Digital Data Digital Signal Analog Signal Analog Data Encoding
State-of-the-Art Full Field Digital Mammography – Detector ...9Light converted to analog signal...
Transcript of State-of-the-Art Full Field Digital Mammography – Detector ...9Light converted to analog signal...
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StateState--ofof--thethe--Art Full Field Digital Art Full Field Digital Mammography Mammography –– Detector Technology Detector Technology used in FDA Approved FFDM Systems used in FDA Approved FFDM Systems
and Newly Emerging Detector Technologyand Newly Emerging Detector Technology
AAPM 2004 Annual MeetingAAPM 2004 Annual MeetingCE: Mammography Physics and Technology CE: Mammography Physics and Technology –– 8 8
Jerry A. Thomas, M.S., DABR, CHP, DABSNMAssistant Professor of Radiology
Department of Radiology and Radiological SciencesUniformed Services University
Bethesda, MD 20814
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Image Quality AdvantagesImage Quality Advantages
FilmFilm--Screen vs. DigitalScreen vs. Digital
Film Screen DigitalHigher Spatial Resolution Higher Image Contrast
Higher DQE (SNR, Dose)
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Contrast & Dynamic RangeContrast & Dynamic RangeScreen - Film Characteristic Curve
Screen - Film Characteristic Curve
Skin LineSkin Line
Average TissueAverage Tissue
Dense TissueDense Tissue
.
LowLow Med.Med. HighHighLog Relative ExposureLog Relative Exposure
VeryVeryLowLow
Opt
ical
Den
sity
Opt
ical
Den
sity
HighHigh
LowLowContrastContrast
Log Relative ExposureLog Relative ExposureLo
g Si
gnal
Log
Sign
al
Digital Detector Characteristic Curve
Digital Detector Characteristic Curve
3-4 x Improvement in Dynamic Range3-4 x Improvement in Dynamic Range
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Spatial Resolution for MammographySpatial Resolution for Mammography
0
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GE PanelKodak Min-R
Con
tras
t tra
nsfe
r fun
ctio
n
Spatial Frequency (line pairs/mm)
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Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)
• DQE of a detector
• Measures transfer of both signal and noise.
• DQE of a detector
• Measures transfer of both signal and noise.
DQE = DQE = SNR2 at detector outputSNR2 at detector outputSNR2 at detector inputSNR2 at detector input
SNR = signal-to-noise ratioSNR = signal-to-noise ratio
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Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)
• Input SNR2 proportional to patient dose
• Noise is a limiting factor for detectability, image processing, and advanced applications
• Doubling DQE means:
• Same output SNR (“image quality”) at half the dose
• 40% improvement in SNR at same dose
• Input SNR2 proportional to patient dose
• Noise is a limiting factor for detectability, image processing, and advanced applications
• Doubling DQE means:
• Same output SNR (“image quality”) at half the dose
• 40% improvement in SNR at same dose
DQE ∝DQE ∝Image QualityImage QualityPatient DosePatient Dose
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DQE and NoiseDQE and NoiseControl DQE & noise by:•increasing x-rays reaching detector
•efficient detection of x-rays
- efficient conversion to signal
- efficient scatter rejection
•efficient coupling between elements in
the detection chain
•Low electronic noise
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Applications of Digital Applications of Digital MammographyMammography
• Large Field Systems– Diagnostic application– 20 x 30 Field-of-View– 2000 - 4000 pixels– 50 - 100 um pixel size
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Approaches to Digital MammographyApproaches to Digital Mammography
•Scanning slot
•Large amorphous silicon arrays with CsI
•Direct conversion/selenium plates
•Photostimulated Luminescence
•Silicon microstrip detectors
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FFDM SystemsFFDM SystemsTechnologyTechnology DetectorDetector Vendor
CRDual Sided Reading Fugi
Scanning Slot
CsI - CCD Fischer
Silicon Microstrip Sectra
Flat Panel a-Silicon Panel
CsI
AgfaSingle Sided Reading
Vendor
a-Selenium
GE
LoradSiemens
AgfaPlanmed
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Indirect SensorsX-rays converted into light
Light converted to analog signal
Analog converted to digital signal
