectona grandis (CSO) Langkawi 1.5 different provenances Sabah SAPODA A. auriculiformis (SCO) Bengkoka 0.14 Hybrids Bengkoka na

SFl Acacia mangium L21 3.5 Acacia mangium L44 1.71 Acacia mangium L44 2.00 Acacia crassicarpa L44 1.20 Gmelina arborea L44 16.00 Acacia auriculiformis L39 1.50

SSB Paraserianthes falcataria PP20A (153C) 0.98 Paraserianthes falcataria PP20B (17F) 0.67 Paraserianthes falcataria PF20C (45H) 0.67 Paraserianthes falcataria PF7 A (80C/D) 20.00 Acacia mangium AM15B 4.50 Acacia mangium AM7A (9G/D) 13.80 Gmelina arborea G7A (17B) 17.19 Eucalyptus deglupta ED7A (9G/D) 8.70

Seed banks Research using cryopreservation to preserve tropical and recalcitrant seeds

was conducted and species are listed in Table 21. Protocols to regenerate seeds after cryopreservation was undertaken (M. Marzalina, pers. comm.). Cryopreserved seeds of Swietenia macrophylla showed 100% survival rate. Seedlings obtained (12 out of 14, where 2 seedlings were accidentally killed during weeding) were transplanted in PRIM's arboretum and are growing for a period of 36 months. Trees grown using these seeds were confirmed to be genetically stable. In addition, species including Adenanthera pavonia, Paraserianthes falcataria, Cassia spectabilis, Leucaena lecucocephala, Lagestromia floribunda and Pterocarpus indicus were also field planted. (M. Marzalina, pers. comm).


Table 21. List of species successully cryopreserved and regenerated for ex situ conservation in FRIM, Malaysia

Species

Dipterocarpus alatus Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyera costulata Hopea odorata Shorea parvifolia Swietenia macrophylla Tectona grandis Pterocarpus indicus

MC (%)

10 6-8

5.6

8

Viability (%)

68 70 37 15 10 63

90-97 80

Whole seeds were used and cryopreserved at -196°C Source: Normah and Marzalina, 1995

Slow-growth seedlings

51

Another form of field gene bank, which is still not commonly used, is the live collection of seedlings under slow growth. For recalcitrant species, instead of storing the seeds for a very short time, it is possible to store seedlings under restricted slow-growth conditions in a growth chamber (low temperature) or under shaded field conditions (low light intensities). Thus, the objective of this method is to grow a miniature plant similar to a bonsai plant and is intended for short or medium term conservation. Seventeen species were tested under growth chamber conditions and storage periods are as shown in Table 22.

Table 22. Storage period under growth chamber conditions

Species

Dipterocarpus cornutus Dryobalanops aromatica Dryobalanops oblongifolia Hopea odorata H. helferi Shorea macrophylla S.leprosula S. acuminata S. longisperma S. parvifolia S.ovalis S curtisii S. platyclados S. bracteolata S. macroptera S. maxwelliana S. pauciflora

Period of Storage (Months)

6 5 4

9-12 9 4

6-9 8 6

8-9 8-9 8-9 8-9 6 6 4 6

Source: Krishnapillay and Tompsett, 1998


Table 21. List of species successully cryopreserved and regenerated for ex situ conservation in FRIM, Malaysia

Species

Dipterocarpus alatus Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyera costulata Hopea odorata Shorea parvifolia Swietenia macrophylla Tectona grandis Pterocarpus indicus

MC (%)

10 6-8

5.6

8

Viability (%)

68 70 37 15 10 63

90-97 80

Whole seeds were used and cryopreserved at -196°C Source: Normah and Marzalina, 1995

Slow-growth seedlings

51

Another form of field gene bank, which is still not commonly used, is the live collection of seedlings under slow growth. For recalcitrant species, instead of storing the seeds for a very short time, it is possible to store seedlings under restricted slow-growth conditions in a growth chamber (low temperature) or under shaded field conditions (low light intensities). Thus, the objective of this method is to grow a miniature plant similar to a bonsai plant and is intended for short or medium term conservation. Seventeen species were tested under growth chamber conditions and storage periods are as shown in Table 22.

Table 22. Storage period under growth chamber conditions

Species

Dipterocarpus cornutus Dryobalanops aromatica Dryobalanops oblongifolia Hopea odorata H. helferi Shorea macrophylla S.leprosula S. acuminata S. longisperma S. parvifolia S.ovalis S curtisii S. platyclados S. bracteolata S. macroptera S. maxwelliana S. pauciflora

Period of Storage (Months)

6 5 4

9-12 9 4

6-9 8 6

8-9 8-9 8-9 8-9 6 6 4 6

Source: Krishnapillay and Tompsett, 1998


It has been reported that Shorea leprosula and S. ovalis seedlings with heights of 15 to 20 centimetres respectively, can be stored up to 3 months with almost 100% survival at 16 cC, 80% relative humidity and 8 hours light intensity of 3000-4000 lux to avoid etiolation. The mortality rate increases after 4 months due to starvation (no cotyledon) (F. Y. Tan, pers. comm.). Hopea odorata can be stored longer (up to 7 months) in growth chamber. However, the limitation of storing seedlings in growth chamber for longer period was because of storage space.

In vitro gene banks

Cryopreservation Long term conservation of recalcitrant seed is difficult despite many cases

reported by Chin (1988). At best, storing of recalcitrant seeds was only for 1 year (Hor, 1984; Normah, 1987) and they were more sensitive to desiccation and moderately low temperature. However, it was observed that the embryos were more tolerant than whole seeds to these two factors. The zygotic embryos of recalcitrant seeds were small and were amenable for conservation (Chin and Hor, 1989).

Over the years, some success was achieved with Dryobalanops sp which was preserved using cryopreservation technique. However, this technique has to be futher refined for conserving other recalcitrant species (Chin, 1994). Some embryos of certain species were successfully cryopreserved through in vitro technique listed in Table 23.

Table 23. Embryos of timber species successfully cryopreserved

Species Temperature/Method MC Viability (%) (%)

Swietenia macrophylla -196°C, encap., desiccation 5-8 63 Shorea leprosula -40°C, -196°C, des., slow cool 4-5 12 Shorea ovalis -40°C, -196°C, des., slow cool 8 7 Shorea parvifolia -40°C, -196°C, des., slow cool 5-7 10 Shorea macrophylla -40°C, -196°C, des., slow cool 10 5 Hapea odorata -40°C, -196°C, des., slow cool 6 15

Embryo axis was used, work done at FRIM, Malaysia Source: Normah and Marzalina, 1995

Macropropagation In Malaysia, research on macropropagation of timber species using cuttings

started in the early 1970s. Most of the work was carried out at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (PRIM) and others including University Putra Malaysia (UPM) (Karim, 1992), Agricultural Research Centre in Kuching, Sarawak (Lo, 1985) and the Forestry Research Centre (FRC) in Sepilok, Sabah (Thomas, 1987). Studies on macropropagation were carried out to understand the role of important factors


It has been reported that Shorea leprosula and S. ovalis seedlings with heights of 15 to 20 centimetres respectively, can be stored up to 3 months with almost 100% survival at 16 cC, 80% relative humidity and 8 hours light intensity of 3000-4000 lux to avoid etiolation. The mortality rate increases after 4 months due to starvation (no cotyledon) (F. Y. Tan, pers. comm.). Hopea odorata can be stored longer (up to 7 months) in growth chamber. However, the limitation of storing seedlings in growth chamber for longer period was because of storage space.

In vitro gene banks

Cryopreservation Long term conservation of recalcitrant seed is difficult despite many cases

reported by Chin (1988). At best, storing of recalcitrant seeds was only for 1 year (Hor, 1984; Normah, 1987) and they were more sensitive to desiccation and moderately low temperature. However, it was observed that the embryos were more tolerant than whole seeds to these two factors. The zygotic embryos of recalcitrant seeds were small and were amenable for conservation (Chin and Hor, 1989).

Over the years, some success was achieved with Dryobalanops sp which was preserved using cryopreservation technique. However, this technique has to be futher refined for conserving other recalcitrant species (Chin, 1994). Some embryos of certain species were successfully cryopreserved through in vitro technique listed in Table 23.

Table 23. Embryos of timber species successfully cryopreserved

Species Temperature/Method MC Viability (%) (%)

Swietenia macrophylla -196°C, encap., desiccation 5-8 63 Shorea leprosula -40°C, -196°C, des., slow cool 4-5 12 Shorea ovalis -40°C, -196°C, des., slow cool 8 7 Shorea parvifolia -40°C, -196°C, des., slow cool 5-7 10 Shorea macrophylla -40°C, -196°C, des., slow cool 10 5 Hapea odorata -40°C, -196°C, des., slow cool 6 15

Embryo axis was used, work done at FRIM, Malaysia Source: Normah and Marzalina, 1995

Macropropagation In Malaysia, research on macropropagation of timber species using cuttings

started in the early 1970s. Most of the work was carried out at the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (PRIM) and others including University Putra Malaysia (UPM) (Karim, 1992), Agricultural Research Centre in Kuching, Sarawak (Lo, 1985) and the Forestry Research Centre (FRC) in Sepilok, Sabah (Thomas, 1987). Studies on macropropagation were carried out to understand the role of important factors


such as growth medium, propagation facilities and growth regulators useful in the rooting of stem cuttings. Table 24 summarizes the list of tree species successfully propagated by cuttings.

Table 24. Tree species successfully propagated by macropropagation

Species

Acacia mangium Agathis dammara Alstonia angustiloba Araucaria hunsteinii Gmelina arborea Endospermum malaccense Podocarpus imbricatus Dryobalanops keithii D. lanceolata

Parashorea tomentella Shorea acuminata S. argentifolia S. faguetiana S. gysbertsiana S.leavis S.leprosula S. macroptera S.oleosa S. parvifolia Anisoptera scaphula Dipterocarpus charteceous D.oblongifolia Hopea odorata S. assamica S. bracteolata

S. macrophylla

S.obtusa S. platyclados S. singkawang S. talura Vatica walichii

Tissue culture

Reference

Darns (1988) Momose (1978) and Smith (1983) Aminah (1991a) Darns (1981) Zakaria and Ong (1982) and Wong and Jones (1986) Darns et al. (1990) Momose (1978) Muckell and Malim (1978) Muckell and Malim (1978)

Muckell and Malim (1978) Muckell and Malim (1978), Ling (1993) Muckell and Malim (1978) Muckell and Malim (1978) Muckell and Malim (1978) Muckell and MaIim (1978) Muckell and Malim (1978), Nor Aini and Liew (1994) Muckell and Malim (1978), Liew (1993) Muckell and Malim (1978) Muckell and Malim (1978), Ling (1993) Momose (1978) and Srivastava and Penguang (1981) Momose (1978) and Srivastava and Penguang (1981) Alias (1984) Aminah (1991c) and Alias (1984) Aminah (1991c) Aminah (1991c), Srivastava and Penguang (1981) and Alias (1984) Lo (1985)

Smits (1983) Aminah (1991c) Aminah (1991) Momose (1978) Momose (1978)

Tissue culture method to conserve plant genetic resources has been widely studied in Malaysia including forest tree species (Table 25). A few hundreds of in vitro plantlets of various species such as Dyera costulata (Jelutong), Endospermum malaccense (Sesenduk) and Aquilaria malaccensis (karas) have been field planted at Bukit Hari, Selangor (M.Y. Aziah, 1994).


such as growth medium, propagation facilities and growth regulators useful in the rooting of stem cuttings. Table 24 summarizes the list of tree species successfully propagated by cuttings.

Table 24. Tree species successfully propagated by macropropagation

Species

Acacia mangium Agathis dammara Alstonia angustiloba Araucaria hunsteinii Gmelina arborea Endospermum malaccense Podocarpus imbricatus Dryobalanops keithii D. lanceolata

Parashorea tomentella Shorea acuminata S. argentifolia S. faguetiana S. gysbertsiana S.leavis S.leprosula S. macroptera S.oleosa S. parvifolia Anisoptera scaphula Dipterocarpus charteceous D.oblongifolia Hopea odorata S. assamica S. bracteolata

S. macrophylla

S.obtusa S. platyclados S. singkawang S. talura Vatica walichii

Tissue culture

Reference

Darns (1988) Momose (1978) and Smith (1983) Aminah (1991a) Darns (1981) Zakaria and Ong (1982) and Wong and Jones (1986) Darns et al. (1990) Momose (1978) Muckell and Malim (1978) Muckell and Malim (1978)

Muckell and Malim (1978) Muckell and Malim (1978), Ling (1993) Muckell and Malim (1978) Muckell and Malim (1978) Muckell and Malim (1978) Muckell and MaIim (1978) Muckell and Malim (1978), Nor Aini and Liew (1994) Muckell and Malim (1978), Liew (1993) Muckell and Malim (1978) Muckell and Malim (1978), Ling (1993) Momose (1978) and Srivastava and Penguang (1981) Momose (1978) and Srivastava and Penguang (1981) Alias (1984) Aminah (1991c) and Alias (1984) Aminah (1991c) Aminah (1991c), Srivastava and Penguang (1981) and Alias (1984) Lo (1985)

Smits (1983) Aminah (1991c) Aminah (1991) Momose (1978) Momose (1978)

Tissue culture method to conserve plant genetic resources has been widely studied in Malaysia including forest tree species (Table 25). A few hundreds of in vitro plantlets of various species such as Dyera costulata (Jelutong), Endospermum malaccense (Sesenduk) and Aquilaria malaccensis (karas) have been field planted at Bukit Hari, Selangor (M.Y. Aziah, 1994).


Table 25. List of tree species successfully regenerated through micropropagation technique for ex situ conservation

Species Explants Juvenile or Regeneration method Institute mature plants

Gonystylus bancanus Cotyledonary Juvenile Axillary shoot (buds) FRIM junction

Endospermum malaccense Nodal segment 2-year-old cuttings Axilllary shoots FRIM Aquilaria malaccensis Nodal segment Juvenile Axilllary shoots FRIM Dyera costulata Nodal segment in vitro germinated Axilllary shoots FRIM

seedlings Acacia hybrid Nodal segment Mature (6-year-old Axilllary shoots FRIM

marcotts) Dyera costulata Embryo mature Organogenesis UPM Acacia mangium Shoot tip juvenile Adventitious shoot UPM

formation Dryobalanops aromatica Embryo mature Adventitious shoot UPM

formation Azadirachta exceIsa Shoot tip, Juvenile Adventitious and UPM

axillary bud axillary bud Parkia speciosa embryo mature Embryogenesis UPM

Source: Aziah et al., 1994

Recombinant DNA Research in this area is still at its infant stage. Research on genetic diversity of

some important indigeneous and exotic species using novel genetic markers i.e. isozyme and RAPD, have provided useful information for conservation purposes. Details are given in Table 26.


Table 25. List of tree species successfully regenerated through micropropagation technique for ex situ conservation

Species Explants Juvenile or Regeneration method Institute mature plants

Gonystylus bancanus Cotyledonary Juvenile Axillary shoot (buds) FRIM junction

Endospermum malaccense Nodal segment 2-year-old cuttings Axilllary shoots FRIM Aquilaria malaccensis Nodal segment Juvenile Axilllary shoots FRIM Dyera costulata Nodal segment in vitro germinated Axilllary shoots FRIM

seedlings Acacia hybrid Nodal segment Mature (6-year-old Axilllary shoots FRIM

marcotts) Dyera costulata Embryo mature Organogenesis UPM Acacia mangium Shoot tip juvenile Adventitious shoot UPM

formation Dryobalanops aromatica Embryo mature Adventitious shoot UPM

formation Azadirachta exceIsa Shoot tip, Juvenile Adventitious and UPM

axillary bud axillary bud Parkia speciosa embryo mature Embryogenesis UPM

Source: Aziah et al., 1994

Recombinant DNA Research in this area is still at its infant stage. Research on genetic diversity of

some important indigeneous and exotic species using novel genetic markers i.e. isozyme and RAPD, have provided useful information for conservation purposes. Details are given in Table 26.


Table 26. Genetic diversity of some tropical tree species based on using isozyme investigations

Researcher (s) Species Mean Mean Genetic Heterozygosity Polymorphic Identity (Ho) Loci(%)

Natural Forest

Arianti (1998) Dipterocarpus sp. 0.383-0.608 91.67-100.00 0.6532 to 0.8894

Daim (1993) Shorea curtisii 0.480 72.20 0.0033 to 0.0820 S.leprosula 0.565 72.20

Daisy (1995) S. curtisii 0.268 80.00 0.5765 to 0.9956 S.leprosula 0.457 93.33 S. parvifolia 0.264 83.30

Hazandy (1997) Azadirachta excelsa 0.080-0.110 65.10-73.10 0.810 to 0.980

Kong (1994) S. parvifolia 0.535 95.20 S. acuminata 0.604 100.00 0.5450 to 0.8961

Noridah (1996) S. curtisii 0.121 0.119 S.leprosula 0.144 82.80 S. parvifolia 0.119 78.50 0.6460 to 0.9820

Norwati et al. (1993) Dyera costulata 0.246 83.30 0.9280

Nur Edora (1999) Shorea macrophylla 0.1412 70.00-100.00 0.9744toO.9919

Kueh (1996) Azadirachta excelsa 0.092 60.42 0.7369 to 0.8945

Plantation Forest

Hamidi (1990) Acacia mangium 0.200 67.00 0.9095 to 0.9940

John Keen (1996) A. crassicarpa 0.086 58.70 0.9770 to 0.9955

Wickneswari A. auriculiformis 0.081 39.80 and Norwati (1993)


Table 26. Genetic diversity of some tropical tree species based on using isozyme investigations

Researcher (s) Species Mean Mean Genetic Heterozygosity Polymorphic Identity (Ho) Loci(%)

Natural Forest

Arianti (1998) Dipterocarpus sp. 0.383-0.608 91.67-100.00 0.6532 to 0.8894

Daim (1993) Shorea curtisii 0.480 72.20 0.0033 to 0.0820 S.leprosula 0.565 72.20

Daisy (1995) S. curtisii 0.268 80.00 0.5765 to 0.9956 S.leprosula 0.457 93.33 S. parvifolia 0.264 83.30

Hazandy (1997) Azadirachta excelsa 0.080-0.110 65.10-73.10 0.810 to 0.980

Kong (1994) S. parvifolia 0.535 95.20 S. acuminata 0.604 100.00 0.5450 to 0.8961

Noridah (1996) S. curtisii 0.121 0.119 S.leprosula 0.144 82.80 S. parvifolia 0.119 78.50 0.6460 to 0.9820

Norwati et al. (1993) Dyera costulata 0.246 83.30 0.9280

Nur Edora (1999) Shorea macrophylla 0.1412 70.00-100.00 0.9744toO.9919

Kueh (1996) Azadirachta excelsa 0.092 60.42 0.7369 to 0.8945

Plantation Forest

Hamidi (1990) Acacia mangium 0.200 67.00 0.9095 to 0.9940

John Keen (1996) A. crassicarpa 0.086 58.70 0.9770 to 0.9955

Wickneswari A. auriculiformis 0.081 39.80 and Norwati (1993)


Philippines ..

In situ conservation As early as 1930, an act was enacted that prohibited the cutting of four

leguminous timber trees, namely; Supa (Sindora supa) Akle (Albizzia akle ), Tindalo (Afzelia rhomboidea), and Ipil (Intsia bijuga), and a non-legume, Vitex parviflora of Verbenaceae. A Letter of Instruction was also issued that deregulated the cutting of an indigenous legume, Narra (Pterocarpus indicus). Harvesting of any Dipterocarps from virgin forests for round log export was also regulated.

The genetic resources of a country are assets that should be protected by clear national policies for their conservation and use. The suitainable use of each production forest or unit of management within the forest varies according to location, species composition, number of endemic species present, size, shape and environmental features. The contribution of any identified area is determined by the objectives and quality of management and the potential conservation value. The conservation of genetic resources is fundamental to the sustainable and productive management of the forest ecosystem in which they occur. It is therefore important that in situ conservation of forest genetic resources should be reinforced. The establishment of National Parks and Protected Areas also plays a central role in the conservation of biodiversity as well as the genetic resources of species that are economically important.