Noise Source(s)Conversion of x-rays to light/analog/digital signals
Detector dark current
Electronic noise
Examples:Film screen
CsI to CCD’s or photo-diodes (a-Si panels)
DoseDose--Efficiency for Digital Mammography SensorsEfficiency for Digital Mammography Sensors
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Indirect SensorsDirect Sensors
X-rays converted to analog signal
Analog converted to digital signal
Noise Source(s)Conversion of x-rays to analog/digital
signal
Detector dark current
Electronic noise
Example:a-Selenium
DoseDose--Efficiency for Digital Mammography SensorsEfficiency for Digital Mammography Sensors
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Indirect SensorsDirect Sensors
Direct Photon Counting SensorsX-rays detected/counted individually
Noise Source(s)Eliminated by using thresholding
Example:Silicon microstrip
DoseDose--Efficiency for Digital Mammography SensorsEfficiency for Digital Mammography Sensors
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SCANNING MOTION OF DETECTORSCANNING MOTION OF DETECTOR
Fischer Imaging Corporation
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Fischer ImagingSenoScan FFDM SystemFischer ImagingSenoScan FFDM System
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Requirements of the Phosphor for Requirements of the Phosphor for Scanning Slit DetectorScanning Slit Detector
• High DQE - detector quantum efficiency
• Fast rise time
• Short persistence (low afterglow)
• Low radiation memory
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Composition of Composition of
SenoscanSenoscan® Detector® Detector
Cesium Iodide
221 mm
Fiber Optic
Plate
4 CCD’s
10 mm
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Fischer Slot Scan FFDMFischer Slot Scan FFDMDetector:
• 1.0cm x 22 cm (scans 30 cm)
• 4 CCD chips (each 405 x 2048 pixels)
• 27 Micron pixel at CCD
• Use 2 x 2 electronic averaging
• 54 x 54 micron pixels
• Matrix 4096 x 5600
• 60 micron dead zone between CCD’s
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Fischer Slot Scan FFDMFischer Slot Scan FFDM
Scintillator:•CsI
•0.150 mm thick
•85% absorption at 20 kev
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Fischer Slot Scan FFDMFischer Slot Scan FFDM
Scan time:
•5 sec total scan
•200 mA
•200 ms exposure to tissue (40mAs)
•1200 mAs
•22 x 30cm image area (standard)
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Fisher Slot Scan FFDMFisher Slot Scan FFDM
X-ray Tube:• 4 inch Tungsten-Rhenium target• 7 degree target angle• 4 cm spacing • Axis perpendicular to scan• Use 32 – 34 KVp ( SNR Contrast)• Collimate to 1.2 cm width
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Fischer Slot Scan FFDMFischer Slot Scan FFDM
•High Resolution mode
- ½ field length and
width (11x15)
- ½ scan velocity
- 400 ms tissue exposure (80mAs)
- 27 x 27 micron pixels
- same matrix and scan time
- double dose
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Velocity Vector
Column Vector4 3 2 1
Charge Transfer
Transfer
GateTime Delay IntegrationTime Delay Integration
SR CCD
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Time Delay IntegrationTime Delay Integration
Accuracy dependent upon:
•Synchronism of detector motion and charge transfer rates
•Alignment of detector motion vector and pixel matrix
•Efficiency of charge transfer between pixels
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Fischer System MTFFischer System MTF
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
11.1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Slot 27 u PixelSlot 54 u Pixel
Frequency (cycles/mm)
MTF
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a-Silicon Array with CsIa-Silicon Array with CsI
Glass SubstrateGlass Substrate
AmorphousSilicon ArrayAmorphousSilicon ArrayContact FingersContact Fingers
Scintillator(CsI)
Scintillator(CsI)
Contact LeadsFor Read-Out
Electronics
Contact LeadsFor Read-Out
Electronics
ScintillatorScintillator
a-Si Arraya-Si Array
Opticlad ReflectorOpticlad Reflector
Glass SubstrateGlass Substrate
Graphite CoverGraphite Cover
Epoxy SealEpoxy Seal
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CsI a-Silicon ArrayCsI a-Silicon Array
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ReflectorReflector
10µ needle width10µ needle width
Light photonsguided via CsI needle structure
Light photonsguided via CsI needle structure