Integrated protected area system The main strategy to protect and conserve the natural biodiversity is through

the establishment of the integrated protected area systems (lP AS). The IP AS was initiated to protect. and preserve all the representative ecosystems and habitat types, as well as the species of plants and animals found therein. The Parks and Wildlife Bureau was created through Executive Order 192 to consolidate all government efforts in the conservation of natural biological resources by the establishment of a network of protected areas.

NIPAS law In June 1992, Republic Act No. 7586, otherwise known as the National Integrated

Protected Area Systems (NIP AS) Law was enacted and mandated the DENR to implement the said law which has the following special features:

1) It requires the designation of an added layer of buffer zone to stabilize protected area whenever and wherever applicable;

2) It recognizes ancestral rights and includes community interests with concern for socio-economic development;

3) It requires the development of standard planning for site-specific management 4) It establishes the Integrated Protected Areas Fund (lPAF), a trust fund for

promoting sustained financing system; and 5) It adopts a decentralized system of protected area management.


Philippines ..

In situ conservation As early as 1930, an act was enacted that prohibited the cutting of four

leguminous timber trees, namely; Supa (Sindora supa) Akle (Albizzia akle ), Tindalo (Afzelia rhomboidea), and Ipil (Intsia bijuga), and a non-legume, Vitex parviflora of Verbenaceae. A Letter of Instruction was also issued that deregulated the cutting of an indigenous legume, Narra (Pterocarpus indicus). Harvesting of any Dipterocarps from virgin forests for round log export was also regulated.

The genetic resources of a country are assets that should be protected by clear national policies for their conservation and use. The suitainable use of each production forest or unit of management within the forest varies according to location, species composition, number of endemic species present, size, shape and environmental features. The contribution of any identified area is determined by the objectives and quality of management and the potential conservation value. The conservation of genetic resources is fundamental to the sustainable and productive management of the forest ecosystem in which they occur. It is therefore important that in situ conservation of forest genetic resources should be reinforced. The establishment of National Parks and Protected Areas also plays a central role in the conservation of biodiversity as well as the genetic resources of species that are economically important.

Integrated protected area system The main strategy to protect and conserve the natural biodiversity is through

the establishment of the integrated protected area systems (lP AS). The IP AS was initiated to protect. and preserve all the representative ecosystems and habitat types, as well as the species of plants and animals found therein. The Parks and Wildlife Bureau was created through Executive Order 192 to consolidate all government efforts in the conservation of natural biological resources by the establishment of a network of protected areas.

NIPAS law In June 1992, Republic Act No. 7586, otherwise known as the National Integrated

Protected Area Systems (NIP AS) Law was enacted and mandated the DENR to implement the said law which has the following special features:

1) It requires the designation of an added layer of buffer zone to stabilize protected area whenever and wherever applicable;

2) It recognizes ancestral rights and includes community interests with concern for socio-economic development;

3) It requires the development of standard planning for site-specific management 4) It establishes the Integrated Protected Areas Fund (lPAF), a trust fund for

promoting sustained financing system; and 5) It adopts a decentralized system of protected area management.


As of February 1998, there are 34 protected areas under the NIP AS category with a total area of 1,442,720 hectares. The regional offices of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) through its Community Environment and Natural Resources Offices (CENROS) and Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office (PENROS) have also identified 25 old growth and mossy forests that are proposed to be included in the P A system, based on available information on the status of biodiversity. Other areas may be proclaimed as important at any time.

Other issuances, legislations and regulations Aside from NIP AS Law, there are 8 otherissuances, legislations and regulations

that were passed earlier by the government to curb activities thatwou Id adversely affect biodiversity conservation . Of the eight, the following are relevant to conservation of tree genetic resources:

1) Presidential Decree No. 1151 - The Philippine Environment Policy of 1978 established the Philippine Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Systems. This law stipulates the conduct of environmental impact assessment for all activities or projects that significantly affect the quality of the environment, presents alternatives in order to avoid or mitigate such effects.

2) Proclamation No. 2146 identifies the protected areas as environmentally critical and thus falls within the scope of the Environmental Impact Statement Systems as provided for under the Presidential Decree 1586. This was supported and strengthened by DAO 21 which decentralized the issuance of Environmental Compliance Certificates for projects within the environmentally critical areas.

3) DAO 90 series of 1988 - sets the allowable quota for certain animal and plant species that can be collected with a permit for commercial purposes.

4) DENR Memorandum Circular No. 97-17 was issued to protect the habitats of endemic, rare, vulnerable and endangered wetland species.

5) The Philippines acceded to the Convention on the International Trade on Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 1981 and the country joined as a member. The identification of the endangered, rare and threatened species was started.

6) Executive Order No. 247. This executive order was issued by the President of the Philippines in 1995 which emphasized on: "Prescribing guidelines and establishing a regulatory framework for prospecting biological and genetic resources, their by-products and derivatives for scientific, commercial and other purposes". The implementing rules and regulations of E O. 247 are contained in DAO 96-2 of the DENR.

There have been a series of workshops and orientation seminars on biodiversity conservation to plan and create awareness. Manuals, pamphlets and posters were prepared and made available to the public. Several of the tree species listed in the CITES list can now be found in a brochure on "Endangered Philippine Trees"


As of February 1998, there are 34 protected areas under the NIP AS category with a total area of 1,442,720 hectares. The regional offices of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) through its Community Environment and Natural Resources Offices (CENROS) and Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office (PENROS) have also identified 25 old growth and mossy forests that are proposed to be included in the P A system, based on available information on the status of biodiversity. Other areas may be proclaimed as important at any time.

Other issuances, legislations and regulations Aside from NIP AS Law, there are 8 otherissuances, legislations and regulations

that were passed earlier by the government to curb activities thatwou Id adversely affect biodiversity conservation . Of the eight, the following are relevant to conservation of tree genetic resources:

1) Presidential Decree No. 1151 - The Philippine Environment Policy of 1978 established the Philippine Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Systems. This law stipulates the conduct of environmental impact assessment for all activities or projects that significantly affect the quality of the environment, presents alternatives in order to avoid or mitigate such effects.

2) Proclamation No. 2146 identifies the protected areas as environmentally critical and thus falls within the scope of the Environmental Impact Statement Systems as provided for under the Presidential Decree 1586. This was supported and strengthened by DAO 21 which decentralized the issuance of Environmental Compliance Certificates for projects within the environmentally critical areas.

3) DAO 90 series of 1988 - sets the allowable quota for certain animal and plant species that can be collected with a permit for commercial purposes.

4) DENR Memorandum Circular No. 97-17 was issued to protect the habitats of endemic, rare, vulnerable and endangered wetland species.

5) The Philippines acceded to the Convention on the International Trade on Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 1981 and the country joined as a member. The identification of the endangered, rare and threatened species was started.

6) Executive Order No. 247. This executive order was issued by the President of the Philippines in 1995 which emphasized on: "Prescribing guidelines and establishing a regulatory framework for prospecting biological and genetic resources, their by-products and derivatives for scientific, commercial and other purposes". The implementing rules and regulations of E O. 247 are contained in DAO 96-2 of the DENR.

There have been a series of workshops and orientation seminars on biodiversity conservation to plan and create awareness. Manuals, pamphlets and posters were prepared and made available to the public. Several of the tree species listed in the CITES list can now be found in a brochure on "Endangered Philippine Trees"


which was prepared and distributed by the Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau (ERDB) of DENR (Table 27). The conservation status of more species may be established if ground surveys of critical areas were conducted.

Table 27. Some endangered tree species included in CITES list

Common name Scientific name Family

Almaciga Agathis dammara Warb. Araucariaceae Batikuling Litsea leytensis Merr. Lauraceae Dufigon Tarrietia sylvatica (Vid.) Merr. Sterculiaceae Igem Podocarpus imbricatus R. Br. Podocarpaceae Ipil Intsia bijuga (Colebr.)O. Ktze. Caesalpiniaceae Kalantas Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe Meliaceae Mangcono Xanthostemon verdugonianum Neves Myrtaceae Mindoro pine Pinus merkusii Jungh.&De Vr. Pinaceae Sangilo Pistacia chinensis Bunge Anacardiaceae Supa Sindora supa Merr. Fabaceae Tindalo Afzelia rhomboidea (Bko.) Vid. Caesal piniaceae Yakal-kaliot Hopea malibato Foxw. Di pterocarpaceae Malaanonan Shorea polita Dipterocarpaceae Bagtikan Parashorea malaanonan Dipterocarpaceae

The NBSAP of the Philippines was approved by the Philippine President in 1997 and became one of the initial outputs of the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity.

Ex situ conservation There have been several ex situ conservation programs and projects conducted

to conserve species including tree timber species.

Species and provenance trials Species and provenance trials are ways by which certain preferred species can

be conserved ex situ. In the Philippines, regular efforts on genetic conservation have been nil but these were indirectly implemented through species and provenance trials. Some earlier uncoordinated provenance and species trials were conducted by DENR for Pinus, Acacia, Eucalyptus, Casuarina, Gmelina and other multipurpose trees species. The Paper Industries of the Philippines (PICOP) and the Provident Tree Farms, Inc. (PTFI) have been practicing ex situ conservation activities through provenance introduction and multiplication of industrial plantation species such as Paraserianthes falcataria, Gmelina arborea, Eucalyptus peltatum and several other species. Through the FAO/RAS/91/004, ERDB has recently implemented provenance trials for Gmelina, several Acacia and Eucalyptus species in Cavite province. Superior species are identified and provenance trials established in Luzon and Mindanao through the collaborative efforts of New Zealand and DENR, e.g. Asean New Zealand Afforestation Project (ANZAP) and the Bukidnon Forest Industries (BF!).


which was prepared and distributed by the Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau (ERDB) of DENR (Table 27). The conservation status of more species may be established if ground surveys of critical areas were conducted.

Table 27. Some endangered tree species included in CITES list

Common name Scientific name Family

Almaciga Agathis dammara Warb. Araucariaceae Batikuling Litsea leytensis Merr. Lauraceae Dufigon Tarrietia sylvatica (Vid.) Merr. Sterculiaceae Igem Podocarpus imbricatus R. Br. Podocarpaceae Ipil Intsia bijuga (Colebr.)O. Ktze. Caesalpiniaceae Kalantas Toona calantas Merr. & Rolfe Meliaceae Mangcono Xanthostemon verdugonianum Neves Myrtaceae Mindoro pine Pinus merkusii Jungh.&De Vr. Pinaceae Sangilo Pistacia chinensis Bunge Anacardiaceae Supa Sindora supa Merr. Fabaceae Tindalo Afzelia rhomboidea (Bko.) Vid. Caesal piniaceae Yakal-kaliot Hopea malibato Foxw. Di pterocarpaceae Malaanonan Shorea polita Dipterocarpaceae Bagtikan Parashorea malaanonan Dipterocarpaceae

The NBSAP of the Philippines was approved by the Philippine President in 1997 and became one of the initial outputs of the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity.

Ex situ conservation There have been several ex situ conservation programs and projects conducted

to conserve species including tree timber species.

Species and provenance trials Species and provenance trials are ways by which certain preferred species can

be conserved ex situ. In the Philippines, regular efforts on genetic conservation have been nil but these were indirectly implemented through species and provenance trials. Some earlier uncoordinated provenance and species trials were conducted by DENR for Pinus, Acacia, Eucalyptus, Casuarina, Gmelina and other multipurpose trees species. The Paper Industries of the Philippines (PICOP) and the Provident Tree Farms, Inc. (PTFI) have been practicing ex situ conservation activities through provenance introduction and multiplication of industrial plantation species such as Paraserianthes falcataria, Gmelina arborea, Eucalyptus peltatum and several other species. Through the FAO/RAS/91/004, ERDB has recently implemented provenance trials for Gmelina, several Acacia and Eucalyptus species in Cavite province. Superior species are identified and provenance trials established in Luzon and Mindanao through the collaborative efforts of New Zealand and DENR, e.g. Asean New Zealand Afforestation Project (ANZAP) and the Bukidnon Forest Industries (BF!).


Species introductions were conducted earlier with mahogany and moluccan sau that are now considered naturalized exotics because these species are included in industrial tree plantations. The only big mistake in adopting moluccan sau as a plantation species was the establishment of large plantations from single seed source. Except for the efforts done by PICOP , there has not been any additional efforts to broaden the genetic base of Paraserianthes and Swietenia species. The outbreak of gall rust disease in Mindanao wiped out the Bukidnon plantations and infected all other areas in Luzon which could be attributed to the narrow genetic base of the said plantation.

Clonal propagation Clonal propagation plays an important role in the preservation of genotypes.

There are several methods that have been utilized including macropropagation (e.g. air layering, grafting, rooting of cuttings) and tissue culture, called micropropagation.

Macropropagation Macropropagation is getting popular in production of species with recalcitrant

seeds such as species of Dipterocarpaceae. The protocol for macropropagation of interspecific hybrids of Acacia and Eucalyptus were established by Siarot, (1991) Umali-Garcia and Melegrito (1995). The protocols for rooting of Gmelina shoot tip and nodal cuttings were also established (Umali-Garcia 1990). The importance of clonal testing was demonstrated in several Gmelina provenances (Umali-Garcia et aI, 1998). The propagation of several Philippine endangered species such as Diospyros philippinensis, Dracontomelon dao, Tectona philippinensis, and Agathis dammara was successfully done by Oporto and Umali-Garcia, (1998).

The protocols for rooting of stem cuttings were established for certain species of Dipterocarpaceae (Pollisco, 1995, de la Cruz, 1995, Oporto and Umali-Garcia 1998), Paraserianthes falcataria (Umali-Garcia,1989), Eucalyptus hybrid (Siarot,1991), Sweitenia macrophylla, Vitex parviflora (Umali-Garcia,1995), Pittosporum pentandrum (Oporto and Umali-Garcia, 1998) and Pinus merkusii (Umali-Garcia,1996), Agathis dammara and Tectona philippinensis (Oporto et al. 1999) .

Tissue culture Successful tissue culture protocols have been developed for Pterocarpus indicus

(Calinawan & Halos 1984), Acacia mangium (Lapitan,1990), Paraserianthes falcataria (Umali-Garcia et a11990), Endospermum peltatum (Quimado and Umali-Garcia, 1997, Eucalyptus (Halos et al,1985; Umali-Garcia,1990), Pin us caribaea (Halos et al 1992) and Cratoxylon sumatranum (Quimado et al. 1991). Except for Paraserianthes falcataria and C. sumatranum, the succses is limited for others. There are a variety of commercially important indigenous and endemic species as well as those that are reported to be rare, threatened or endangered which need special attention for ex situ or in situ conservation. A program on forest biotechnology based at UPLB College of Forestry and Natural Resources (UPLB-CFNR), which focused on tissue culture of selected industrial plantation species was completed in 1998.


Species introductions were conducted earlier with mahogany and moluccan sau that are now considered naturalized exotics because these species are included in industrial tree plantations. The only big mistake in adopting moluccan sau as a plantation species was the establishment of large plantations from single seed source. Except for the efforts done by PICOP , there has not been any additional efforts to broaden the genetic base of Paraserianthes and Swietenia species. The outbreak of gall rust disease in Mindanao wiped out the Bukidnon plantations and infected all other areas in Luzon which could be attributed to the narrow genetic base of the said plantation.

Clonal propagation Clonal propagation plays an important role in the preservation of genotypes.

There are several methods that have been utilized including macropropagation (e.g. air layering, grafting, rooting of cuttings) and tissue culture, called micropropagation.

Macropropagation Macropropagation is getting popular in production of species with recalcitrant

seeds such as species of Dipterocarpaceae. The protocol for macropropagation of interspecific hybrids of Acacia and Eucalyptus were established by Siarot, (1991) Umali-Garcia and Melegrito (1995). The protocols for rooting of Gmelina shoot tip and nodal cuttings were also established (Umali-Garcia 1990). The importance of clonal testing was demonstrated in several Gmelina provenances (Umali-Garcia et aI, 1998). The propagation of several Philippine endangered species such as Diospyros philippinensis, Dracontomelon dao, Tectona philippinensis, and Agathis dammara was successfully done by Oporto and Umali-Garcia, (1998).

The protocols for rooting of stem cuttings were established for certain species of Dipterocarpaceae (Pollisco, 1995, de la Cruz, 1995, Oporto and Umali-Garcia 1998), Paraserianthes falcataria (Umali-Garcia,1989), Eucalyptus hybrid (Siarot,1991), Sweitenia macrophylla, Vitex parviflora (Umali-Garcia,1995), Pittosporum pentandrum (Oporto and Umali-Garcia, 1998) and Pinus merkusii (Umali-Garcia,1996), Agathis dammara and Tectona philippinensis (Oporto et al. 1999) .

Tissue culture Successful tissue culture protocols have been developed for Pterocarpus indicus

(Calinawan & Halos 1984), Acacia mangium (Lapitan,1990), Paraserianthes falcataria (Umali-Garcia et a11990), Endospermum peltatum (Quimado and Umali-Garcia, 1997, Eucalyptus (Halos et al,1985; Umali-Garcia,1990), Pin us caribaea (Halos et al 1992) and Cratoxylon sumatranum (Quimado et al. 1991). Except for Paraserianthes falcataria and C. sumatranum, the succses is limited for others. There are a variety of commercially important indigenous and endemic species as well as those that are reported to be rare, threatened or endangered which need special attention for ex situ or in situ conservation. A program on forest biotechnology based at UPLB College of Forestry and Natural Resources (UPLB-CFNR), which focused on tissue culture of selected industrial plantation species was completed in 1998.


Botanic gardens and parks There are nine botanic gardens in the country with 16,000 taxa (Fernando, 1998)

under cultivation. Makiling Botanic Gardens (MBG) was first to be legislated through RA 3523 in June 30,1968. The MBG maintains both ex situ and in situ conservation stands of various timber species e.g. mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), moluccan sau (Paraserianthes falcataria), Molave (Vitex parviflora), several species of Dipterocarps, various indigenous and introduced species. The problem with these stands is the lack of a continuing record that reflects the origin of the introduced species.

Seed banks, clone banks, plant museum and in vitro banks Establishment of seed banks, clone banks, plant museum and in vitro banks are

other approaches for ex situ conservation for rare and endangered species but none of these are established for timber species. The Institute of Plant Breeding OPB) is maintaining a gene bank for agroforestry species such as Gliricidia sepium and a collection of fruit and endemic tree species. The Institute also has a germplasm bank that can store seeds and tissues for an indefinite length of time and currently keeping specimens of cereals, horticultural and ornamental collections but none on timber species. Nevertheless, the Institute, in collaboration with MBG is going to start an approved programme on conservation of indigenous palms and selected forest species. The ERDB has established a gene bank for rattan and bamboo in the Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve (MFR).

Pollen storage Pollen storage is a form of ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources. This

aspect of biology is still at its infancy.

Plant rescue Scientists at the National Museum in Manila started "Plant Rescue" operation

after the recent Mount Pinatubo eruption. No similar activity has been planned for other volcanic areas or geologic faults of the country.

Papua New Guinea

In situ conservation In situ conservation of forest tree species in Papua New Guinea, and particularly

those of commercial value, is difficult and in many cases impossible due to the land tenure system, logging operations and agricultural development. By the early '80s the former Genetic Resources Research and Development section of the PNG Forest Research Institute established a number of in situ conservation stands for Araucaria sp.,Agathis sp. and Eucalyptus deglupta in addition to others established in national parks and reserves. More recently conservation stands were also established with the assistance of the Provincial forestry offices dealing with the resource owners. Current information indicates that many of the species are lost due to logging.


Botanic gardens and parks There are nine botanic gardens in the country with 16,000 taxa (Fernando, 1998)

under cultivation. Makiling Botanic Gardens (MBG) was first to be legislated through RA 3523 in June 30,1968. The MBG maintains both ex situ and in situ conservation stands of various timber species e.g. mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), moluccan sau (Paraserianthes falcataria), Molave (Vitex parviflora), several species of Dipterocarps, various indigenous and introduced species. The problem with these stands is the lack of a continuing record that reflects the origin of the introduced species.

Seed banks, clone banks, plant museum and in vitro banks Establishment of seed banks, clone banks, plant museum and in vitro banks are

other approaches for ex situ conservation for rare and endangered species but none of these are established for timber species. The Institute of Plant Breeding OPB) is maintaining a gene bank for agroforestry species such as Gliricidia sepium and a collection of fruit and endemic tree species. The Institute also has a germplasm bank that can store seeds and tissues for an indefinite length of time and currently keeping specimens of cereals, horticultural and ornamental collections but none on timber species. Nevertheless, the Institute, in collaboration with MBG is going to start an approved programme on conservation of indigenous palms and selected forest species. The ERDB has established a gene bank for rattan and bamboo in the Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve (MFR).

Pollen storage Pollen storage is a form of ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources. This

aspect of biology is still at its infancy.

Plant rescue Scientists at the National Museum in Manila started "Plant Rescue" operation

after the recent Mount Pinatubo eruption. No similar activity has been planned for other volcanic areas or geologic faults of the country.

Papua New Guinea

In situ conservation In situ conservation of forest tree species in Papua New Guinea, and particularly

those of commercial value, is difficult and in many cases impossible due to the land tenure system, logging operations and agricultural development. By the early '80s the former Genetic Resources Research and Development section of the PNG Forest Research Institute established a number of in situ conservation stands for Araucaria sp.,Agathis sp. and Eucalyptus deglupta in addition to others established in national parks and reserves. More recently conservation stands were also established with the assistance of the Provincial forestry offices dealing with the resource owners. Current information indicates that many of the species are lost due to logging.


Initiatives started by DEC and NGO's include the establishment of various types of protected areas under the National Parks Act (1982) and the Fauna (Protection and Control) Act (1979). These are categorized as wild life management areas (WMA), sanctuaries, national parks, provincial parks, protected areas, nature reserves, historical sites and national walking tracks. The conventional approach to conservation through establishment of national parks on state owned lands is obviously not suitable in the Papua New Guinea situation due to the land tenure system. Only four areas have been established and another 21 have been proposed. The total area amounts to around one million hectares but many of the protected areas are considered too small to provide adequate protection to all the biodiversity (Hedemark and Sekhran, 1994). However, a number of these reserves are suitable for in situ conservation of commercial tree species.

Integrated Conservation and Development projects (lCADs) are established in the country wherein conservation initiatives are linked to social and economic development. Within these the initiators seek to identify and implement development schemes that are compatible with culturally appropriate conservation initiatives. It is also hoped that in situ conservation programs can be established that will encompass important genetic resources of commercial tree species.

Another undertaking that will assist in the establishment of in situ conservation of commercial tree species is the National Forest and Conservation Action Program (NFCAP), which aims to bring about the sustainable development of the country's forest resources and maintain species diversity. The program includes a number of conservation projects and involves DEC, the PNG Forest Authority, universities and non government organizations (NGOs).

Protected areas

i. Biological and Ecosystem Reserves

Biosphere reserves targetted for management and protection in PNG, including:

a. 16 major terrestial areas; b. Marine systems and critical watershed systems (30 ecosystems and 5

watersheds) ; c. Terrestial biodiversity (42 areas of major importance).

Within these categories of protected areas some conservation of forest tree genetic resources (including mangroves in (b) above) is achieved. Sixteen areas are protected by the National Parks Act, The size and distribution of some protected areas is shown in Table 28.


Initiatives started by DEC and NGO's include the establishment of various types of protected areas under the National Parks Act (1982) and the Fauna (Protection and Control) Act (1979). These are categorized as wild life management areas (WMA), sanctuaries, national parks, provincial parks, protected areas, nature reserves, historical sites and national walking tracks. The conventional approach to conservation through establishment of national parks on state owned lands is obviously not suitable in the Papua New Guinea situation due to the land tenure system. Only four areas have been established and another 21 have been proposed. The total area amounts to around one million hectares but many of the protected areas are considered too small to provide adequate protection to all the biodiversity (Hedemark and Sekhran, 1994). However, a number of these reserves are suitable for in situ conservation of commercial tree species.

Integrated Conservation and Development projects (lCADs) are established in the country wherein conservation initiatives are linked to social and economic development. Within these the initiators seek to identify and implement development schemes that are compatible with culturally appropriate conservation initiatives. It is also hoped that in situ conservation programs can be established that will encompass important genetic resources of commercial tree species.

Another undertaking that will assist in the establishment of in situ conservation of commercial tree species is the National Forest and Conservation Action Program (NFCAP), which aims to bring about the sustainable development of the country's forest resources and maintain species diversity. The program includes a number of conservation projects and involves DEC, the PNG Forest Authority, universities and non government organizations (NGOs).

Protected areas

i. Biological and Ecosystem Reserves

Biosphere reserves targetted for management and protection in PNG, including:

a. 16 major terrestial areas; b. Marine systems and critical watershed systems (30 ecosystems and 5

watersheds) ; c. Terrestial biodiversity (42 areas of major importance).

Within these categories of protected areas some conservation of forest tree genetic resources (including mangroves in (b) above) is achieved. Sixteen areas are protected by the National Parks Act, The size and distribution of some protected areas is shown in Table 28.


Table 28. Protected areas in Papua New Guinea

Category of protected area Number of areas

Wildlife Management 20 Sanctuaries 5 National Parks 4 Provincial Parks 3 Protected Areas 3 Natural Reserves 3 Historical Sites 2 National Walking Tracks NA

Source: Hedemark and Sekhran (1994)

Total area (Km2)

10529 (2.3% of country) NA

127 (less than 0.03%) NA NA NA NA NA

In the conservation assessment project 17 areas of biological importance were identified which required further study, including habitat preservation and ecological restraints for exploitation (Saulei and Beehler, 1993).

ii. Protected Areas and National Forest Authority (NFA)

a. Strategy

PNGNF A research officers, evaluating the conservation needs of commercial tree species in PNG are to collect seeds for provenance research and ex situ conservation, following these guidelines:

• Good regeneration must be present in the population of mature trees. • The area must be large enough to contain a healthy representation of

genotypes. • If the provenance was represented by fragmented populations, these

should be numerous enough to cover genetic variation present in the whole area.

The operational plan adopted was as follows:

• Exploration of target stands to collect information on the above including herbarium materials. Aerial surveys supported this work. further work supported genetic studies, provided data for taxonomic revision and on the distribution of species. Ground surveys evaluated conservation needs.

• Data on phenology collected gave details on seed production, time of production and seed yields quantified.

• Wide range of seed collection in 10-50 selected stands, depended on availability; Collections from individual trees kept separate or bulked.


Table 28. Protected areas in Papua New Guinea

Category of protected area Number of areas

Wildlife Management 20 Sanctuaries 5 National Parks 4 Provincial Parks 3 Protected Areas 3 Natural Reserves 3 Historical Sites 2 National Walking Tracks NA

Source: Hedemark and Sekhran (1994)

Total area (Km2)

10529 (2.3% of country) NA

127 (less than 0.03%) NA NA NA NA NA

In the conservation assessment project 17 areas of biological importance were identified which required further study, including habitat preservation and ecological restraints for exploitation (Saulei and Beehler, 1993).

ii. Protected Areas and National Forest Authority (NFA)

a. Strategy

PNGNF A research officers, evaluating the conservation needs of commercial tree species in PNG are to collect seeds for provenance research and ex situ conservation, following these guidelines:

• Good regeneration must be present in the population of mature trees. • The area must be large enough to contain a healthy representation of

genotypes. • If the provenance was represented by fragmented populations, these

should be numerous enough to cover genetic variation present in the whole area.

The operational plan adopted was as follows:

• Exploration of target stands to collect information on the above including herbarium materials. Aerial surveys supported this work. further work supported genetic studies, provided data for taxonomic revision and on the distribution of species. Ground surveys evaluated conservation needs.

• Data on phenology collected gave details on seed production, time of production and seed yields quantified.

• Wide range of seed collection in 10-50 selected stands, depended on availability; Collections from individual trees kept separate or bulked.


• The materials were used for establishment of seed sources, reference populations, research populations and complimentary breeding populations.

• Forest areas qualifying for conservation measures were registered and managed to ensure continued existence.

Tree species conservation - location/stands A number of large stands of valuable species were identified for in situ

conservation but further exploration was recommended. The selection of target species was by no means exhaustive but based on the information available. It was possible that these areas would be logged without replacement or management for natural regeneration. The list of species is as follows:

Table 29. Species and provenances recommended for in situ conservation

Genera

Agathis

Dacrydium Diospyros

Intsia

Production forests

Species

Labillardieri

Robusta ssp. nesophila Spathulata

Araucaria cunninghamii

A. hunsteinii

Spp Spp

I. bijuga & I. palambanica

Location

Hunstein Ra. Sepik. YapseilThurmwald. Sepik. Sogeri. Central prov. Bulolo. Morobe. Bainings. ENBP. Upper Kulu R. WNBP. New Ireland/Weitin Valley

Pinanga and Kutubu, SHP New Hanover

Erave, Pimaga.5HP. Lake Kutubu.SHP. Mt. Bougainville. Sandaun.

Ramu. Morobe. Garaina. Morobe.

Cromwell Ra. Morobe. MilneBay

Sandaun provinance, Vanimo

Logging in production forests is required to remove commercial species with a minimum diameter size of 50 cm and upwards. At present there is no provision to retain selected seed trees. However, logging companies are required to retain fruit trees, and those with other traditional values and to leave selected areas as reservations.


• The materials were used for establishment of seed sources, reference populations, research populations and complimentary breeding populations.

• Forest areas qualifying for conservation measures were registered and managed to ensure continued existence.

Tree species conservation - location/stands A number of large stands of valuable species were identified for in situ

conservation but further exploration was recommended. The selection of target species was by no means exhaustive but based on the information available. It was possible that these areas would be logged without replacement or management for natural regeneration. The list of species is as follows:

Table 29. Species and provenances recommended for in situ conservation

Genera

Agathis

Dacrydium Diospyros

Intsia

Production forests

Species

Labillardieri

Robusta ssp. nesophila Spathulata

Araucaria cunninghamii

A. hunsteinii

Spp Spp

I. bijuga & I. palambanica

Location

Hunstein Ra. Sepik. YapseilThurmwald. Sepik. Sogeri. Central prov. Bulolo. Morobe. Bainings. ENBP. Upper Kulu R. WNBP. New Ireland/Weitin Valley

Pinanga and Kutubu, SHP New Hanover

Erave, Pimaga.5HP. Lake Kutubu.SHP. Mt. Bougainville. Sandaun.

Ramu. Morobe. Garaina. Morobe.

Cromwell Ra. Morobe. MilneBay

Sandaun provinance, Vanimo

Logging in production forests is required to remove commercial species with a minimum diameter size of 50 cm and upwards. At present there is no provision to retain selected seed trees. However, logging companies are required to retain fruit trees, and those with other traditional values and to leave selected areas as reservations.


Ex situ conservation Ex situ conservation is an important means in PNG for conserving commercial

tree species. The seeds are in demand for research and breeding. The research section of Department of Forests (nowFRIofthePNGForestAuthority ) established a number of small provenance seed production areas of indigenous commercial tree species as part of a strategy to establish ex situ conservation stands. Seedlings raised and wildings contributed to the establishment of these areas.

To date this work has contributed only for plantation establishment in Papua New Guinea. Recently more attention was paid to other species with commercial potential such as Agathis, Canarium, Calophyllum, Ebony and some high altitude conifers. Adequate protection and finance will help the continuity of work.

Seed orchards and gene banks for seeds/pollen Most seed orchards, and seed production areas of indigenous species, are

located at Bulolo national seed production area. Several provenance seed production areas (PSA) of Acacia mangium are located at Madang and one at Lae and Keravat. Some 50 seed sources are represented in the National Seed Production Area (NSP A) and these are from 9 genera and 18 species and exotics included as shown in Table 30.

Table 30. Seed sources represented in National Seed Production Areas

Genera and species

Acacia aulacocarpa Acacia auriculiformis Acacia crassicarpa Acacia mangium Agathis spathulata Araucaria cunninghamii Araucaria hunsteinii Cordia alliodora Eucalyptus deglupta Eucalyptus pe/lita Gmelina arborea Ochroma pyramidalis Pin us caribea Pinus merkusii (Indonesia) Pinus merkusii (continential) Pinus merkusii (Philippines) Pinus patula Pinus patula ssp tecunumanii Pin us chiapensis areas) Terminalia brassii Terminalia impediens

Number of gene banks

1 PSA -located in NSP A Bulolo 3 PSA -loctaed at various sites at Bulolo and NSP 1 PSA -located in the NSP A at Bulolo 3 PSA - Madang: 3-Bulolo, l-Lae NBG 1 PSA -located NSP A Bulolo 6 PSA -located Bulolo at various sites 1 SSO -located Bulolo 4 PSA -located NSP A Bulolo (very small plots) 4 PSA -located at various sites and NSP A Bulolo 1 PSA -located at Bulolo 1 PSA and 1 Landrace -located uun NSP A at Bulolo 1 SSO - Kerayat, East N. Britain 2 SPA - Bulolo 3 SPA -located Bulolo (very small areas) 2 SPA -located Bulolo (as above) 1 SPA - as above 1 SSO - Sirunki, Enga province 3 SPA - Bulolo and Eastern Highlands 3 SPA - Bulolo, Wau, Eastern Highlanda (all Small Tectona grandis 1 SPA - Oomsis 1 SPA - Bulolo 2 PSA - Bulolo NSP A and East N. Britain at Open Bay

Key: SPA = Seed production area; SSO = Seedling seed orchard; PSA = Provenance seed production area.


Ex situ conservation Ex situ conservation is an important means in PNG for conserving commercial

tree species. The seeds are in demand for research and breeding. The research section of Department of Forests (nowFRIofthePNGForestAuthority ) established a number of small provenance seed production areas of indigenous commercial tree species as part of a strategy to establish ex situ conservation stands. Seedlings raised and wildings contributed to the establishment of these areas.

To date this work has contributed only for plantation establishment in Papua New Guinea. Recently more attention was paid to other species with commercial potential such as Agathis, Canarium, Calophyllum, Ebony and some high altitude conifers. Adequate protection and finance will help the continuity of work.

Seed orchards and gene banks for seeds/pollen Most seed orchards, and seed production areas of indigenous species, are

located at Bulolo national seed production area. Several provenance seed production areas (PSA) of Acacia mangium are located at Madang and one at Lae and Keravat. Some 50 seed sources are represented in the National Seed Production Area (NSP A) and these are from 9 genera and 18 species and exotics included as shown in Table 30.

Table 30. Seed sources represented in National Seed Production Areas

Genera and species

Acacia aulacocarpa Acacia auriculiformis Acacia crassicarpa Acacia mangium Agathis spathulata Araucaria cunninghamii Araucaria hunsteinii Cordia alliodora Eucalyptus deglupta Eucalyptus pe/lita Gmelina arborea Ochroma pyramidalis Pin us caribea Pinus merkusii (Indonesia) Pinus merkusii (continential) Pinus merkusii (Philippines) Pinus patula Pinus patula ssp tecunumanii Pin us chiapensis areas) Terminalia brassii Terminalia impediens

Number of gene banks

1 PSA -located in NSP A Bulolo 3 PSA -loctaed at various sites at Bulolo and NSP 1 PSA -located in the NSP A at Bulolo 3 PSA - Madang: 3-Bulolo, l-Lae NBG 1 PSA -located NSP A Bulolo 6 PSA -located Bulolo at various sites 1 SSO -located Bulolo 4 PSA -located NSP A Bulolo (very small plots) 4 PSA -located at various sites and NSP A Bulolo 1 PSA -located at Bulolo 1 PSA and 1 Landrace -located uun NSP A at Bulolo 1 SSO - Kerayat, East N. Britain 2 SPA - Bulolo 3 SPA -located Bulolo (very small areas) 2 SPA -located Bulolo (as above) 1 SPA - as above 1 SSO - Sirunki, Enga province 3 SPA - Bulolo and Eastern Highlands 3 SPA - Bulolo, Wau, Eastern Highlanda (all Small Tectona grandis 1 SPA - Oomsis 1 SPA - Bulolo 2 PSA - Bulolo NSP A and East N. Britain at Open Bay

Key: SPA = Seed production area; SSO = Seedling seed orchard; PSA = Provenance seed production area.


Figure 6. Seed orchard of Eucalyptus deglupta in Papua New Guinea

Clonal orchards and banks Clone banks and/or orchards have also been established for Araucaria

cunninghamii, A. hunsteinii, Pin us caribaea, P. kesiya, P. tecunnumanni, and Tectona grandis at Bulolo, and Pin us patula in the Eastern Highlands. There are three clone banks and one clonal orchard for A. cunninghamii and one clone bank and one clonal orchard for A. hunsteinii.

Arboreta A number of arboreta have been established in Papua New Guinea by Forest

Department and other organizations. In many cases exotic species are prominent among the accessions along with some of indigeneous species. Some arboreta are listed in table 31.

Breeding populations The tree improvement projects also include a breeding program with a broad

genetic base. In some cases it will be neccessary to introduce more families thus expanding breeding population. Once progeny trials are established and best seed trees and families have been identified, it is intended to establish orchards and where possible new clones or species will be included. Breeding populations have been established for species of Acacia, Araucaria, Eucalyptus deglupta, Ochroma lagopus, Pinus caribaea, P. merkusii, P. patula, P. patula ssp tecunumannii and Tectona grandis. These populations are important seed sources for plantation establishment inPNG.

Tissue culture No tissue culture projects have been initiated by the Forest Research Institute

although some staff have been introduced to the techniques through aid sponsored study tours.


Figure 6. Seed orchard of Eucalyptus deglupta in Papua New Guinea

Clonal orchards and banks Clone banks and/or orchards have also been established for Araucaria

cunninghamii, A. hunsteinii, Pin us caribaea, P. kesiya, P. tecunnumanni, and Tectona grandis at Bulolo, and Pin us patula in the Eastern Highlands. There are three clone banks and one clonal orchard for A. cunninghamii and one clone bank and one clonal orchard for A. hunsteinii.

Arboreta A number of arboreta have been established in Papua New Guinea by Forest

Department and other organizations. In many cases exotic species are prominent among the accessions along with some of indigeneous species. Some arboreta are listed in table 31.

Breeding populations The tree improvement projects also include a breeding program with a broad

genetic base. In some cases it will be neccessary to introduce more families thus expanding breeding population. Once progeny trials are established and best seed trees and families have been identified, it is intended to establish orchards and where possible new clones or species will be included. Breeding populations have been established for species of Acacia, Araucaria, Eucalyptus deglupta, Ochroma lagopus, Pinus caribaea, P. merkusii, P. patula, P. patula ssp tecunumannii and Tectona grandis. These populations are important seed sources for plantation establishment inPNG.

Tissue culture No tissue culture projects have been initiated by the Forest Research Institute

although some staff have been introduced to the techniques through aid sponsored study tours.


Table 31. Details of arboreta in Papua New Guinea

Location Description

National Botanic Garden - Lae Indigeneous and exotic species with emphasis on indigeneous species.

Oomsis Forestry Station near Lae Indigeneous and exotic species. Notably for Shorea, Anthocephalus and teak plantings.

Bulolo Forestry College Two arboreta containing mainly indigeneous species and used for teaching Botany.

Bulolo Forestry Station Indigeneous and exotic species; include valuable planting of Agathis spathulata, representatives of hoop pine provenances, which are a source for obtaining hybrid seed. Other species represented are Eucalyptus torelliana, E. tereticornis (Ex Sogeri) and Acacia species

Bulolo National Seed Production Area This area contains the clonal and seedling seed orchards of various species as well as numerous growth and observation/ demostration plots of indigeneous and exotic species. There are over 119 accessions planted in this area and about 49 species are represented. Research plantation located adjacent to this area are used for training and demonstration.

Wau Ecology Institute - Wau The grounds contain both natural and planted vegetation and is treated as a botanical reserve and a refuge for birds. Mostly native trees and plants. The institute has a collection of medicinal plants ..

Darmi Forest Station-West New Britain Indigeneous tree species established include Anthocephalus, Pometia, Intsia spp., Eucalyptus deglupta and Black Bean.

Keravat Forest Station -East New Britain Contains both exotic and indigeneous species but the arboretum has been reduced in size and species.