X-Ray PhotonsX-Ray Photons
Scintillator & ReflectorScintillator & Reflector
300
to 4
00 µ
C
sI30
0 to
400
µ
CsI
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Scintillator
Photo D/TFT
preamp preamp preamp preamp
preamp preamp preamp preamp
TFTPhoto D
Driv
ers
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Flat Panel-Light SensorFlat Panel-Light Sensor
FETFET
data linedata line
scan linescan line
PitchPitch
Fill Factor =Fill Factor =Sensitive AreaPitch x Pitch
Sensitive AreaPitch x Pitch
Very High Fill Factor
Very High Fill Factor
Pitc
hPi
tch
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Flat Panel-Light SensorFlat Panel-Light Sensor
• Operation - single element– FET is turned on --diode is
charged– FET is turned off – X-rays exposure creates
electron-hole pairs in diode causing it to partially discharge
– FET is turned on--diode is re-charged--amount of charge needed is measured
• Operation - single element– FET is turned on --diode is
charged– FET is turned off – X-rays exposure creates
electron-hole pairs in diode causing it to partially discharge
– FET is turned on--diode is re-charged--amount of charge needed is measured
scan electronics(DRIVERS)
scan electronics(DRIVERS)
scan linescan line
data linedata line
readout electronics
(DATA COLLECTION)
readout electronics
(DATA COLLECTION)
VbiasVbias
FETFET
PhotodiodePhotodiode
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GE Senographe 2000DGE Senographe 2000D
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a-Selenium Technologya-Selenium TechnologyPhotonsPhotons
SeleniumSelenium
Amorphous Silicon PanelAmorphous Silicon Panel
Digital DataDigital Data
Electrons
Read Out ElectronicsRead Out Electronics
Electrons
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X-rays
a-Se
Top electrode(A)
++
_
_
Field effect transistor channel
Si02Gate(A1)
Glass substrate Pixel electrode (B)
GroundStorage Capacitor Cij
V
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High Efficiency of aHigh Efficiency of a--SeSe••Selenium provides almost 100% charge collection efficiency due tSelenium provides almost 100% charge collection efficiency due to o electrostatic field effects in the photoconductorelectrostatic field effects in the photoconductor
•Almost complete absorption of the x-rays is achieved within ~200µm layers
••Selenium allows high fill factor for small pixel size required iSelenium allows high fill factor for small pixel size required in n mammographymammography
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--------- - - - - - - - -- - - --
-
Pixel electrodes
trapped
image
charge
-HV top bias electrode
a-Se+
Blocking layer
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M U L T I P L E X E R Digitizer computer
S C
A N
N I
N G
C O
N T
R O
LGate line (i+1)
Gate line (i)
Gate line (i-1)
Storage capacitor
Thin film transistor
Pixel electrode (B)
(j-1) (j) (j+1)
i,j-1 i,j i,j+1
Data (source) lines
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a-Se Flat Panel Detector
Detective Quantum Efficiency vs. ExposureLazzari,et.al SPIE 2003
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MTF of aMTF of a--Se detectorSe detector
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency, lp/mm
MTF
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aa--Selenium DetectorSelenium Detector
•Hologic/Lorad product approved: 24x29cm
* 70 micron pixel size
•Siemens (OEM detector from Anrad)
•Agfa (OEM detector/unit from Hologic/Lorad)
•Instrumentarium evaluating 17 x 24 prototype
* 85 micron pixel size
•Planmed (OEM detector from Anrad)
*Same detector specifications as Instrumentarium
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Amorphous-Selenium DetectorAmorphous-Selenium Detector
Detector images to chest wall edgeDetector images to chest wall edge
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SeleniaSelenia
HTC grid retracts
Small foot print
5 cm at chest wall
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SiemensSiemensTaylored solutions for different needsTaylored solutions for different needs
Dedicated
LowVolume
HighVolume
Non-Dedicated
syngo
FFDM CR(syngo-based &
workflow-optimized)
FFDM CR(multi-organ)
FFDM FD(aSe detector)
syngo
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Agfa Digital Mammography UnitAgfa Digital Mammography Unit
Plus Agfa workstation with
Musica Image Processing Software.