Kagamuga Forest Station -

Gahavizuka Provincial Park Goroka, Eastern Higlands

This arboretum contains many species of Western Highland Australian Eucalyptus species. Pin us, Callistemon, Callitris spp. are represented among other exotics. No indigeneous species present.

Both naturally occurring and planted indigeneous trees and others including Castanopsis, Lithocarpus and Nothofagus spp. are present. There is a plan to introduce some of the native gymnosperms to the area for trial and as seed source and cuttings


Table 31. Details of arboreta in Papua New Guinea

Location Description

National Botanic Garden - Lae Indigeneous and exotic species with emphasis on indigeneous species.

Oomsis Forestry Station near Lae Indigeneous and exotic species. Notably for Shorea, Anthocephalus and teak plantings.

Bulolo Forestry College Two arboreta containing mainly indigeneous species and used for teaching Botany.

Bulolo Forestry Station Indigeneous and exotic species; include valuable planting of Agathis spathulata, representatives of hoop pine provenances, which are a source for obtaining hybrid seed. Other species represented are Eucalyptus torelliana, E. tereticornis (Ex Sogeri) and Acacia species

Bulolo National Seed Production Area This area contains the clonal and seedling seed orchards of various species as well as numerous growth and observation/ demostration plots of indigeneous and exotic species. There are over 119 accessions planted in this area and about 49 species are represented. Research plantation located adjacent to this area are used for training and demonstration.

Wau Ecology Institute - Wau The grounds contain both natural and planted vegetation and is treated as a botanical reserve and a refuge for birds. Mostly native trees and plants. The institute has a collection of medicinal plants ..

Darmi Forest Station-West New Britain Indigeneous tree species established include Anthocephalus, Pometia, Intsia spp., Eucalyptus deglupta and Black Bean.

Keravat Forest Station -East New Britain Contains both exotic and indigeneous species but the arboretum has been reduced in size and species.

Kagamuga Forest Station -

Gahavizuka Provincial Park Goroka, Eastern Higlands

This arboretum contains many species of Western Highland Australian Eucalyptus species. Pin us, Callistemon, Callitris spp. are represented among other exotics. No indigeneous species present.

Both naturally occurring and planted indigeneous trees and others including Castanopsis, Lithocarpus and Nothofagus spp. are present. There is a plan to introduce some of the native gymnosperms to the area for trial and as seed source and cuttings


4.0 EDUCATION AND TRAINING

Brunei Darussalam The government of Brunei Darussalam is very keen on training the local staff.

The development of a Field Study Centre within the National Park shows the government's commitment in this area. A research expedition organized jointly between the Royal Geographical Society of Britain and the University of Brunei Darussalam was cond u~ed in 1991-1992. This centre acts as a base for researchers, scientists, professionals and also used to educate students. Although there is no specific course on forestry conducted at the University of Brunei Darussalam (UBD), severalforestry related courses along with field work have been conducted by the Biology Department and the Public Policy Department. These include Conservation and Management, Living and National Resources of Brunei Darussalam, and the Management Policies to save resources.

Training of technicians In order to upgrade their skill and knowledge, staff of the Forestry Department

are sent for training courses both locally and overseas. They are also encouraged to attend international seminars, workshops or meetings to expose them to the latest development in forestry technology. To strengthen the forestry sector in the country, international linkages have been established with institutions such as the Kew Gardens and the Royal Geographical Society of the United Kingdom; University of Vienna, Austria, University of Leiden, Holland, JICA, Japan. Forest Research Institute of Malaysia provides the much needed expertise to support the local forestry activities.

The Forestry staff are also sent overseas to gain knowledge in the field of tree improvement. A collaborative programme was conducted under the auspi~s of the ASEAN - Canada Forest Tree seed Centre in 1993.

Semi-professional diplomas and certificates The Forestry Department conducts a one year in-house basic Forestry Course

mainly for the lower staff including junior officers. They are also sent to institutions such as the Sepilok Forestry School in Sabah and for more specialised courses, to Japan and the United Kingdom. Under the Ministry of Primary Resources, the Resource Centre also conducts a National Diploma course in Forestry.


4.0 EDUCATION AND TRAINING

Brunei Darussalam The government of Brunei Darussalam is very keen on training the local staff.

The development of a Field Study Centre within the National Park shows the government's commitment in this area. A research expedition organized jointly between the Royal Geographical Society of Britain and the University of Brunei Darussalam was cond u~ed in 1991-1992. This centre acts as a base for researchers, scientists, professionals and also used to educate students. Although there is no specific course on forestry conducted at the University of Brunei Darussalam (UBD), severalforestry related courses along with field work have been conducted by the Biology Department and the Public Policy Department. These include Conservation and Management, Living and National Resources of Brunei Darussalam, and the Management Policies to save resources.

Training of technicians In order to upgrade their skill and knowledge, staff of the Forestry Department

are sent for training courses both locally and overseas. They are also encouraged to attend international seminars, workshops or meetings to expose them to the latest development in forestry technology. To strengthen the forestry sector in the country, international linkages have been established with institutions such as the Kew Gardens and the Royal Geographical Society of the United Kingdom; University of Vienna, Austria, University of Leiden, Holland, JICA, Japan. Forest Research Institute of Malaysia provides the much needed expertise to support the local forestry activities.

The Forestry staff are also sent overseas to gain knowledge in the field of tree improvement. A collaborative programme was conducted under the auspi~s of the ASEAN - Canada Forest Tree seed Centre in 1993.

Semi-professional diplomas and certificates The Forestry Department conducts a one year in-house basic Forestry Course

mainly for the lower staff including junior officers. They are also sent to institutions such as the Sepilok Forestry School in Sabah and for more specialised courses, to Japan and the United Kingdom. Under the Ministry of Primary Resources, the Resource Centre also conducts a National Diploma course in Forestry.


Indonesia Forest tree genetic conservation is not specifically taught as a subject in

universities. This branch of science is studied back to back with other disciplines such as Soil Science, Tree Improvement/ Genetics, Forest Management and others. Education and training are needed in order to increase public awareness on the conservation of forest tree genetic resources. Universities are required to consider alternative ways of disseminating scientific information if they do not teach tree conservation as a special subject.

Scientists should keep abreast with advancements in forest tree genetic conservation to be able to transfer the latest knowledge to technicians, professionals and the public. The Forestry Faculty of the Gadjah Mada University impart training on forest genetic conservation for professionals (Naiem, 1996), which is very beneficial. Similar activities should also be carried out by other related institutions.

Training of technicians Technicians are the intermediate group who deal with the public through

extension programs. Training on genetic censervation to increase their technical know how should be prioritized. Training for technicians can be held at the Center for Forestry Education and Training (PUSDIKLAT Kehutanan) with coordination from FTIRDI, DG PHP A or universities. Training should cover broad aspects of forest tree genetic resources in simple language, easy to be understood, so that the same knowledge can be transferred in common terms to others.

Malaysia Trained professionals and technicians have achieved their potential in Malaysia.

They received formal forestry education from institutions either locally or abroad. There are several government institutions in Malaysia currently engaged in forestry and forest related science education. These are the Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), University Malaya (UM), University Sains Malaysia (USM), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Universiti Teknologi Mara (UITM) and also Forestry Training Unit, Forest Department, Peninsular Malaysia.

The Universiti Putra Malaysia and Universiti Sabah Malaysia are the two institutions responsible for training professionals and sub professionals in forestry. At present, the Faculty of Forestry, UPM has two departments, Department of Forest Production and Department of Forest Management which include the Unit of Parks and Recreation, offering three year degree programme in Bachelor of Forestry including three areas of specialization i.e. (i) Forest Management, (ii) Forest Industries and (iii) Park and Recreation.


Indonesia Forest tree genetic conservation is not specifically taught as a subject in

universities. This branch of science is studied back to back with other disciplines such as Soil Science, Tree Improvement/ Genetics, Forest Management and others. Education and training are needed in order to increase public awareness on the conservation of forest tree genetic resources. Universities are required to consider alternative ways of disseminating scientific information if they do not teach tree conservation as a special subject.

Scientists should keep abreast with advancements in forest tree genetic conservation to be able to transfer the latest knowledge to technicians, professionals and the public. The Forestry Faculty of the Gadjah Mada University impart training on forest genetic conservation for professionals (Naiem, 1996), which is very beneficial. Similar activities should also be carried out by other related institutions.

Training of technicians Technicians are the intermediate group who deal with the public through

extension programs. Training on genetic censervation to increase their technical know how should be prioritized. Training for technicians can be held at the Center for Forestry Education and Training (PUSDIKLAT Kehutanan) with coordination from FTIRDI, DG PHP A or universities. Training should cover broad aspects of forest tree genetic resources in simple language, easy to be understood, so that the same knowledge can be transferred in common terms to others.

Malaysia Trained professionals and technicians have achieved their potential in Malaysia.

They received formal forestry education from institutions either locally or abroad. There are several government institutions in Malaysia currently engaged in forestry and forest related science education. These are the Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), University Malaya (UM), University Sains Malaysia (USM), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Universiti Teknologi Mara (UITM) and also Forestry Training Unit, Forest Department, Peninsular Malaysia.

The Universiti Putra Malaysia and Universiti Sabah Malaysia are the two institutions responsible for training professionals and sub professionals in forestry. At present, the Faculty of Forestry, UPM has two departments, Department of Forest Production and Department of Forest Management which include the Unit of Parks and Recreation, offering three year degree programme in Bachelor of Forestry including three areas of specialization i.e. (i) Forest Management, (ii) Forest Industries and (iii) Park and Recreation.


The Faculty of Forestry is strengthening its graduate programme. It offers graduate studies leading to the Master of Science and PhD. degrees in 41 fields of specilization including agroforestry, forest administration and planning, seed technology, pathology, entomology, harvesting, mensuration, surveying, ecology, survey technology, economics, soil, tree improvement, non-wood forest products, silviculture, wood science, watershed management and wood utilisation. All graduate students are required to submitt a thesis at the end of the programme. In addition, a one year Master programme in the field of Forest Resources Management and Wood Industry and Technology is also offered. Similarly, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, through its school of International Tropical Forestry offers degree programmes.

Figure 8. Training course on ex situ conservation

Other institutions of higher learning such as Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) , and Universiti Malaya (UM) and Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) teach forestry related subjects. USM under the School of Applied Science concentrates on fibre processing and utilization, UKM and UM on the biological and systematic aspects of the environment, while UNlMAS offers forestry courses under Faculty of Resource Science and Technology mainly on forest management.


The Faculty of Forestry is strengthening its graduate programme. It offers graduate studies leading to the Master of Science and PhD. degrees in 41 fields of specilization including agroforestry, forest administration and planning, seed technology, pathology, entomology, harvesting, mensuration, surveying, ecology, survey technology, economics, soil, tree improvement, non-wood forest products, silviculture, wood science, watershed management and wood utilisation. All graduate students are required to submitt a thesis at the end of the programme. In addition, a one year Master programme in the field of Forest Resources Management and Wood Industry and Technology is also offered. Similarly, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, through its school of International Tropical Forestry offers degree programmes.

Figure 8. Training course on ex situ conservation

Other institutions of higher learning such as Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) , and Universiti Malaya (UM) and Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) teach forestry related subjects. USM under the School of Applied Science concentrates on fibre processing and utilization, UKM and UM on the biological and systematic aspects of the environment, while UNlMAS offers forestry courses under Faculty of Resource Science and Technology mainly on forest management.


Training of technicians Technical training is mostly provided by the school of Forestry, Kepong under

the Forest Department Peninsular Malaysia and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong and Forest School in Semengok, Sarawak. The training in the school of Forestry, Kepong is meant especially to train staff from the state forest services. On successful completion of the course, the candidates are eligible to be appointed as Forester n. Courses covered include silviculture and forest management; forest mensuration; tree, timber and leafidentification; forest survey; forest engineering; forest law and rules; forest utilisation; general knowledge and physical training. Besides, other informal training is held through courses, workshops and seminars organised by both institutions from time to time. Other informal training involves collaborations with the International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO) and Canadian International Development Authority (CIDA), especially those related to forest planning, conservation and management.

Training for technicians can also be obtained locally from Forest Research Institute, Malaysia, Universities and some other forest agencies such as FRC Sepilok, SSB, SAFODA and SF!. The staff are often trained at foreign centres such as Tsukuba, Japan and Germany for specialization that are not available in the country. The establishment of regional training centres have helped such as ASEAN-Canada Seed Centre (Muak Lek) and BIOTROP (Bogor, Indonesia) to carry out many types of training, with different advantages and such efforts should be encouraged.

Philippines Biotechnology is one of the banner programs under the Philippines 2000 and

the Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND 2000) which is a part of that national effort to address problems related to industry, environment, agriculture, food, health, and security. The country has identified the need for capacity building for human resources and infrastructure development; public education and advocacy; research and development.

The objective of successful conservation of genetic resources depends largely on the institutional capability to implement suitable programs and projects. Below are some of the on-going activities in different organizations education and training on biodiversity conservation and for planning cost effective strategies on conservation of economically important natural resources.

Formal Icurricular development In the Philippines, there are a few schools, colleges and universities that are

offering courses on biodiversity conservation or specifically genetic conservation but none specifically on genetic conservation of tree species. Some 66 schools are offering traditional courses in B.S. Biology which include foundation courses in taxonomy, genetics, pharmacology, microbiology, agronomy, entomology, crop sciences, plant breeding and others. A list of agencies that are actively involved in education, training and awareness on biodiversity conservation and environmental protection is shown in Table 32.


Training of technicians Technical training is mostly provided by the school of Forestry, Kepong under

the Forest Department Peninsular Malaysia and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong and Forest School in Semengok, Sarawak. The training in the school of Forestry, Kepong is meant especially to train staff from the state forest services. On successful completion of the course, the candidates are eligible to be appointed as Forester n. Courses covered include silviculture and forest management; forest mensuration; tree, timber and leafidentification; forest survey; forest engineering; forest law and rules; forest utilisation; general knowledge and physical training. Besides, other informal training is held through courses, workshops and seminars organised by both institutions from time to time. Other informal training involves collaborations with the International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO) and Canadian International Development Authority (CIDA), especially those related to forest planning, conservation and management.

Training for technicians can also be obtained locally from Forest Research Institute, Malaysia, Universities and some other forest agencies such as FRC Sepilok, SSB, SAFODA and SF!. The staff are often trained at foreign centres such as Tsukuba, Japan and Germany for specialization that are not available in the country. The establishment of regional training centres have helped such as ASEAN-Canada Seed Centre (Muak Lek) and BIOTROP (Bogor, Indonesia) to carry out many types of training, with different advantages and such efforts should be encouraged.

Philippines Biotechnology is one of the banner programs under the Philippines 2000 and

the Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND 2000) which is a part of that national effort to address problems related to industry, environment, agriculture, food, health, and security. The country has identified the need for capacity building for human resources and infrastructure development; public education and advocacy; research and development.

The objective of successful conservation of genetic resources depends largely on the institutional capability to implement suitable programs and projects. Below are some of the on-going activities in different organizations education and training on biodiversity conservation and for planning cost effective strategies on conservation of economically important natural resources.

Formal Icurricular development In the Philippines, there are a few schools, colleges and universities that are

offering courses on biodiversity conservation or specifically genetic conservation but none specifically on genetic conservation of tree species. Some 66 schools are offering traditional courses in B.S. Biology which include foundation courses in taxonomy, genetics, pharmacology, microbiology, agronomy, entomology, crop sciences, plant breeding and others. A list of agencies that are actively involved in education, training and awareness on biodiversity conservation and environmental protection is shown in Table 32.


The UPLB Graduate School is currently offering Molecular Biology and Biotechnology in the masteral and doctoral programmes. A graduate course on Plant Genetic Resources Conservation has been implemented. Subjects on Forest Genetics and Advance Tree Improvement are also offered by the CFNR. The same College has prepared a course proposal for MS and PhD in Forest Resources Management majoring in Biodiversity, Watershed, and Forest Management. Other courses tha t include Environmental Planning and Environmental Education are studied for agriculture and forestry students. Several schools and colleges such as the College of Arts and Sciences at UP Diliman, College of Biological Sciences at UP Visayas, the Visayas State College of Agriculture, the Mindanao State University and Miriam College are offering formal courses on biodiversity.

N on-formal courses Non-formal courses on biodiversity conservation, environmental conservation

and planning are being conducted in various parts ofthe country by the government and several private institutions in the form of training and seminars. The Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH) and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) offer training courses on basic approaches on molecular genetics for biodiversity. The P AWB conducts training courses and workshops that are relevant to implement some programmes and projects on biodiversity supporting CITES. Training on community organizing, biodiversity conservation, NIP AS and buffer zone management are offered by several private and nongovernment organizations. A recent workshop on Market Based Instruments was conducted in collaboration with the Makiling Center for Mountain Ecosystems (MCME) of the UPLB-CFNR.

The Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) of SEAMEO has had several training workshops on biodiversity. The newly established Asean Regional Center for Biodiversity Conservation (ARCBC) is mandated to promote, enhance capacity and coordinate all initiatives on ASEAN biodiversity conservation. Quite recently, the Center sponsored and coordinated a symposium/workshop on biodiversity training, education and awareness. The Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement is also conducting training on biodiversity conservation.

Papua New Guinea

Public sector Training in biodiversity conservation is part of the DEC, PNGFA and NGO

projects, involved with integrated development, conservation and management of natural resources in the rural sector. Such training involves resource owners, clans, both parents and school children. Depending on the level of education, the participants receive formal training and hands on training in project sites. Tree planting projects are encouraged and these projects help to establish small but valuable genetic reserves of certain commercial tree species.


The UPLB Graduate School is currently offering Molecular Biology and Biotechnology in the masteral and doctoral programmes. A graduate course on Plant Genetic Resources Conservation has been implemented. Subjects on Forest Genetics and Advance Tree Improvement are also offered by the CFNR. The same College has prepared a course proposal for MS and PhD in Forest Resources Management majoring in Biodiversity, Watershed, and Forest Management. Other courses tha t include Environmental Planning and Environmental Education are studied for agriculture and forestry students. Several schools and colleges such as the College of Arts and Sciences at UP Diliman, College of Biological Sciences at UP Visayas, the Visayas State College of Agriculture, the Mindanao State University and Miriam College are offering formal courses on biodiversity.

N on-formal courses Non-formal courses on biodiversity conservation, environmental conservation

and planning are being conducted in various parts ofthe country by the government and several private institutions in the form of training and seminars. The Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH) and the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) offer training courses on basic approaches on molecular genetics for biodiversity. The P AWB conducts training courses and workshops that are relevant to implement some programmes and projects on biodiversity supporting CITES. Training on community organizing, biodiversity conservation, NIP AS and buffer zone management are offered by several private and nongovernment organizations. A recent workshop on Market Based Instruments was conducted in collaboration with the Makiling Center for Mountain Ecosystems (MCME) of the UPLB-CFNR.

The Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) of SEAMEO has had several training workshops on biodiversity. The newly established Asean Regional Center for Biodiversity Conservation (ARCBC) is mandated to promote, enhance capacity and coordinate all initiatives on ASEAN biodiversity conservation. Quite recently, the Center sponsored and coordinated a symposium/workshop on biodiversity training, education and awareness. The Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement is also conducting training on biodiversity conservation.

Papua New Guinea

Public sector Training in biodiversity conservation is part of the DEC, PNGFA and NGO

projects, involved with integrated development, conservation and management of natural resources in the rural sector. Such training involves resource owners, clans, both parents and school children. Depending on the level of education, the participants receive formal training and hands on training in project sites. Tree planting projects are encouraged and these projects help to establish small but valuable genetic reserves of certain commercial tree species.


Institutions Graduates from the Universities who join DEC or the PNGF A will at one stage

or the other will have learnt biology, genetics and importance of biodiversity conservation. In forestry, plant breeding is not a subject that is treated in great depth and graduates intend on pursuing this discipline further require training from experienced expatriates on contract, volunteers, or they must go abroad for further training.

Education & training of forestry scientists and professionals For formal degrees, professional officers study for Masters or Doctorate in

Australia or England. Short term study and training programs in Australia, England and Japan have been attended by Forestry Research officers. The PNGNFA is now looking at training courses conducted in Malaysia. Forestry undergraduates, graduates and semi-professional staff study for diplomas and certificates at the forestry college at Bulolo or at the Forestry Department of the University of Technology in Lae.

Training for technicians Technicians can also enrol in overseas institutions and off campus courses and

further training is received on site in the country.


Institutions Graduates from the Universities who join DEC or the PNGF A will at one stage

or the other will have learnt biology, genetics and importance of biodiversity conservation. In forestry, plant breeding is not a subject that is treated in great depth and graduates intend on pursuing this discipline further require training from experienced expatriates on contract, volunteers, or they must go abroad for further training.

Education & training of forestry scientists and professionals For formal degrees, professional officers study for Masters or Doctorate in

Australia or England. Short term study and training programs in Australia, England and Japan have been attended by Forestry Research officers. The PNGNFA is now looking at training courses conducted in Malaysia. Forestry undergraduates, graduates and semi-professional staff study for diplomas and certificates at the forestry college at Bulolo or at the Forestry Department of the University of Technology in Lae.

Training for technicians Technicians can also enrol in overseas institutions and off campus courses and

further training is received on site in the country.


5.0 PUBLIC AWARENESS

Brunei Darussalam

Information dissemination to policy makers All decisions concerning Forestry are made by the policy makers within the

provisions of the Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources. Decisions are thoroughly discussed which may involve other related agencies before they are implemented.

Awareness programmes for the public

• School Programmes Forestry Club for schools has been recently formed. Forestry officers visit the schools to gjve talks and conduct discussions with the students on matters relating to forestry. Each school is encouraged to enter the Young Nature Scientist Award Scheme. For this award the students are given a chance to explore their capabilities on their knowledge on nature and the forests.

• NGO Level Under the Social Forestry and Amenity Section of the Forestry Department, NGOs are involved in planting of trees in different areas of the country and are responsible fo the maintenance of the planted trees.

• Public at Large Apart from the mass tree planting activities that are carried out, the public are also informed about the Department's activities through the mass media -newspaper, radio and television or special meetings held in villages.

Indonesia

Information dissemination to policy-makers Policy-makers are the busy administrators in their offices. They are the right

people to contact since they are the key figures in implementing government policies. A simple and concise explanation about forest tree genetic conservation in a data base system is needed for these policy-makers.

Knowledge can also be disseminated to the policy-makers by inviting them to seminars and workshops. In these forums, recent publications, pamphlets and booklets are distributed. Discussions held during these seminars proved to be very effective. However, while the right people for the right problem may not be present, representatives should provide and inform results to others in the form of executive summaries.


5.0 PUBLIC AWARENESS

Brunei Darussalam

Information dissemination to policy makers All decisions concerning Forestry are made by the policy makers within the

provisions of the Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources. Decisions are thoroughly discussed which may involve other related agencies before they are implemented.

Awareness programmes for the public

• School Programmes Forestry Club for schools has been recently formed. Forestry officers visit the schools to gjve talks and conduct discussions with the students on matters relating to forestry. Each school is encouraged to enter the Young Nature Scientist Award Scheme. For this award the students are given a chance to explore their capabilities on their knowledge on nature and the forests.

• NGO Level Under the Social Forestry and Amenity Section of the Forestry Department, NGOs are involved in planting of trees in different areas of the country and are responsible fo the maintenance of the planted trees.

• Public at Large Apart from the mass tree planting activities that are carried out, the public are also informed about the Department's activities through the mass media -newspaper, radio and television or special meetings held in villages.

Indonesia

Information dissemination to policy-makers Policy-makers are the busy administrators in their offices. They are the right

people to contact since they are the key figures in implementing government policies. A simple and concise explanation about forest tree genetic conservation in a data base system is needed for these policy-makers.

Knowledge can also be disseminated to the policy-makers by inviting them to seminars and workshops. In these forums, recent publications, pamphlets and booklets are distributed. Discussions held during these seminars proved to be very effective. However, while the right people for the right problem may not be present, representatives should provide and inform results to others in the form of executive summaries.


Public awareness programmes The public, specifically the communities living in the vicinity of the forests, are

the right target groups to inform the importance of in situ and ex situ forest genetic conservation programs. These people, as well as the laymen, are the ones lacking in knowledge about the values of forest tree genetic conservation. The Forestry Service has taken steps to increase public awareness on the conservation efforts by arranging extension programmes and having discussions about planting and conservation of forest trees. Several institutions such as the Forestry Education and Extension in the Ministry of Forestry, Forestry Faculties and Forest Research Institutes, can guide the public on genetic conservation of forest trees.

Children, as the future generation, is the other target group for the awareness programs in forest tree genetic conservation. Distributing booklets containing colorful pictures and simple explanations about the multifunctions of forests in our daily life would help to achieve the objectives. The Ministry of Forestry, through the Pramuka Saka Wanabhakti (forest boyscout program), has carried out several activities on public awareness of forests and nature love programmes (Anonymous, 1991).

Malaysia

Information dissemination to policy-makers The Ministry of Primary Industries Malaysia is responsible for formulating

and implementing policies regarding forest matters. This is done with feedback from organized meetings such as 'Workshop on Forestry Economics and Policy: R & D Towards Achieving Sustainable Forest Management' attended by various government organizations such as Department of Forestry, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM), Department of Environment, universities, etc. Similar contributions are received from NGOs such as Malayan Nature Society (MNS), World Wide Fund (WWF), Asian Pacific Association of Forest Research Institutions (AP AFRI) and also from wood-based industries. Malaysia's participation in the international convention such as the Rio Earth Summit and its membership in ITTO has in some ways contributed to the formulation of such policies.

Public awareness programmes The general public has been informed about the values and need of conserving

forest genetic resources either directly or indirectly. The information is given as part of the government's efforts in educating the public through formal and informal community meetings, mass media and through scientific activities organized by NGOs such as the youth organizations, WWF and MNS. It is through a combination of these approaches which formed an effective method for inculcating positive attitudes towards conservation of forest resources. The following programmes are designed for the said purpose.


Public awareness programmes The public, specifically the communities living in the vicinity of the forests, are

the right target groups to inform the importance of in situ and ex situ forest genetic conservation programs. These people, as well as the laymen, are the ones lacking in knowledge about the values of forest tree genetic conservation. The Forestry Service has taken steps to increase public awareness on the conservation efforts by arranging extension programmes and having discussions about planting and conservation of forest trees. Several institutions such as the Forestry Education and Extension in the Ministry of Forestry, Forestry Faculties and Forest Research Institutes, can guide the public on genetic conservation of forest trees.

Children, as the future generation, is the other target group for the awareness programs in forest tree genetic conservation. Distributing booklets containing colorful pictures and simple explanations about the multifunctions of forests in our daily life would help to achieve the objectives. The Ministry of Forestry, through the Pramuka Saka Wanabhakti (forest boyscout program), has carried out several activities on public awareness of forests and nature love programmes (Anonymous, 1991).

Malaysia

Information dissemination to policy-makers The Ministry of Primary Industries Malaysia is responsible for formulating

and implementing policies regarding forest matters. This is done with feedback from organized meetings such as 'Workshop on Forestry Economics and Policy: R & D Towards Achieving Sustainable Forest Management' attended by various government organizations such as Department of Forestry, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM), Department of Environment, universities, etc. Similar contributions are received from NGOs such as Malayan Nature Society (MNS), World Wide Fund (WWF), Asian Pacific Association of Forest Research Institutions (AP AFRI) and also from wood-based industries. Malaysia's participation in the international convention such as the Rio Earth Summit and its membership in ITTO has in some ways contributed to the formulation of such policies.

Public awareness programmes The general public has been informed about the values and need of conserving

forest genetic resources either directly or indirectly. The information is given as part of the government's efforts in educating the public through formal and informal community meetings, mass media and through scientific activities organized by NGOs such as the youth organizations, WWF and MNS. It is through a combination of these approaches which formed an effective method for inculcating positive attitudes towards conservation of forest resources. The following programmes are designed for the said purpose.


Forest education centre The establishment of such centres such as the Universiti Putra Malaysia Air

HitamForest Research, FRIMEducation Centre at Kepong, LarutMatang Mangrove Forest Reserve in Perak have assisted to educate the general public at large, particularly school children.

Park and recreational forest Malaysia is fortunate to have the oldest rainforest in the world and some of

these forests have been gazetted as parks and recreational areas namely National Park (Taman Negara) in Pahang, Endau-Rompin Park bordering the states of Pahang and Johore, Kinabalu Park in Sabah and Gunung Mulu Park in Sarawak These areas are open to the public and they form part of the ecotourism industry in Malaysia.

Expedition Scientific and recreational visits have been organized by schools, universities,

youth organisations and NGOs. MNS has undertaken the biodiversity study of Endau-Rompin Park while Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia led a group of institutions to study the inventory of the fauna and flora of the Belum Forest Reserve in Perak.

Extension programmes Educational activities involving the Ministry of Education Malaysia have been

organized for schools. Annual programmes such Essaython (sponsored by Ministry of Science and Technology and ESSO) and the National Science Camp jointly organized by the ministry and Universiti Putra Malaysia have proven to be very succesful in inculcating awareness on the importance of forest conservation among school children.

Mass media Mass media also helps to enhance awareness among the general public.

National newspapers such as The New Straits Times and The Star, television programmes such as Majalah Tiga and The National Geographic Special and occasional environmental campaigns by ESSO and British Petroleum (BP) have assisted in educating the public on the importance of conserving forest biodiversity resources.


Forest education centre The establishment of such centres such as the Universiti Putra Malaysia Air

HitamForest Research, FRIMEducation Centre at Kepong, LarutMatang Mangrove Forest Reserve in Perak have assisted to educate the general public at large, particularly school children.

Park and recreational forest Malaysia is fortunate to have the oldest rainforest in the world and some of

these forests have been gazetted as parks and recreational areas namely National Park (Taman Negara) in Pahang, Endau-Rompin Park bordering the states of Pahang and Johore, Kinabalu Park in Sabah and Gunung Mulu Park in Sarawak These areas are open to the public and they form part of the ecotourism industry in Malaysia.

Expedition Scientific and recreational visits have been organized by schools, universities,

youth organisations and NGOs. MNS has undertaken the biodiversity study of Endau-Rompin Park while Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia led a group of institutions to study the inventory of the fauna and flora of the Belum Forest Reserve in Perak.

Extension programmes Educational activities involving the Ministry of Education Malaysia have been

organized for schools. Annual programmes such Essaython (sponsored by Ministry of Science and Technology and ESSO) and the National Science Camp jointly organized by the ministry and Universiti Putra Malaysia have proven to be very succesful in inculcating awareness on the importance of forest conservation among school children.

Mass media Mass media also helps to enhance awareness among the general public.

National newspapers such as The New Straits Times and The Star, television programmes such as Majalah Tiga and The National Geographic Special and occasional environmental campaigns by ESSO and British Petroleum (BP) have assisted in educating the public on the importance of conserving forest biodiversity resources.


Philippines

N on formal training The CFNR, through its training arm, TREES, has been offering a short term

non-formal informative course on Continuing Professional Education through its training module on "Recent Advances in Forest Technologies" to the forestry ·graduates and professionals. The DENR has also been offering training sessions to its staff and other private individuals on biodiversity conservation, environmental impact assessment, watershed management, and community based forest management.

The United Nations Development Programme and the Global Environment Facility I Small Grants Programme (UNDP-GEF ISGP) has funded initiatives' at the local level on education, awareness building and information dissemination on the conservation of biological resources.

The on-going Coastal and Environment Program is mandated to inform and educate its participants and the public on different aspects of coastal protection, technology tips and resource management. A National Center for Integrated Ecosystems Management and Biodiversity Conservation and Development is being established in Region IX in Mindanao island.

Use of the media There have been efforts by media in awareness programmes especially on

conservation of natural resources, and environmentally related features to propagate concepts on subjects related to conservation and use of environment friendly materials. Three radio ITV networks are already participating in the campaign for environmental awareness and biodiversity conservation (Table 32).


Philippines

N on formal training The CFNR, through its training arm, TREES, has been offering a short term

non-formal informative course on Continuing Professional Education through its training module on "Recent Advances in Forest Technologies" to the forestry ·graduates and professionals. The DENR has also been offering training sessions to its staff and other private individuals on biodiversity conservation, environmental impact assessment, watershed management, and community based forest management.

The United Nations Development Programme and the Global Environment Facility I Small Grants Programme (UNDP-GEF ISGP) has funded initiatives' at the local level on education, awareness building and information dissemination on the conservation of biological resources.

The on-going Coastal and Environment Program is mandated to inform and educate its participants and the public on different aspects of coastal protection, technology tips and resource management. A National Center for Integrated Ecosystems Management and Biodiversity Conservation and Development is being established in Region IX in Mindanao island.

Use of the media There have been efforts by media in awareness programmes especially on

conservation of natural resources, and environmentally related features to propagate concepts on subjects related to conservation and use of environment friendly materials. Three radio ITV networks are already participating in the campaign for environmental awareness and biodiversity conservation (Table 32).


Table 32. List of agencies that are actively involved in environmental planning, training, education and public awareness for biodiversity conservation

Agency

Asean Center for Biodiversity Conservation

National Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

. Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau

International Institute for Rural Reconstruction

Makiling Center for Mountain Ecosystems (MCME)

Training Center for Environment and Ecosystems Sustainability

Institute for Environment and the Sciences (IES)

Miriam-PEACE Miriam College

Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau

Philippine Council for Agriculture and Forestry Research and Development

School of Environmental Science and Management

National Integrated Protected Areas Program

in the Philippines

Address

UPLB, College, Laguna Tel: (049) 536-3989 Fax: (049) 536-2865/3173

UPLB, College, Laguna Tel: (049) 536-1620/2721 Fax: (049) 536-2721

Visayas Avenue, Quezon City or UPLB Campus, College, Laguna (02) 927-6626/928-0691 to 93 or (049) 536-2269

Y. C. James Yen Center Silang, 411B Cavite Tel: (046)-414-2417 to 19 Fax: (046) 414-2423

UPLB,College,Laguna Tel: (049)-536-2637 Fax: (049) 536-3572

UPLB, College, Laguna Tel: (049)-536-2268 Fax: (049)-536-3572

University of Asia and the Pacific Pearl Drive, Ortigas Center, Pasig City Tel: (02)-634-2804/05

Katipunan Road, Diliman, QuezonCity

Ninoy Aquino Parks & Wildlife Nature Center North Avenue, Quezon City Tel: (02)-924-6031 to 35 PAWB: Fax: (02) 924 - 0109

Los Banos, Laguna Tel: (049)- 536-0014 to 20 Fax: (049) 536-0016/0132

UPLB, College, Laguna Tel: (049) 536-2251/3080/2836

PAWB,NorthAvenue Diliman, Quezon City Tel: (02) 929-2034/5594

Category/Role on Biodiversity

International: training center for research and development, capability building

Government/National: Training, research development

Government/National: Research & developments, training

International:Training, Community development

National:Research and development, parks, ecotourism, biodiversity conservation

National and International: Training on biodiversity conservation and biotechnology for forestry

International: Academic training

National: Academic & training on IEC and community development

National: Management

Education: Packaging and dissemination

Academic training and research

Protected area conservation and management

... cont.


Table 32. List of agencies that are actively involved in environmental planning, training, education and public awareness for biodiversity conservation

Agency

Asean Center for Biodiversity Conservation

National Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

. Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau

International Institute for Rural Reconstruction

Makiling Center for Mountain Ecosystems (MCME)

Training Center for Environment and Ecosystems Sustainability

Institute for Environment and the Sciences (IES)

Miriam-PEACE Miriam College

Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau

Philippine Council for Agriculture and Forestry Research and Development

School of Environmental Science and Management

National Integrated Protected Areas Program

in the Philippines

Address

UPLB, College, Laguna Tel: (049) 536-3989 Fax: (049) 536-2865/3173


Visayas Avenue, Quezon City or UPLB Campus, College, Laguna (02) 927-6626/928-0691 to 93 or (049) 536-2269

Y. C. James Yen Center Silang, 411B Cavite Tel: (046)-414-2417 to 19 Fax: (046) 414-2423

UPLB,College,Laguna Tel: (049)-536-2637 Fax: (049) 536-3572

UPLB, College, Laguna Tel: (049)-536-2268 Fax: (049)-536-3572

University of Asia and the Pacific Pearl Drive, Ortigas Center, Pasig City Tel: (02)-634-2804/05

Katipunan Road, Diliman, QuezonCity

Ninoy Aquino Parks & Wildlife Nature Center North Avenue, Quezon City Tel: (02)-924-6031 to 35 PAWB: Fax: (02) 924 - 0109

Los Banos, Laguna Tel: (049)- 536-0014 to 20 Fax: (049) 536-0016/0132

UPLB, College, Laguna Tel: (049) 536-2251/3080/2836

PAWB,NorthAvenue Diliman, Quezon City Tel: (02) 929-2034/5594

Category/Role on Biodiversity

International: training center for research and development, capability building

Government/National: Training, research development

Government/National: Research & developments, training

International:Training, Community development

National:Research and development, parks, ecotourism, biodiversity conservation

National and International: Training on biodiversity conservation and biotechnology for forestry

International: Academic training

National: Academic & training on IEC and community development

National: Management

Education: Packaging and dissemination

Academic training and research

Protected area conservation and management

... cont.

78

Table 32. cant.

Ecology Center, Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority

World Wildlife Fund (WWF)Kabang Kalikasan Pilipinas

Visayas State College of Agriculture (VISCA)

SEAMEO-Regional Center for Grad. Study & Research in Agriculture (SEARCA)

Earthsavers Movement

Environmental Broadcast Circle (EBC)

Bantay Kalikasan

Papua New Guinea


Subic Bay Freeport Zone Olongapo City Tel: (047) 252-4059/4435 Fax: (047) 252-3891

Bldg.2005, Naval Magazine Area, Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Olongapo, Zambales Tel: (047) 252-7188/3700 Fax: (047) 252-3141

Baybay, Leyte Tel: (053) 327-5652; 335-2651 Fax: (053) 335-2651


PH28, Yulo Plaza, Don Bosco, Makati City Tel: (02) 894-1327 Fax: (02) 819-3494

C/o PFRB 4/F NIA Bldg A, EDSA, Quezon City Tel: 0917-536-9454 Fax: (02) 642-2128

ABS-CBN Foundation Mother Ignacia Avenue Quezon City Tel: (02) 410-9670/925-3333; 925-5555

Biodiversity Conservation

International: Funding research, training and graduate research

Academic training & reseaerch

International: Training & research

Radio broadcast on biodiversity conservation and environment

Radio broadcast and TV

TV, community development; plantation demos

Information dissemination to policy makers Within the National Forest Authority, efforts have been made to improve the

situation. The Forest Research Institute, which takes a lead role in the conservation of commercial tree species, has recently formed a research advisory committee which should assist in providing advice and information to the policy makers and also through this to improve better working relationships between the NF A, DEC and NGOs as recommended by the Conservation Needs Assessment report and recommendations (Swartzendruber, 1993).

78

Table 32. cant.

Ecology Center, Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority

World Wildlife Fund (WWF)Kabang Kalikasan Pilipinas

Visayas State College of Agriculture (VISCA)

SEAMEO-Regional Center for Grad. Study & Research in Agriculture (SEARCA)

Earthsavers Movement

Environmental Broadcast Circle (EBC)

Bantay Kalikasan

Papua New Guinea


Subic Bay Freeport Zone Olongapo City Tel: (047) 252-4059/4435 Fax: (047) 252-3891

Bldg.2005, Naval Magazine Area, Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Olongapo, Zambales Tel: (047) 252-7188/3700 Fax: (047) 252-3141

Baybay, Leyte Tel: (053) 327-5652; 335-2651 Fax: (053) 335-2651


PH28, Yulo Plaza, Don Bosco, Makati City Tel: (02) 894-1327 Fax: (02) 819-3494

C/o PFRB 4/F NIA Bldg A, EDSA, Quezon City Tel: 0917-536-9454 Fax: (02) 642-2128

ABS-CBN Foundation Mother Ignacia Avenue Quezon City Tel: (02) 410-9670/925-3333; 925-5555

Biodiversity Conservation

International: Funding research, training and graduate research

Academic training & reseaerch

International: Training & research

Radio broadcast on biodiversity conservation and environment

Radio broadcast and TV

TV, community development; plantation demos

Information dissemination to policy makers Within the National Forest Authority, efforts have been made to improve the

situation. The Forest Research Institute, which takes a lead role in the conservation of commercial tree species, has recently formed a research advisory committee which should assist in providing advice and information to the policy makers and also through this to improve better working relationships between the NF A, DEC and NGOs as recommended by the Conservation Needs Assessment report and recommendations (Swartzendruber, 1993).