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Instrumentarium Detector SpecificationsInstrumentarium Detector Specifications
• Detector size:– 174 x 239 mm
– Larger size will be available in the future
• Pixel size– 85µm
• Matrix size:– 2048 x 2816
• Image size:– 11Mb
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CR TechnologyCR Technology
Protective LayerProtective LayerPhoto-stimuable phosphor layerPhoto-stimuable phosphor layer
SupportSupport
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Fuji Fuji MammoMammo CRCR
•Pixel size 50 micron
•Use dual sided reading to DQE
•Imaging Plate has thicker phosphor layer
•Results in 40 - 50% increase in NEQ (DQE)
•Post processing enhances image
(e.g. filtering to recognize and enhance calcifications)
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Photo-detector
Trans-
Parent
support
Phosphor
layer
Protective
layer
mirror
emission
Laser beam
Imaging plate
Optical
guide
Optical guide Photo-detector
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Image 1
Image 2
Image 1’
Image 2’
Addition
Image
Addition
Spatial Filter; 1-t
Spatial Filter; t
Front side
Back side
t;addition ratio
Addition Image = (1-t) x Image1 + t x Image2
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0.0E+00
2.0E+04
4.0E+04
6.0E+04
8.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.2E+05
0.5c/mm
1.0c/mm
1.5c/mm
2.0c/mm
2.5c/mm
3.0c/mm
0.0F
1.0
0.0F
0.9
0.2F
0.8
0.3F
0.7
0.4F
0.6
0.5F
0.5
0.6F
0.4
0.7F
0.3
0.8F
0.2
0.9F
0.1
1.0F
0.0
Addition Ratio (front back)
NEQ
Back
Side
image
Front
Side
image
Dependency of NEQ on
Addition Ratio at Each
Spatial Frequency
The maximum image quality with this new
method may be obtained when optimal addition ratio is simultaneously
used for each frequency.
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t
1-t
1.0R
espo
nse
0Spatial Frequency
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FujiCR MammographyReader
FujiCR MammographyReader
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Fuji Clearview ReaderFuji Clearview Reader
• Four cassette stacker
• Processes 20 screening exams/hour (or 100 CR plates/hour)
• Multi-objective Frequency Processing (MFP) (enhances dense/peripheral tissue)
• Pattern Enhancement Processing for Mammography (PEM) (enhances calcifications)
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Agfa CR Mammography Cassette/PlateAgfa CR Mammography Cassette/Plate
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Agfa Mammography CR PlateAgfa Mammography CR Plate
100 micron pixel size
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Agfa CR Plate ReaderAgfa CR Plate Reader
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Sectra MicroDoseTM MammographySectra MicroDoseTM Mammography
• Equal or better image quality using only 1/5 of the
radiation dose compared to modern film-screen
systems
• One patient every 4-5 minutes
• A digital solution that support the entire workflow
from examination to a documented diagnose
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Detector Technology - Conversion stepsDetector Technology - Conversion steps
CsI+aSi flat panel aSe flat panel Photon Counting
Scintillator amplification
A/D - ConverterAnalogue signal
Digital signal
Light
Capacitor charge storage
X-ray Photon
Analogue signal
aSe X-ray into electrons
A/D - Converter
Digital signal
Electrons
Capacitor charge storage
X-ray Photon
MicroDose Detector
X-ray Photon
12345Digital signal
5 (00000000000101)
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Digital Mammography UnitDigital Mammography Unit
Analogue Digital
Digital DetectorFilm Cassette
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What Decides the DQE on System Level?What Decides the DQE on System Level?