Awareness programs for the public

• Special environmental days are promoted by PNGNF A and DEC to extend conservation and environmental awareness. However, school programs have yet to be developed.

• At present, several NGOs are active in promoting biodiversity conservation, particularly at village level. These are the Foundation of the People of the South Pacific (PSP), the Village DevelopmentTrust (VDT) and the European Union (EU).

• To date, successful community education and awareness programmes on biodiversity conservation have yet to make the desired impact. This is seen to be a major hurdle and it is expected to remain so for a while (Holzknecht, 1994). Nevertheless, the success of biodiversity conservation ultimately lies with the local communities in PNG and these programs are regarded as essential to firmly establish biodiversity conservation.


Awareness programs for the public

• Special environmental days are promoted by PNGNF A and DEC to extend conservation and environmental awareness. However, school programs have yet to be developed.

• At present, several NGOs are active in promoting biodiversity conservation, particularly at village level. These are the Foundation of the People of the South Pacific (PSP), the Village DevelopmentTrust (VDT) and the European Union (EU).

• To date, successful community education and awareness programmes on biodiversity conservation have yet to make the desired impact. This is seen to be a major hurdle and it is expected to remain so for a while (Holzknecht, 1994). Nevertheless, the success of biodiversity conservation ultimately lies with the local communities in PNG and these programs are regarded as essential to firmly establish biodiversity conservation.


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ARIANTI, A. 1998. Genetic diversity of selected species of a lowland forest of Air Hitam Forest Reserve. Bachelor of Forest Science Thesis. University Putra Malaysia. 92p.

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BIBBY, C J. et al. 1992. Putting biodiversity on the map: priority areas for global conservation. Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge, u.K.

BOARD ON AGRICULTURE, NRC 1991. Managing Global Genetic Resources. National Academy Press, Washington D.C

BORHAN, M. & H. N. S. H. JAMIL. 1991. Approaches in Plant Genetic Resources Conservation in Brunei Darussalam. Paper presented for the Seminar on Development Opportunities in Ecotourism{ Conservation and Floral Biodiversity Management, 13-19 December, Brunei Darussalam.

BORHAN, M. & G. L. AHAYE. 1993. Pilot Project for the Conservation and Management of Forest Genetic Resources of Brunei Darussalam. Forestry Department, Brunei Darussalam. Unpublished paper.

BURLEY, J.1972. Efficient breeding strategy. Proc. Third Meeting of Australian Research Working Group No.l, . Mt. Gambier, S. Australia.


REFERENCES

ADAMs, R. P. 1992. DNA bank-net to use DNA technology to save endangered germplasm. Diversity 8(2):23

ALIAS, M. S .1984. The physiology of rooting of Shorea platydados V. SI. Ex Foxis and Shorea accuminata Dyer and eleven other species offorest trees. Bachelor of Forestry Science, Thesis, University Pertanian Malaysia.

AMINAH, H. 1991a. A note on the rooting of Shorea bracteolata stem cuttings. Journal of Tropical Forest Scinece.3:187-188.

AMINAH, H. 1991b. A note on the effect of leaf number on rooting of Hopea odorata stem cuttings. Journal of Tropical Forest Science. 3:384-386.

ANDERSON, J. A. R. & J. D. MARSDEN. 1984. Forest Resources and Strategic Planning Studies. 2 Vols. Final Report. Govt of Brunei Darussalam.

ANONYMOUS. 1991. Arboretum Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan. Jakarta.

_____ . 1993. Biological Conservation in the Sustainable Management of Production Forest. Natural Resources Management Project. BAPPENAS-Ministry of Forestry. Assisted by USAID. Report no.27. Associates in Rural Development Office of Agro-Enterprise and Environment. USAID-Jakarta ..

____ . 1994. Kumpulan Pedoman Pengelolaan Hutan bagi Rimbawan Indonesia (Edisi Lengkap). Departemen Kehutanan. Jakarta ..

_____ .1995. RencanaPengelolaan TamanNasional Kerinci SeblatTahun 1995-2019. Executive Summary. Proyek Pengembangan Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat.

____ .1997. Main Directions of Minister of Forestry. National Workshop 1997. Ministry of Forestry. Jakarta.

____ -', 1997. Report on Tanjung Puting Biosphere Reserve. Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Reserve, Bogor.

ARIANTI, A. 1998. Genetic diversity of selected species of a lowland forest of Air Hitam Forest Reserve. Bachelor of Forest Science Thesis. University Putra Malaysia. 92p.

ASHTON, P. S. 1964. Ecological Studies in the Mixed Dipterocarp Forests of Brunei State, Oxford Forestry Memoirs No. 25.

AZIAH, M. Y. & NUR SUPARDI, M. N. 1993. Initial growth of tissue culture raised Calamus manan seedlings. RIC Bulletin. Vo1.12. Nos 1/2. June/December 1993 ..

BALGOOY, J. VAN. 1976. Phytogeography. In K. Paijmans (ed) New Guinea Vegetation, ANU Press, Canberra.

BIBBY, C J. et al. 1992. Putting biodiversity on the map: priority areas for global conservation. Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge, u.K.

BOARD ON AGRICULTURE, NRC 1991. Managing Global Genetic Resources. National Academy Press, Washington D.C

BORHAN, M. & H. N. S. H. JAMIL. 1991. Approaches in Plant Genetic Resources Conservation in Brunei Darussalam. Paper presented for the Seminar on Development Opportunities in Ecotourism{ Conservation and Floral Biodiversity Management, 13-19 December, Brunei Darussalam.

BORHAN, M. & G. L. AHAYE. 1993. Pilot Project for the Conservation and Management of Forest Genetic Resources of Brunei Darussalam. Forestry Department, Brunei Darussalam. Unpublished paper.

BURLEY, J.1972. Efficient breeding strategy. Proc. Third Meeting of Australian Research Working Group No.l, . Mt. Gambier, S. Australia.


BURLEY, J. 1993. Balance between development and genetic conservation. IN: Proc.Intl. Genetic Conservation and Production of Forest Trees. Chiangmai,Thailand.

CALINAWAN, N. M. & S. C. HALOS. 1981. Shoot development, callus production and root induction of Narra (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) as affected by culture media and irradiation. Sylvatrop Phil. For. Res. Jour. 6 (4): 165-179.

CHAREST, P. J. & M. F. MICHEL. 1991. Basics of plant genetic engineering and its potential applications to tree species. Petawawa National Forest Institute Information Report PI-X-I04. 48p.

CHIN, H. F.1988. Recalcitrant seeds - a status report. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome Italy.

CHIN, H. F. 1993. Ex situ conservation of tropical tree species. In: Proc. Intl. Symp. On Genetic Conservation and Production of Forest Tree Seeds. Chiangmai, Thailand.

CHIN, H. F. 1994. Seed technology and its role in plantation forestry. In: R Wickneswari, Z.Y. Ahmad, M.S. Amir Husni, A, Darus, J.c., Khoo, K Suzuki, S. Sakurai and K, Ishii (Eds.). Proceedings of the international Workshop of Bio-Refor, Kangar. November 28-December I, 1994. pp. 99-102.

CHIN, H. F. & HOR, Y. L. 1989. Seed and in vitro storage of genetic resources. Proceedings of the 6th

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COODE, M. J. E, J. DRANSFIELD, L. L. FORMANN D.W. KrRKUP & IDRIs, M SAID. (eds). 1996. A Checklist of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Brunei Darussalam. Forestry Department, Brunei Darussalam and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

COPELAND, L. O. & M. B. McDoNALD. 1985. Principles of Seed Science and Technology. second ed. Burgess Publishing Company. Minneapolis, Minnesota.

COSTANZA, R 1991. Ecological economics: the science and management of Sustainability. Colombia University Press, N. Y.

DAIM, B. 1995. Isozyme variation of Shorea curtisii Dyer Ex. King. Shorea leprosula Miq. Bacelor of Forestry Science Thesis. Universiti Pertanian Malaysia.

DAISY, A. 1993. Allozyme variation of Shorea curtisii Dyer Ex. King. Shorea leprosula Miq and Shorea parvifolia Dyer. Bachelor of Forestry Science Thesis. Universiti Pertanian Malaysia.

DARUS, A. 1982. Vegetative propagation of Araucaria hunstenii by cuttings. The Malaysia Forester. 45(1).81-83.

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FAO. 1993. Conservation of genetic resources in tropical forest management: Principles and Concepts. FAO Forestry Paper 107. Rome.

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estimated in three Shorea species by RAPD analysis. Japanese Journal of Genetics. 69:713-718. HAZANDY, A. H. 1997. Genetic variation of Azadirechta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs populations. Bacelor of

Forestry Science Thesis. Universiti Putra Malaysia.


BURLEY, J. 1993. Balance between development and genetic conservation. IN: Proc.Intl. Genetic Conservation and Production of Forest Trees. Chiangmai,Thailand.

CALINAWAN, N. M. & S. C. HALOS. 1981. Shoot development, callus production and root induction of Narra (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) as affected by culture media and irradiation. Sylvatrop Phil. For. Res. Jour. 6 (4): 165-179.

CHAREST, P. J. & M. F. MICHEL. 1991. Basics of plant genetic engineering and its potential applications to tree species. Petawawa National Forest Institute Information Report PI-X-I04. 48p.

CHIN, H. F.1988. Recalcitrant seeds - a status report. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome Italy.

CHIN, H. F. 1993. Ex situ conservation of tropical tree species. In: Proc. Intl. Symp. On Genetic Conservation and Production of Forest Tree Seeds. Chiangmai, Thailand.

CHIN, H. F. 1994. Seed technology and its role in plantation forestry. In: R Wickneswari, Z.Y. Ahmad, M.S. Amir Husni, A, Darus, J.c., Khoo, K Suzuki, S. Sakurai and K, Ishii (Eds.). Proceedings of the international Workshop of Bio-Refor, Kangar. November 28-December I, 1994. pp. 99-102.

CHIN, H. F. & HOR, Y. L. 1989. Seed and in vitro storage of genetic resources. Proceedings of the 6th

International Congress of SABRAO. pp. 79-84. CHIN, T. Y. & SALEH, A. 1995. Meningkatkan "transparency" simpanan hutan dara Semenanjung

Malaysia. A paper presented at The 12th. Malaysian Forestry Conference. Miri, Sarawak. CHIN, H. F. 1994a. Ex situ conservation of tropical tree species. In: RM., Drysdale, S.E.T., John and

A.T.,Yapa (Eds.). Proceedings. International Symposium on Genetic Conservation and Production of Tropical Forest Tree Seed. ASEAN -Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre Project, Muak-Lek, Saraburi, Thailand.

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COPELAND, L. O. & M. B. McDoNALD. 1985. Principles of Seed Science and Technology. second ed. Burgess Publishing Company. Minneapolis, Minnesota.

COSTANZA, R 1991. Ecological economics: the science and management of Sustainability. Colombia University Press, N. Y.

DAIM, B. 1995. Isozyme variation of Shorea curtisii Dyer Ex. King. Shorea leprosula Miq. Bacelor of Forestry Science Thesis. Universiti Pertanian Malaysia.

DAISY, A. 1993. Allozyme variation of Shorea curtisii Dyer Ex. King. Shorea leprosula Miq and Shorea parvifolia Dyer. Bachelor of Forestry Science Thesis. Universiti Pertanian Malaysia.

DARUS, A. 1982. Vegetative propagation of Araucaria hunstenii by cuttings. The Malaysia Forester. 45(1).81-83.

DARUS, A. 1988. Vegetative propagation of Acacia mangium Willd. By stem cuttings and tissue culture techniques. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Aberdeen. Scotland.'

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FAO. 1993. Conservation of genetic resources in tropical forest management: Principles and Concepts. FAO Forestry Paper 107. Rome.

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FLORIDO, H. 1993. Some Endangered Philippine Tree Species (Based on CITES list). RISE 5(6).14 p. DE GUZMAN, N. Mating Systems of Narra (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) in Mt. Makiling, Philippines.

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Forestry Science Thesis. Universiti Putra Malaysia.


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KHARISMA.1996. Peningkatan Sumber Bahan Pemuliaan melalui Seleksi Pohon plus, Pengumpulan Benih dan/ atau Pembangunan Bank Klon J enis Paraserianthes falcataria dan Shorea javanica di dalam Proceedings on Forest Tree Improvement Research and Development Results. Yogyakarta. 28 March 1996. Forest Tree Improvemnet Research and Development Institute, Y ogyakarta.

KONG, T. F. 1994. Isozyme variation in Shorea parvifolia and Shorea acuminata. Bachelor of Forestry Science Thesis. Universiti Pertanian Malaysia.

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KUEH, J.H. 1996. Isozyme variation and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses of Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs. Bachelor of Forestry Science Thesis. Universiti Pertanian Malaysia.

LAPITAN, P. G. 1994. Tissue culture of Acacia mangium: In Production of High Quality Planting Stocks. DOST -NRMP-UPLB Annual Report. Philippines.

LEA, D. 1973. The physical geography of Papua New Guinea. Australian Natural History. 17 :382-388.

LOFFLER, E. & LOFFLER, J. M. 1972. Landforms. In P Ryan (ed). Encyclopedia of P.N.G. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne

LOFFLER, E. 1974. Explanatory notes on the geomorphologic map of Papua New Guinea. Aust. Land Res.Ser. No.33.

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LING, T. C 1993. Effects of IBA, cutting positions and rooting medium on the root ability of Shorea acuminata Dyer and Shorea parvifolia Dyer cuttings. Bachelor of Forestry Science Thesis. Universiti Pertanian, Malaysia.

Lo, Y. N. 1985. Root initiation of Shorea macrophylla cuttings: effects of node position, growth regulators and misting regime. Forest Ecology and Management. 12:43-52.

MASRAN, M. S. 1994. Introduction to forestry in Malaysia. International Training Workshop on Tropical Forestry and Timber Trade Statistics. Workshop Manual. Vol. 1. November 28-December 16, 1994. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

McALPINE, J. R., KEIG, G. & FALLS, G. 1983. Climate of Papua New Guinea. CSIRO and ANU Press. MOMosE, Y. 1978. Vegetative propagation of Malaysian trees. The Malaysian Forester. 41:219-223. MOREL, G. 1975. Meristem culture techniques for long term storage of cultivated plants. 327-332. In:

O.H., Frankel and J.G., Hawkes (Eds.). Crop Genetic Resouurces for Today and Tomorrow. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, United Kingdom ..

MOSTE. 1997. Assessment of biological diversity in Malaysia. Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment, Malaysia.

MUCKAOELL, J. S. & MALIM, P. 1978. Preliminary results from rooting juvenile cuttings of some Dipterocarp species. FAO Working Paper No. 2. Forest Research Centre. Sepilok, Sabah, Malaysia.

MYERS,N.1988. Tropicalforestsand their species: Going, going .... ? INWilson, E.O. (ed). Biodiversity. Natl. Acad. Press, Wash. D.C

NAMKOONG, G. et al. 1980. Screening for yield in forest tree breeding. Commonwealth. Rev. 59(1):61-68. NAMKOONG, G. et al. 1991. Managing globargenetic resources: Forest Trees. Natl. Academy Press,

Wash.DC NATIONAL FORESTRY POLICY. 1989. Forestry Department, Brunei Darussalam. NA'IEM,MoHAMMAO.1996. PedomanStrategi dan PenentuanPrioritas Perlindungan Keanekaragaman

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NORMAH, M.N. 1987. Effects of temperature on rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muel Arc.) seed storage. Ph.D. Thesis. Universiti Putra Malaysia.

NORMAH, M. N. & MARZALINA, M. 1995. Achievements and prospects on invitro conservation for tree germplasm. Paper presented atthe International Workshop on in vitro Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources. July 4-5,1995. Kuala Lumpur.

NORWATI, M., WICKNESWARI, R. & ZAKRI, A. H. 1993. J elutong - a lowland rainforest species with high genetic diversity. Paper presented at Conference on Forestry and Forest Products Research. Forest research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). November 1-2, 1993. Kepong, Malaysia.

NUR EDORA, A. 1999. Isozyme variation of five natural populations of Shorea macrophylla (de Vr.) Ashton. Bachelor Forestry Science Thesis. Universiti Pertanian Malaysia.

OPORTO, D.A. & M. UMALI-GARCIA. 1998. Effects of different concentrations of Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) on root production by shoot tip cuttings of Mamalis (Pittosporum pentandrum). Ecosystems Research Digest. 9(21): 1-10.

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NORMAH, M.N. 1987. Effects of temperature on rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muel Arc.) seed storage. Ph.D. Thesis. Universiti Putra Malaysia.

NORMAH, M. N. & MARZALINA, M. 1995. Achievements and prospects on invitro conservation for tree germplasm. Paper presented atthe International Workshop on in vitro Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources. July 4-5,1995. Kuala Lumpur.

NORWATI, M., WICKNESWARI, R. & ZAKRI, A. H. 1993. J elutong - a lowland rainforest species with high genetic diversity. Paper presented at Conference on Forestry and Forest Products Research. Forest research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). November 1-2, 1993. Kepong, Malaysia.

NUR EDORA, A. 1999. Isozyme variation of five natural populations of Shorea macrophylla (de Vr.) Ashton. Bachelor Forestry Science Thesis. Universiti Pertanian Malaysia.

OPORTO, D.A. & M. UMALI-GARCIA. 1998. Effects of different concentrations of Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) on root production by shoot tip cuttings of Mamalis (Pittosporum pentandrum). Ecosystems Research Digest. 9(21): 1-10.

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OPORTO, D.A. & M. UMALI-GARClA.1998. Clonal propagation of Dao: Saving an endangered timber species. Canopy International 24(5):4, 10.

OPORTO, D.A. & M. UMALI-GARCIA. 1999. Propagation of Kamagong. Canopy International 25(1): 10. OPORTO, D.A. & M. UMALI-GARCIA. 1998. Mass propagation of Pittosporum pentandrum (Elco.) Merr.

through shoot tip cuttings. Ecosystems Research Digest. Papua New Guinea Forest Authority, 1995. ITTO Year 2000 Agreement- Mid-term Review. PNG

Country Statement. --'---, 1996. Procedures for Exporting Logs: Price approval, Export permit and licensees.

Monitoring and Control. PNG Forest Authority. PHILIPPINES COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY AND NATURAL REsoURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.

Medium term Research and Development Plan for Philippines Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1995-2000. PCARRD.

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PRABHU, M. 1996. Report and Recommendations for an Environmental Protection Law for Brunei Darussalam. Prepared under a consultancy assignment from the commonwealth fund for Technical Cooperation, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei.

QUIMADO, M. 0., L. S. PADUA, A.G. DEL ROSARIO & W. G. PADOLINA. 1991. Micropropagation of Cratoxylum sumatranum (JacqJ Dyer. Pterocarpus 6(1):33-46.

RAMDHANI YA YU et. al. 1996. Fellowship Report on Resource Planning, using GIS and Remote Sensing. ASEAN Institute of Forest Management, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

SABRI M. TAHA. 1996. The coral reefs of Brunei Darussalam-an information paper: presented at the ISESCO-COMSTECH Regional Seminar "Conservation of Biodiversity" 20-22 August 1996, University Brunei Darussalam, Brunei.

SAjISE, P. E. 1997. Biodiversity in the Philippine Terrestrial Uplands: Status, Issues, and Research Agenda. National Workshop on Agenda Setting for Biodiversity Research in the Philippines, 2-4 July 1997. SEARCA, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines.


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SAWITRI,RENY,M. BISMARK&TITIEKSETYAWATI. 1997. Upaya Perlindungan Kawasan TamanNasional Gunung Halimun melalui Pengembangan Kawasan Penyangga. Makalah penunjang dalam Diskusi Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Penerapan Hasil Litbang KSDA untuk Mendukung Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam Hayati dan Ekosisternnya.Bogor.

SlAROT, P.T. 1993. Progeny test of Paraserianthes falcataria (1.) Nielsen in PICOP. Pterocarpus 8(2): 69-76. SMITS, W.T. M. 1983. Vegetative propagation of Shorea obtusa and Agathis dammara by means ofleaf

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Appendix 1

Distribution of wildlife rerserves and hunting parks in Indonesia

Province Nature conservation Type of forest Total area Main plant species for (ha) in situ conservation

1. Acheh North Sumatera 1. Gunung Leuser Tropical, mountain and 792.68 Shorea spp., Dipterocarplls,

(National Park) sub alpine zone Dryobalanops aromatica

2. Jambi 1. Pantai Timur Beach Forest, mangrove forest 3,829.00 Sonneratia sp., Rhizophora sp. (Wildlife reserve) GIllta renghas, Hibiscus tiliaceus,

Nipa fruticans

2. Durian luncuk I, IT Lowmontain 74.80 Polonia, Bulian (Wildlife reserve)

3. Kerinci Seblat Mountain Forest moist tropical 588,460.00 Pin us merkusii, highland Raflessia amoldii

4. Berbak National Park Peat, swamp forest 162,700.00 Shorea sp., Koompassia, Dyera costulata, Gonystylus bancanus

5. Pegunungan Low mountain forest 30,485.00 dua belas

3. Bengkulu 1. Bukit Barisan Selatan Beach forest, lowland rain forest, 356,800.00 Rafflessia sp., Amorphophallus (National Park) low mountain rain forest, decusiltat, Atitanum,

high mountain rain forest

4. Lampung 1. Way Kambas Mangrove, swamp forest, 128,450.00 Shorea sp., Hopea sp., (National Park) beach forest A. angustiloba, Vitex pllbescens

5. Java 1. UjungKulon Low land, tropical forest 120,551.00

2. GunungGede Mountain tropical rain forest, 15,196.00 Altingia excelsa, Podocarpus Pangrango sub mountain, labricatus, Vaccimum (National Park) mountain/sub alpine varingaerolillm

3. Gunung Halimun Tropical rain forest, sub mountain 40,000.00 Altingia excelsa, Schima wallichi, (National Park) and mountain Quercus sp.

4. Pancoran mas Depo Secondary forest 6.00 Calamus sp., Bambusa sp. (Wildlife Reserve)

6. DK! 1. AngkeKapuk Beach forest 50.80 Rhizophora sp., Avicennia, (Wildlife Reserve) Hibiscus tiliaceus, Calamus sp.

2. Rambut Island Beach forest, mangrove 45.00 Rhizophora sp., Avicenia sp. (Wildlife Reserve) Sterculia foetida, Schleichera

oleosa

3. Rambut Island Beach forest, mangrove 108.00 Rhizophora sp. (Wildlife Reserve)

4. MuaraAngke Beach forest, mangrove 25.00 Rhizophora mucronata, (Wildlife Reserve) Avicennia sp.

7. Yogyakarta 1. Plawangan Turgo Lowland rain forest 164.75 (Nature Reserve)

2. Plawangan Turgo 117.50 (National Park)

3. Batu Gamping 0.037 (Recreational Park)


Appendix 1

Distribution of wildlife rerserves and hunting parks in Indonesia

Province Nature conservation Type of forest Total area Main plant species for (ha) in situ conservation

1. Acheh North Sumatera 1. Gunung Leuser Tropical, mountain and 792.68 Shorea spp., Dipterocarplls,

(National Park) sub alpine zone Dryobalanops aromatica

2. Jambi 1. Pantai Timur Beach Forest, mangrove forest 3,829.00 Sonneratia sp., Rhizophora sp. (Wildlife reserve) GIllta renghas, Hibiscus tiliaceus,

Nipa fruticans

2. Durian luncuk I, IT Lowmontain 74.80 Polonia, Bulian (Wildlife reserve)

3. Kerinci Seblat Mountain Forest moist tropical 588,460.00 Pin us merkusii, highland Raflessia amoldii

4. Berbak National Park Peat, swamp forest 162,700.00 Shorea sp., Koompassia, Dyera costulata, Gonystylus bancanus

5. Pegunungan Low mountain forest 30,485.00 dua belas

3. Bengkulu 1. Bukit Barisan Selatan Beach forest, lowland rain forest, 356,800.00 Rafflessia sp., Amorphophallus (National Park) low mountain rain forest, decusiltat, Atitanum,

high mountain rain forest

4. Lampung 1. Way Kambas Mangrove, swamp forest, 128,450.00 Shorea sp., Hopea sp., (National Park) beach forest A. angustiloba, Vitex pllbescens

5. Java 1. UjungKulon Low land, tropical forest 120,551.00

2. GunungGede Mountain tropical rain forest, 15,196.00 Altingia excelsa, Podocarpus Pangrango sub mountain, labricatus, Vaccimum (National Park) mountain/sub alpine varingaerolillm

3. Gunung Halimun Tropical rain forest, sub mountain 40,000.00 Altingia excelsa, Schima wallichi, (National Park) and mountain Quercus sp.

4. Pancoran mas Depo Secondary forest 6.00 Calamus sp., Bambusa sp. (Wildlife Reserve)

6. DK! 1. AngkeKapuk Beach forest 50.80 Rhizophora sp., Avicennia, (Wildlife Reserve) Hibiscus tiliaceus, Calamus sp.

2. Rambut Island Beach forest, mangrove 45.00 Rhizophora sp., Avicenia sp. (Wildlife Reserve) Sterculia foetida, Schleichera

oleosa

3. Rambut Island Beach forest, mangrove 108.00 Rhizophora sp. (Wildlife Reserve)

4. MuaraAngke Beach forest, mangrove 25.00 Rhizophora mucronata, (Wildlife Reserve) Avicennia sp.

7. Yogyakarta 1. Plawangan Turgo Lowland rain forest 164.75 (Nature Reserve)

2. Plawangan Turgo 117.50 (National Park)

3. Batu Gamping 0.037 (Recreational Park)


1 2 3 4 5

B. East Java 1. AlasPurwo Lowland tropical rain forest, 43,420.00 Manilkara kaukii, orchids, (National Park) beach fresh water, swamp Ficus, Tamarindus

mangrove, mixed deciduous forest

2. Baluran Lower monsoon, savanna 25,000.00 Orchids, Tamarindus (Wildlife Reserve) beach fresh water, swamp,

mangrove

9. West Kalimantan 1. Mandor Lowland forest 3,OBO.00 Orchids (Nature Reserve)

2. RoyaPasi Mountain forest 3,700.00 Orchids, Rafflesia arnoldii (Nature Reserve)

3. LoFatFunFi Swamp forest 7.BO Orchids (Nature Reserve)

4. Muara Kendarangan Lowland forest, 150,000.00 Rhizophoraceae (Nature Reserve) swamp forest

5. Bentuang Karimun Mountain forest BOO.OO Orchids (Nature Reserve)

6. N yiut and Penrissen Low-high mountain forest 124,500.00 (Nature Reserve)

7. Sea Nature Reserve Beach and mountain forest 77,000.00 Rhizophoraceae of Karimata Island

B. Danau Sentarum Swamp forest BO,OOO.OO Rhizophoraceae (Wildlife Reserve)

9. Palung Beach - mountain forest 90,000.00 Eusideroxylon zwageri, (National Park) Gonystylus bancanus, Agathis

10. Bukit baka Mountain forest 70,500.00 Shorea sp., Eusideroxylon (National Park) zwageri, Dyera costulata

11. Kelam Tourism area Lowland forest 520.00

12. Baning and Kelang Lowland forest 315.00 Orchids, Tamarindus (Tourism area)

9. Central 1. Tanjung Puting Lowland tropical rain forest 300,040.00 Dipterocarpaceae, kalimantan (National Park) mangrove beach and kerangas Gonystylus bancanus,

Eusideroxylon zwageri

10. South Kalimantan 1. PulauKaget Mangrove/ swamp B5.00 Sonneratia sp. (Nature Reserve)

2. Teluk Kelumpang Mangrove 66,650.00 Rhizophora sp., Sonneratia sp. Selat Laut/ Avicennia sp. Selat Sebuku Nature Reserve

3. Gunung Kentawan Lowland forest 245.00 (Nature Reserve)

4. Pleihari Tanah Laut Swamp forest 6000.00 Melaleuca leucadendron (Wildlife Reserve)

5. Sultan Adam Forest Lowland forest 112,000.00 Eusideroxylon zwageri (Forest Public Bank)

6. Pulau Kembang Swamp forest 60.00 Gluta renghas (Recreational Park)


1 2 3 4 5

B. East Java 1. AlasPurwo Lowland tropical rain forest, 43,420.00 Manilkara kaukii, orchids, (National Park) beach fresh water, swamp Ficus, Tamarindus

mangrove, mixed deciduous forest

2. Baluran Lower monsoon, savanna 25,000.00 Orchids, Tamarindus (Wildlife Reserve) beach fresh water, swamp,

mangrove

9. West Kalimantan 1. Mandor Lowland forest 3,OBO.00 Orchids (Nature Reserve)

2. RoyaPasi Mountain forest 3,700.00 Orchids, Rafflesia arnoldii (Nature Reserve)

3. LoFatFunFi Swamp forest 7.BO Orchids (Nature Reserve)

4. Muara Kendarangan Lowland forest, 150,000.00 Rhizophoraceae (Nature Reserve) swamp forest

5. Bentuang Karimun Mountain forest BOO.OO Orchids (Nature Reserve)

6. N yiut and Penrissen Low-high mountain forest 124,500.00 (Nature Reserve)

7. Sea Nature Reserve Beach and mountain forest 77,000.00 Rhizophoraceae of Karimata Island

B. Danau Sentarum Swamp forest BO,OOO.OO Rhizophoraceae (Wildlife Reserve)

9. Palung Beach - mountain forest 90,000.00 Eusideroxylon zwageri, (National Park) Gonystylus bancanus, Agathis

10. Bukit baka Mountain forest 70,500.00 Shorea sp., Eusideroxylon (National Park) zwageri, Dyera costulata

11. Kelam Tourism area Lowland forest 520.00

12. Baning and Kelang Lowland forest 315.00 Orchids, Tamarindus (Tourism area)

9. Central 1. Tanjung Puting Lowland tropical rain forest 300,040.00 Dipterocarpaceae, kalimantan (National Park) mangrove beach and kerangas Gonystylus bancanus,

Eusideroxylon zwageri

10. South Kalimantan 1. PulauKaget Mangrove/ swamp B5.00 Sonneratia sp. (Nature Reserve)

2. Teluk Kelumpang Mangrove 66,650.00 Rhizophora sp., Sonneratia sp. Selat Laut/ Avicennia sp. Selat Sebuku Nature Reserve

3. Gunung Kentawan Lowland forest 245.00 (Nature Reserve)

4. Pleihari Tanah Laut Swamp forest 6000.00 Melaleuca leucadendron (Wildlife Reserve)

5. Sultan Adam Forest Lowland forest 112,000.00 Eusideroxylon zwageri (Forest Public Bank)

6. Pulau Kembang Swamp forest 60.00 Gluta renghas (Recreational Park)


1 2 3 4

7. Pleihari Tanah Laut Beach forest 1500.00 Casuarina equisetifolia (Recreational Park)

11. East Kalimantan l. Kutai Lowland tropical forest 198,626.00 Eusideroxylon zwageri, (National Park) Shorea sp., Dryobalanops

12. Ball l. Ball Barat Lower monsoon, mixed 25,758.80 Manilkara kaukii, Borassus (National Park) evergreen savanna, flabellifer, Steleocharfus

beach mangrove buraho/, Dipterocarpus hase/tii, Sterculia foetida, Palaqium javense, Rhizophora lamarkii

13. East Nusa l. Komodo Monsoon, savanna beach, 173,300.00 Tenggara (National Park) mangrove


1 2 3 4

7. Pleihari Tanah Laut Beach forest 1500.00 Casuarina equisetifolia (Recreational Park)

11. East Kalimantan l. Kutai Lowland tropical forest 198,626.00 Eusideroxylon zwageri, (National Park) Shorea sp., Dryobalanops

12. Ball l. Ball Barat Lower monsoon, mixed 25,758.80 Manilkara kaukii, Borassus (National Park) evergreen savanna, flabellifer, Steleocharfus

beach mangrove buraho/, Dipterocarpus hase/tii, Sterculia foetida, Palaqium javense, Rhizophora lamarkii

13. East Nusa l. Komodo Monsoon, savanna beach, 173,300.00 Tenggara (National Park) mangrove


Appendix 2A & 2B

2A. Teak varieties (Coster and Eidmann, 1934; Daryadi, 1959; Soerianegara, 1974)

No. Provenances Annual and Varieties Type Rainfall Dry Months Soil and Topography

(mm)

1. India 1.1 Malabar Mons. 2792 XII,I,II,Ill Loose laterite, valley, 30 m a.s.l. 1.2 Godavari Mons. 1022 XII,I,II,III,lV, V Sandy loam, hill, 400 m a.s.l. 1.3 Central Prov. 1650 Hill 2. Burma Mons. 2292 XI,XII,I,II,III,IV Sandy soil 3. Thailand-pre Mons. 1044 XI,XII,I,II,III 265 m. a.s.l. 4. Laos-Paklay Mons. 1729 XI,XII,I,II,III Loam,Hill 4.1 Gray teak (Kay) Sandy loam, plain 4.2 Brown teak (KuoaD Sandy loam, plain 4.3 White teak (Kouoc) Sandy loam, plain 4.4 Hard teak (Hinh)

5. Indonesia 5.1 Muna Mons. 1718 VIII,IX,X Brown, loam aver gray sand, 5-10 m asl 5.2 Cepu Mons. 1964 VI, VII, VIII,IX Dark brown loam,fertile 5.3 Pati (Regaloh) Mons. 1754 VII, VIII,IX Volcanic sandy soil, fertile 5.4 Gundih Mons. 2199 VII,VIII Megalitic soil, very unfertile 5.5 Ponorogo Mons. 1534 VII,VIII,IX,X Dark clay loam, unfertile 5.6 Streaked teak (doreng), Bangilan - 1712 VI, VII, VIII,IX Red, old lateritic soil 5.7 Knotted-stern teak, Margasari Mons. 2818 VIll,IX Loamy sand, moderately fertile 5.8 Smooth-stern teak, Ngliron 2500 VII,VIII Humous margalitic soil, sandy to loamy.

2B. The experimental areas for provenance trials of teak in Indonesia (Coster and Eidmann, 1934; Daryadi, 1959; Berlage, 1949; Soerianegara, 1974)

Area and approximate Geographical location

1. N glambangan (Bojonegoro) 7°12'5 and 111°45'E

2. Kesamben (Blitar) 8°10'5 and 112°22'E

Type

Mons.

Mons.

Climate Annual Rainfall (mm)

2062

1892

Dry months Soil and topography

VII, VIII, IX, X Black, calcareous loamy soil plain, 150m. a.s.l.

VII, VIII, IX Volcanic-ash soil, fertile plain, 200 m. a.s.l.


Appendix 2A & 2B

2A. Teak varieties (Coster and Eidmann, 1934; Daryadi, 1959; Soerianegara, 1974)

No. Provenances Annual and Varieties Type Rainfall Dry Months Soil and Topography

(mm)

1. India 1.1 Malabar Mons. 2792 XII,I,II,Ill Loose laterite, valley, 30 m a.s.l. 1.2 Godavari Mons. 1022 XII,I,II,III,lV, V Sandy loam, hill, 400 m a.s.l. 1.3 Central Prov. 1650 Hill 2. Burma Mons. 2292 XI,XII,I,II,III,IV Sandy soil 3. Thailand-pre Mons. 1044 XI,XII,I,II,III 265 m. a.s.l. 4. Laos-Paklay Mons. 1729 XI,XII,I,II,III Loam,Hill 4.1 Gray teak (Kay) Sandy loam, plain 4.2 Brown teak (KuoaD Sandy loam, plain 4.3 White teak (Kouoc) Sandy loam, plain 4.4 Hard teak (Hinh)

5. Indonesia 5.1 Muna Mons. 1718 VIII,IX,X Brown, loam aver gray sand, 5-10 m asl 5.2 Cepu Mons. 1964 VI, VII, VIII,IX Dark brown loam,fertile 5.3 Pati (Regaloh) Mons. 1754 VII, VIII,IX Volcanic sandy soil, fertile 5.4 Gundih Mons. 2199 VII,VIII Megalitic soil, very unfertile 5.5 Ponorogo Mons. 1534 VII,VIII,IX,X Dark clay loam, unfertile 5.6 Streaked teak (doreng), Bangilan - 1712 VI, VII, VIII,IX Red, old lateritic soil 5.7 Knotted-stern teak, Margasari Mons. 2818 VIll,IX Loamy sand, moderately fertile 5.8 Smooth-stern teak, Ngliron 2500 VII,VIII Humous margalitic soil, sandy to loamy.

2B. The experimental areas for provenance trials of teak in Indonesia (Coster and Eidmann, 1934; Daryadi, 1959; Berlage, 1949; Soerianegara, 1974)

Area and approximate Geographical location

1. N glambangan (Bojonegoro) 7°12'5 and 111°45'E

2. Kesamben (Blitar) 8°10'5 and 112°22'E

Type

Mons.

Mons.

Climate Annual Rainfall (mm)

2062

1892

Dry months Soil and topography

VII, VIII, IX, X Black, calcareous loamy soil plain, 150m. a.s.l.

VII, VIII, IX Volcanic-ash soil, fertile plain, 200 m. a.s.l.