DQE on System Level• Detector technology
– Noise in the electronics and the detector
– Absorption efficiency in the detector
– Energy Weighting - How the information in the photons are transferred to the image as a function of their energy
• Scattered radiation– Reduction of scattered radiation
• X-ray spectrum– The spectrum of the X-ray beam
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Detector Technology - Photon CountingDetector Technology - Photon Counting
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Silicon Silicon microstripmicrostrip detectorsdetectors
•Silicon p+n junction
•Reverse bias
•Edge-on exposure
•3 mm deep – 95% absorption to 20 kev
•Counts individual photons
-digitized upon detection
-suppresses noise
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Silicon Silicon microstripmicrostrip detectordetector
•Dead volume layer on top
•Detector several cm long
•Detection rate 5 x 106 x-rays /sec/pixel
•Slit-scanning, 5 sec. scan time
•Very low dose
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Detector Technology - Photon Counting
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Detector Technology - Photon CountingDetector Technology - Photon Counting
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Detector Technology - Photon CountingDetector Technology - Photon Counting
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Detector Technology - Photon CountingDetector Technology - Photon Counting
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Detector Technology - Photon CountingDetector Technology - Photon Counting
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Photon Counting - No Electronic NoisePhoton Counting - No Electronic Noise
Energy
X-ray photon
1 2 3
Threshold
Lowest Photon Energy
TimeElectronic Noise
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Scattered Radiation – Scanning TechnologyScattered Radiation – Scanning Technology
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Scattered Radiation - Scanning TechnologyScattered Radiation - Scanning Technology
X-ray photonsScanning technology with
slit detector
• 97% reduction
• High SNR
• Minimal dose
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What decides the DQE on System level?What decides the DQE on System level?Generally
• Absorption efficiency in the detector
• How the information in the photons are transferred to the image as a
• Noise in the electronics and the detector
Sectra MDM
No noise
More than 90% absorption
Every X-ray photon is processed individually
function of their energy
• Reduction of scattered radiation
• The quality of the X-ray beam
Scattered radiation is reduced by 97%The beam quality from the Tungsten anode is optimal for the MicroDose detector
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Digital Detector - FactsDigital Detector - Facts
• Photon counter– Counts every photon
• Superb image quality– 50 µm pixels (0.05 mm), 10 lp/mm – Image matrix 4800 x 5200 pixels– 14 bits contrast resolution– Large dynamic range– Excellent DQE
• Dose - efficient• Large FOV, 24 x 26 cm
Digital Mammography image
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DQE on System Level - ComparisonDQE on System Level - Comparison
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Picture of review station - #10Picture of review station - #10
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Benefits of Digital MammographyBenefits of Digital Mammography• Reduced radiation dose• Post-acquisition image processing• Rapid image display• Improved imaging of dense breasts• Improved sensitivity and specificity• Simplified archival, retrieval, and transmission• Potential for computer-aided diagnosis• Potential for telemammography
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Digital DetectorAdvanced ApplicationsDigital DetectorAdvanced Applications
• Computer-Aided Detection• Tele-Radiology• Tomosynthesis• Dual-Energy Subtraction• Digital Subtraction Angiography• Stereo / Computer Aided Localization
• Computer-Aided Detection• Tele-Radiology• Tomosynthesis• Dual-Energy Subtraction• Digital Subtraction Angiography• Stereo / Computer Aided Localization
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Comparison of ACR Comparison of ACR Phantom ScoresPhantom Scores
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Fibers CalcsObjects
Mass
Digital SystemFilm System
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ConclusionsConclusions
• Digital mammography has numerous potential advantages over film screen imaging
• Full field systems approved, more expected
• Present unique challenges to assess
– trade-offs of technologies
– performance assessment
– QC/QA procedures
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AcknowledgementsThanks for input from:AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsThanks for input from:
• Agfa Gaevert• Instrumentarium Imaging• Fischer Imaging• Fujifilm Medical Systems• GE Medical Systems• Hologic/LORAD• MTMI• Planmed• Sectra Imtec AB• Siemens Medical Solutions
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THANK YOUTHANK YOU