Appendix 3

Breeding populations of some important timber tree species in Indonesia

Type Species Area (ha) Executor

Tegakan Benih Provenansi Acacia mangium BP3BTH & PT. MHP

(Provenance Seed Stand) BP3BTH & PT. PSPI BP3BTH & PERHUTANI BP3BTH & PT. Tanjung Redeb Hutani BP3BTH & PT. Inti Indo Rayon Utama BP3BTH & PT. Hutani IV

Kebun Benih Semai A. mangium 9.22 BP3BTH & PT. Inhutani III

(Seedling Seed Orchard) 4.29 BP3BTH & PT. Inhutani III 3 BP3BTH & PT. Perhutani 6.86 BP3BTH & PT. MPH

PT. SL} PT. SL}

39.5 PT.MPH 5 PT. Inhutani I 10 BTPBogor

PT. Riau AndaIan Pulp and Paper PT. Arara Abadi MP2BSumsel

A. crassicarpa 5.14 BP3BTH & PT. MHP PT. SL}

A. aulacocarpa PT. SL}

A. auriculiforrnis 2.61 BP3BTH & Perhutani 1.87 BP3BTH & PT. MHP 3.60 PT. Inhutani III

PT. SL} Eucalyptus deglupta 50 PT. Inhutani IV E. urophylla 2.88 BP3BTH & PT. Inhutani III

100 PT. Inhutani V 25 RRL-UGM 5 RRL-UGM 2 RRL-UGM 10 BPK Pematang Siantar 6.5 BPKSiantar

PT.5L} PT.5L}

Eucalyptus grandis PT. SL} E. pellita 5.16 BP3BTH & PT. PSPI

2.4 BP3BTH & Perhutani 5.16 BP3BTH & PT. IHM 4.5 BP3BTH & PT. Hutani III 5.2 BP3BTH & PT. MPH

Gmelina arborea 10 BTPBogor PT.SL}

Pinus merkusii 96 UGM-Perhutani Paraserianthes fa/cataria 1.68 BP3BTH-Perhutani Swietenia macrophylla 5 BTRSumsel Tectona grandis 5.1 Perhutani

3.9 Perhutani


Appendix 3

Breeding populations of some important timber tree species in Indonesia

Type Species Area (ha) Executor

Tegakan Benih Provenansi Acacia mangium BP3BTH & PT. MHP

(Provenance Seed Stand) BP3BTH & PT. PSPI BP3BTH & PERHUTANI BP3BTH & PT. Tanjung Redeb Hutani BP3BTH & PT. Inti Indo Rayon Utama BP3BTH & PT. Hutani IV

Kebun Benih Semai A. mangium 9.22 BP3BTH & PT. Inhutani III

(Seedling Seed Orchard) 4.29 BP3BTH & PT. Inhutani III 3 BP3BTH & PT. Perhutani 6.86 BP3BTH & PT. MPH

PT. SL} PT. SL}

39.5 PT.MPH 5 PT. Inhutani I 10 BTPBogor

PT. Riau AndaIan Pulp and Paper PT. Arara Abadi MP2BSumsel

A. crassicarpa 5.14 BP3BTH & PT. MHP PT. SL}

A. aulacocarpa PT. SL}

A. auriculiforrnis 2.61 BP3BTH & Perhutani 1.87 BP3BTH & PT. MHP 3.60 PT. Inhutani III

PT. SL} Eucalyptus deglupta 50 PT. Inhutani IV E. urophylla 2.88 BP3BTH & PT. Inhutani III

100 PT. Inhutani V 25 RRL-UGM 5 RRL-UGM 2 RRL-UGM 10 BPK Pematang Siantar 6.5 BPKSiantar

PT.5L} PT.5L}

Eucalyptus grandis PT. SL} E. pellita 5.16 BP3BTH & PT. PSPI

2.4 BP3BTH & Perhutani 5.16 BP3BTH & PT. IHM 4.5 BP3BTH & PT. Hutani III 5.2 BP3BTH & PT. MPH

Gmelina arborea 10 BTPBogor PT.SL}

Pinus merkusii 96 UGM-Perhutani Paraserianthes fa/cataria 1.68 BP3BTH-Perhutani Swietenia macrophylla 5 BTRSumsel Tectona grandis 5.1 Perhutani

3.9 Perhutani


Kebun Benih Klon Acacia mangium 3.8 PT.5LJ (Clonal Seed Orchard) 1.2 PT. SLJ

4 BP2BSumsel Eucalyptus deglupta 3.8 PT. SLJ E. urophylla 3.5 PT. SLJ Gmelina arborea 2 PT. SLJ Pinus merkusii 26 RRL-UGM

10 BP2BSumsel 5 P3HKA 5 P3HKA 5 P3HKA 5 P3HKA

PT. Inti Indorayon Utama P. falcataria Perhutani Tectona grandis 480.7 Perhutani

584.4 Perhutani 174.4 Perhutani


Kebun Benih Klon Acacia mangium 3.8 PT.5LJ (Clonal Seed Orchard) 1.2 PT. SLJ

4 BP2BSumsel Eucalyptus deglupta 3.8 PT. SLJ E. urophylla 3.5 PT. SLJ Gmelina arborea 2 PT. SLJ Pinus merkusii 26 RRL-UGM

10 BP2BSumsel 5 P3HKA 5 P3HKA 5 P3HKA 5 P3HKA

PT. Inti Indorayon Utama P. falcataria Perhutani Tectona grandis 480.7 Perhutani

584.4 Perhutani 174.4 Perhutani


Appendix 4

List of project members and contributors

1. Project Steering Committee

February 1996 - Disember 1997

Mr. Derick M. Olsen (USA Embassy, Malaysia) Dr. Efransjah (International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), Japan) Mr. Haron bin Hj. Abu Hassan (ASEAN Institute of Forest Management (AIFM), Malaysia) Mr. Motokatsu Watanabe (Japan Embassy, Malaysia)

January 1998 - June 2000

Data' Dr. Abd. Razak bin Mohd. Ali (Forest Research Institute Malaysia (PRIM), Malaysia) Mr. Motokatsu Watanabe (Japan Embassy, Malaysia) Mr. Nik Adnan bin Nik Abdullah (Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia) Mr. Patrick 0' Reilley IMr. Timothy Richardson (USA Embassy, Malaysia) Dr. Roslan bin Ismail (Regional Centre for Forest Management (RCFM), Malaysia)

2. Technical Committee

Hj. Dahlan bin Taha (RCFM, Malaysia) Mr. Haron bin Hj. Abu Hassan (AIFM) - February 1996 - Disember 1997 Dayang Noralinda bt. Hj.lbrahim (Forestry Department, Brunei Darussalam) Prof. Dr. Masaki Katsuta (Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan) Prof. Dr. Mercedes Garcia (University Philippines, Los Banos, Philippines) Mr. Mohd Charomaini (Institute of Tree Breeding, Indonesia) Mr. Nasaruddin bin Rahman (RCFM, Malaysia) Mr. Neville Howcroft (Forest Research Institute, Papua New Guinea) Associate Prof. Dr. Noraini bt. Ab. Shukor (Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia) Dr. Roslan bin Ismail (RCFM) - January 1998 - June 2000 Prof. Dato' Dr. Zakri bin Abd. Hamid (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia)

3. Task Force

Dr. Baskaran Krishnapillay (FRIM, Malaysia) Dr. N. Manokaran (PRIM, Malaysia) Mr. Thang Hooi Chiew (Forestry Department Headquarters, Malaysia)


Appendix 4

List of project members and contributors

1. Project Steering Committee

February 1996 - Disember 1997

Mr. Derick M. Olsen (USA Embassy, Malaysia) Dr. Efransjah (International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), Japan) Mr. Haron bin Hj. Abu Hassan (ASEAN Institute of Forest Management (AIFM), Malaysia) Mr. Motokatsu Watanabe (Japan Embassy, Malaysia)

January 1998 - June 2000

Data' Dr. Abd. Razak bin Mohd. Ali (Forest Research Institute Malaysia (PRIM), Malaysia) Mr. Motokatsu Watanabe (Japan Embassy, Malaysia) Mr. Nik Adnan bin Nik Abdullah (Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia) Mr. Patrick 0' Reilley IMr. Timothy Richardson (USA Embassy, Malaysia) Dr. Roslan bin Ismail (Regional Centre for Forest Management (RCFM), Malaysia)

2. Technical Committee

Hj. Dahlan bin Taha (RCFM, Malaysia) Mr. Haron bin Hj. Abu Hassan (AIFM) - February 1996 - Disember 1997 Dayang Noralinda bt. Hj.lbrahim (Forestry Department, Brunei Darussalam) Prof. Dr. Masaki Katsuta (Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan) Prof. Dr. Mercedes Garcia (University Philippines, Los Banos, Philippines) Mr. Mohd Charomaini (Institute of Tree Breeding, Indonesia) Mr. Nasaruddin bin Rahman (RCFM, Malaysia) Mr. Neville Howcroft (Forest Research Institute, Papua New Guinea) Associate Prof. Dr. Noraini bt. Ab. Shukor (Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia) Dr. Roslan bin Ismail (RCFM) - January 1998 - June 2000 Prof. Dato' Dr. Zakri bin Abd. Hamid (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia)

3. Task Force

Dr. Baskaran Krishnapillay (FRIM, Malaysia) Dr. N. Manokaran (PRIM, Malaysia) Mr. Thang Hooi Chiew (Forestry Department Headquarters, Malaysia)


4. Peer Reviewers

Prof. Dr. A. N. Rao (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Asia Pacific Office, Malaysia) Dato' Baharuddin bin Hj. Ghazali (Gaya Tunas Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia)

5. Technical Meetings and Workshops Participants

Mr. Adi Susilo (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia) Dr. Antonio C. Manila (AIFM, Malaysia) Dr. S. Appanah (FRIM, Malaysia) Dr. Bibiano P. Ranes (Asean Regional Centre for Biodiversity, Philippines) Mr. Borhan bin Mohammad (RCFM, Malaysia) Mr. Chin Yue Mun (AIFM, Malaysia) Dr. Darus bin Ahmad (FRIM, Malaysia) Dayang Haktu Mabong (Forestry Department, Brunei Darussalam) Mr. Djati Witjaksono Hadi (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia) Dr. Edwino Fernando (University of the Philippines, Los Banos, Philippines) Mrs. Ernayati (Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia) Mr. Ernest Chai (Forestry Department Sarawak, Malaysia) Mr. Halim Khairi bin Hj. Mahfar (AIFM, Malaysia) Dr. Hendi Suhaendi (Forest Tree Improvement, Research and Development, Institute, Indonesia) Mr. Jesus Javier (Department of Environment & Natural Resources, Philippines) Mr. Jose D. Malvas (Forest Management Bureau, Philippines) Mr. Kipiro Damas (Forest Research Institute, Papua New Guinea) Ms. Latifah bt. Teh (Forestry Department, Sarawak, Malaysia) Mr. Manop Lauprasert (Royal Forest Department, Thailand) Mr. Ngatiman (Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia) Dr. Pham Hoai Duc (Department of Forestry Department, Vietnam) Mr. Pisal Wasuwanich (Royal Forest Department, Thailand) Dr. Samedi (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia) Mr. Shahbuddin bin Sabki (Forestry Department, Sarawak, Malaysia) Dr. Sining Unchi (Forestry Department Sabah, Malaysia) Mr. Suparno Wiradijojo (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia) Mr. Sutarman Arsyad (Forest Tree Improvement, Research and Development Institute, Indonesia) Dr. 1. G. M. Tantra (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia) Mr. Thai See Kiam (Forestry Department Headquarters, Malaysia) Mr. Uhaedi (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia)

93

Dr. Usep Soetisna (Research and Development Centre for Biotechnology, Indonesia) Mr. Vu Van Dzun (Forest Inventory and Planning Institute, Vietnam) Mr. Wan Fazali bin Mohd SaHeh (RCFM, Malaysia) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wickneswari (UKM, Malaysia)


4. Peer Reviewers

Prof. Dr. A. N. Rao (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Asia Pacific Office, Malaysia) Dato' Baharuddin bin Hj. Ghazali (Gaya Tunas Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia)

5. Technical Meetings and Workshops Participants

Mr. Adi Susilo (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia) Dr. Antonio C. Manila (AIFM, Malaysia) Dr. S. Appanah (FRIM, Malaysia) Dr. Bibiano P. Ranes (Asean Regional Centre for Biodiversity, Philippines) Mr. Borhan bin Mohammad (RCFM, Malaysia) Mr. Chin Yue Mun (AIFM, Malaysia) Dr. Darus bin Ahmad (FRIM, Malaysia) Dayang Haktu Mabong (Forestry Department, Brunei Darussalam) Mr. Djati Witjaksono Hadi (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia) Dr. Edwino Fernando (University of the Philippines, Los Banos, Philippines) Mrs. Ernayati (Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia) Mr. Ernest Chai (Forestry Department Sarawak, Malaysia) Mr. Halim Khairi bin Hj. Mahfar (AIFM, Malaysia) Dr. Hendi Suhaendi (Forest Tree Improvement, Research and Development, Institute, Indonesia) Mr. Jesus Javier (Department of Environment & Natural Resources, Philippines) Mr. Jose D. Malvas (Forest Management Bureau, Philippines) Mr. Kipiro Damas (Forest Research Institute, Papua New Guinea) Ms. Latifah bt. Teh (Forestry Department, Sarawak, Malaysia) Mr. Manop Lauprasert (Royal Forest Department, Thailand) Mr. Ngatiman (Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia) Dr. Pham Hoai Duc (Department of Forestry Department, Vietnam) Mr. Pisal Wasuwanich (Royal Forest Department, Thailand) Dr. Samedi (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia) Mr. Shahbuddin bin Sabki (Forestry Department, Sarawak, Malaysia) Dr. Sining Unchi (Forestry Department Sabah, Malaysia) Mr. Suparno Wiradijojo (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia) Mr. Sutarman Arsyad (Forest Tree Improvement, Research and Development Institute, Indonesia) Dr. 1. G. M. Tantra (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia) Mr. Thai See Kiam (Forestry Department Headquarters, Malaysia) Mr. Uhaedi (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia)

93

Dr. Usep Soetisna (Research and Development Centre for Biotechnology, Indonesia) Mr. Vu Van Dzun (Forest Inventory and Planning Institute, Vietnam) Mr. Wan Fazali bin Mohd SaHeh (RCFM, Malaysia) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wickneswari (UKM, Malaysia)


Appendix 5

Glossary

Arboreta A group of tree species planted in one location for several purposes such as for species collection, introduction of new and exotic species, for botanical studies, germplasm preservation and so on.

Clonal seed Orchard Seed orchard established by using clones instead of seedlings.

Cryopreservation Deep-freeze storage techniques.

Gene banks Facility for storing genetic material either in the form of plantation, seeds, tissue, pollen, etc., intended to preserve the gene or gene complex to be utilized for future purposes.

Genotypes The genetical potential of the tree when environmental factors are excluded, i.e. only determined by the genes of the tree.

Hedge orchard A group of trees genetically tested, prunned and planted in one location with the purpose of producing genetic materials/propagules to be used in propagation activities and to provide clone stocks in large numbers for many plantations.

Progency Trial Trial utilizing progencies· to evaluate parental genotypes.

Provenance Natural geographical source of genetic materiaL

Provenance seed stands: Seed stands established by utilizing tested provenances. The seeds produced have better adaptability and contain many variabilities due to outcrossing among individuals or families of different provenance.


Appendix 5

Glossary

Arboreta A group of tree species planted in one location for several purposes such as for species collection, introduction of new and exotic species, for botanical studies, germplasm preservation and so on.

Clonal seed Orchard Seed orchard established by using clones instead of seedlings.

Cryopreservation Deep-freeze storage techniques.

Gene banks Facility for storing genetic material either in the form of plantation, seeds, tissue, pollen, etc., intended to preserve the gene or gene complex to be utilized for future purposes.

Genotypes The genetical potential of the tree when environmental factors are excluded, i.e. only determined by the genes of the tree.

Hedge orchard A group of trees genetically tested, prunned and planted in one location with the purpose of producing genetic materials/propagules to be used in propagation activities and to provide clone stocks in large numbers for many plantations.

Progency Trial Trial utilizing progencies· to evaluate parental genotypes.

Provenance Natural geographical source of genetic materiaL

Provenance seed stands: Seed stands established by utilizing tested provenances. The seeds produced have better adaptability and contain many variabilities due to outcrossing among individuals or families of different provenance.


Seed orchards

Shifting cultivation

Taungya

Tissue culture

A group of superior plants of a given species cultivated in a particular location in order to produce seeds of better quality and quantity resulting from outcrossing amongst better genotype members.

Traditional way of cultivating paddy by moving away to other forest land after certain period of harvest, where the soil fertility is assured for better crop yield.

A combination planting system of agricultural crops and trees. Farmers are asked to sow the seeds and later take care of both the agricultural and tree crops. Usually this will be done for 2 years, after which the farmers are permitted to harvest the crops for their own consumption.

Plant propagation by utilizing in vitro techniques in sterile environment, using plant tissues or other plant parts to propagate in a step-by-step activity. Tissues differentiate into shoots and roots affected by hormones and other chemical substances used to produce young plantlets used for planting.


Seed orchards

Shifting cultivation

Taungya

Tissue culture

A group of superior plants of a given species cultivated in a particular location in order to produce seeds of better quality and quantity resulting from outcrossing amongst better genotype members.

Traditional way of cultivating paddy by moving away to other forest land after certain period of harvest, where the soil fertility is assured for better crop yield.

A combination planting system of agricultural crops and trees. Farmers are asked to sow the seeds and later take care of both the agricultural and tree crops. Usually this will be done for 2 years, after which the farmers are permitted to harvest the crops for their own consumption.

Plant propagation by utilizing in vitro techniques in sterile environment, using plant tissues or other plant parts to propagate in a step-by-step activity. Tissues differentiate into shoots and roots affected by hormones and other chemical substances used to produce young plantlets used for planting.

96

APAFRI

BP2B

BTP

BTR

CENROS

CFNR

DCS

DEC

DENR

DGPHPA

DGRRL

ERDB

FRDC

FRC

PRI

PRIM

FTIRDI

GEF


Appendix 6

Ab breviations

Asian Pacific Association of Forest Research Institutions

Institute of Technology Production

Seed Technology Institute in Bogor

Reforestation Technology Institute

Community Environment and Natural Resources Office

College of Forestry and Natural Resources

Dry Cold Storage

Department of Environment and Conservation

Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Director General or Directorate of Forest Protection and Nature Preservation

Director General or Directorate of Reforestation and Land Rehabilitation

Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau

Forest Research and Development Center

Forest Research Centre

Forest Research Institute

Forest Research Institute Malaysia

Forest Tree Improvement Research and Development Institute

Global Environment Facility

96

APAFRI

BP2B

BTP

BTR

CENROS

CFNR

DCS

DEC

DENR

DGPHPA

DGRRL

ERDB

FRDC

FRC

PRI

PRIM

FTIRDI

GEF


Appendix 6

Ab breviations

Asian Pacific Association of Forest Research Institutions

Institute of Technology Production

Seed Technology Institute in Bogor

Reforestation Technology Institute

Community Environment and Natural Resources Office

College of Forestry and Natural Resources

Dry Cold Storage

Department of Environment and Conservation

Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Director General or Directorate of Forest Protection and Nature Preservation

Director General or Directorate of Reforestation and Land Rehabilitation

Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau

Forest Research and Development Center

Forest Research Centre

Forest Research Institute

Forest Research Institute Malaysia

Forest Tree Improvement Research and Development Institute

Global Environment Facility


HPH Forest concession holders

HT! Industrial Forest Plantation

IBPGR International Board for Plant Genetic Resources

IEC Information, Education and Communication

IPB Bogor Agricultural Institute

IRRI International Rice Research Institute

ITTO International Tropical Timber Organisation

IPAS Integrated Protected Area System

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

LIPI Indonesian Institute for Science

MCME Mt. Makiling Center for Mountain Ecosystems

MNS Malayan Nature Society

NFA National Forestry Act

NGO's N on-government Organisations

NIPAS National Integrated Protected Area Systems

NLC National Land Code

PAWB Protected Area and Wildlife Bureau

PENROS Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office

PERHUTANI State Forest Enterprise PERHUTANI

PFE Permanent Forest Estate -,J

PNGNFA Papua New Guinea, National Forest Authority

PRR Provenance Resources Stand

PT Progeny Trial


HPH Forest concession holders

HT! Industrial Forest Plantation

IBPGR International Board for Plant Genetic Resources

IEC Information, Education and Communication

IPB Bogor Agricultural Institute

IRRI International Rice Research Institute

ITTO International Tropical Timber Organisation

IPAS Integrated Protected Area System

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

LIPI Indonesian Institute for Science

MCME Mt. Makiling Center for Mountain Ecosystems

MNS Malayan Nature Society

NFA National Forestry Act

NGO's N on-government Organisations

NIPAS National Integrated Protected Area Systems

NLC National Land Code

PAWB Protected Area and Wildlife Bureau

PENROS Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office

PERHUTANI State Forest Enterprise PERHUTANI

PFE Permanent Forest Estate -,J

PNGNFA Papua New Guinea, National Forest Authority

PRR Provenance Resources Stand

PT Progeny Trial

98

PVT

SAFODA

SGP

SSB

TREES

UBD

UGM

UITM

UKM

UM

UMS

UNDP

UNIMAS

UPLB

UPM

USM

VJR

WWF


Provenance Trial

Sabah Forestry Development Authority

Small Grants Programme

Sabah Softwood Berhad

Training Centre for Environment and Ecosystem Sustainability

University of Brunei Darussalam

University of Gadjah Mada

Universiti Teknologi Mara

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Universiti Malaya

Universiti Malaysia Sabah

United Nations Development Programme

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

University Philippines, Los Banos

Universiti Putra Malaysia

Universiti Sains Malaysia

Virgin Jungle Reserve

World Wide Fund for Nature

98

PVT

SAFODA

SGP

SSB

TREES

UBD

UGM

UITM

UKM

UM

UMS

UNDP

UNIMAS

UPLB

UPM

USM

VJR

WWF


Provenance Trial

Sabah Forestry Development Authority

Small Grants Programme

Sabah Softwood Berhad

Training Centre for Environment and Ecosystem Sustainability

University of Brunei Darussalam

University of Gadjah Mada

Universiti Teknologi Mara

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Universiti Malaya

Universiti Malaysia Sabah

United Nations Development Programme

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

University Philippines, Los Banos

Universiti Putra Malaysia

Universiti Sains Malaysia

Virgin Jungle Reserve

World Wide Fund for Nature

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