State Emblems, Insignia, Song, and Poet...

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APPENDIX Q

State Emblems, Insignia, Song, and Poet Laureate

The State EmblemsIn the enactment of the laws designating a State Flag, Animal, Bird, Tree,

Flower, Fish, Rock, Mineral, Colors, Nickname, and Song, etc., California’s Legislature has proved that sentiment may be included in prosaic law. The Bear Flag is emblematic of California’s romantic past; the valley quail and the golden trout represent her abundance of wild game and fish; while the redwood and golden poppy are in recognition of the beauty of her trees and flowers; serpentine and gold suggest the richness and variety of her natural resources. The State Colors of blue and gold depict the azure skies and precious California metal; the song “I Love You, California” portrays the regard Californians hold for their native state.

State Animal

Until it became extinct in 1922, the California grizzly bear (Ursus californicus) played an important part in the early period of the state. Avidly hunted and at the same time mightily respected by the early rancheros, it became the most arresting symbol on the flag raised in independence at Sonoma in 1846. The Native Sons of the Golden West used the bear as an emblem as early as 1875.

Long identified with the University of California, the California grizzly bear was officially designated the State Animal in 1953. 1

State Bird

Widely distributed throughout the state, the California valley quail (Lophortyx californica) is a fine game bird especially noted for its hardihood and adaptability.

A plump, gray-colored bird, it is somewhat smaller than a pigeon. Outstanding features include a black plume on top of the head, curving downward, and a black bib with a white stripe under the beak. The birds flock together in numbers ranging from a few to 60 or more in the fall and winter months, but in the spring break up into pairs. They nest in hollows scratched in the ground and concealed by foliage, and their eggs, 6 to 28 in number, are creamy white and thickly spotted with golden brown.

A large number of societies and clubs voted to determine the selection of an official bird, and the California valley quail was found to be the popular choice. Official recognition followed when the Legislature named it the State Bird and avifaunal emblem in 1931. 2

1 Government Code, Section 425. 2 Government Code, Section 423.

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342 CALIFORNIA’S LEGISLATURE

State Colors

In 1951, the Legislature adopted the combination of blue and gold (Yale blue and golden yellow) as the official State Colors. 3 These colors frequently appear on formal resolutions of the Legislature and official documents of the Secretary of State. They are also the colors of the University of California.

State Dance

The official State Dance is the West Coast Swing Dance, also known as the Swing, Whip, or Jitterbug, designated in 1988. 4 The West Coast Dance originated in California in the 1930s, responding to the new musical forms of the time. The official dance has since been nurtured and kept alive in California.

State Folk Dance

The Square Dance, which has been danced in California since “Gold Rush Days,” was adopted as the state folk dance in 1988. 5 It shares a long and proud history as an art form that is truly an original of our country. The dance is alive and thriving today with more than 200,000 residents square dancing weekly.

State Fish

The golden trout (Salmo agua-bonita) is sparsely distributed in the lakes and streams of the High Sierra. Originally it was isolated in a few small tributaries of upper Little Kern and South Fork of the Kern River, including a rocky stream south of Sequoia National Park once called Volcano Creek but now renamed Golden Trout Creek. The first transplant of the golden trout occurred in 1876 from the coffeepot of sheepherders at Cottonwood Creek, Inyo County. Stock originating from this transplanted source is now used by the Department of Fish and Game for producing fingerling fish used in stocking other high streams and lakes. Some fish were transplanted to other states until 1939 when the California Legislature passed a law prohibiting transportation of eggs and fry out of the state.

For most of the year, the golden trout lives beneath ice, as spring arrives late high in the mountains and their summer is brief. The growing season being very short, the golden trout rarely exceeds one foot in length, particularly in streams.

The golden trout, native only to California, is considered to be the most beautiful of freshwater fish with its profusion of vivid colors.

The Salmo agua-bonita was designated the official State Fish by the Legislature of 1947. 6

3 Government Code, Section 424. 4 Government Code, Section 421.5(a). 5 Government Code, Section 421.5(b). 6 Statutes of 1947, Resolution Chapter 90.

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CALIFORNIA’S LEGISLATURE 343

State Flag

It is generally accepted that the “Bear Flag” was raised over Sonoma on June 14, 1846. This banner was carried by a small number of disgruntled Americans living in the north central part of California, who marched on that town and, in friendly fashion, made a prisoner of Mariano G. Vallejo, the Mexican commandant. A member of the group, William B. Ide, issued what became known as Ide’s Proclamation, which declared California to be a Republic independent of Mexico.

The color of the flag—white—symbolizes purity, and the red in the star and bar, courage. The grizzly bear, regarded as the possessor of great strength, signifies this quality. The star denotes sovereignty, emulating the Lone Star of Texas.

William L. Todd, credited with the actual making of the original flag, wrote that a piece of new unbleached cotton domestic with four-inch stripes of red flannel attached to its lower side was used, that a star was placed in the upper left-hand corner of the flag, and a grizzly bear passant was placed in the center. Beneath the bear were the words “California Republic.”

The original Bear Flag was preserved for many years in the offices of the Society of California Pioneers at San Francisco, but was destroyed in the earthquake and fire of 1906.

In 1911, the Legislature adopted the Bear Flag as the State Flag of California. 7

7 Statutes of 1911, Chapter 9. See Government Code, Section 420. “This bill sets forth in the statutes a legal description of the Bear Flag of the State of California. There never has been legislative determination of the specifications for the Bear Flag. Each manufacturer uses his own idea as to how the Flag should look. As a result, there are State Flags with bears that sometimes look like hogs, sometimes like wolves and sometimes like a combination of both. This bill will prescribe specifically how the bear shall be portrayed and also the specific colors of the Flag which shall be included in Flags manufactured hereafter.

“The bill also establishes the California grizzly bear (Ursus californicus) as the State Animal. The bill also sets forth the botanical names of the two species of redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoia gigantea) which shall be considered the official State Tree.”—Statement by Mr. Charles Edward Chapel relative to Senate Bill No. 1014, Journal of the Assembly, June 2, 1953, p. 4990.

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State Flower

The golden poppy, also known as the flame flower, la amapola, and copa de oro (cup of gold) is said to be found blooming somewhere in California throughout the year.

The botanical name, Eschscholtzia californica, was given to this beautiful wildflower by Adelbert von Chamisso, a naturalist and member of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences. Chamisso was a member of a three-year scientific expedition under the patronage of Count Romanzoff, ex-Chancellor of the Russian Empire. He chose Eschscholtzia to honor Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz, his good friend and entomologist and surgeon of the expedition, and californica for the place of origin. The expedition dropped anchor in the harbor of San Francisco in 1816, surrounded by hills of the golden flowers.

In early days the golden poppy grew in great profusion the length and breadth of California, and it is said that some of the rolling foothills, aglow with their golden bloom, served as beacons to ships far out at sea. This spectacle so fired the imaginations of the sailors on the ships that they nicknamed the country “La Tierra del Fuego” or “Land of Fire.” 8

The golden poppy was officially adopted as the State Flower by the Legislature in 1903. 9

State Marine Fish

The Garibaldi (Hypsypops rubicundus) was adopted by the Legislature in 1995 as the official State Marine Fish. 10 The Garibaldi is a resident of Pacific kelp beds from Monterey Bay, California to Baja California, Mexico. The adult Garibaldi is a uniform golden-orange color; young Garibaldi are reddish-orange with bright blue spots. They can reach 14 inches in length and have a lifespan of 17 years or more. Southern California’s most conspicuous shore fish, Garibaldi utilize their bright orange color and a loud clicking sound to indicate their territory. They are very aggressive and will even nip or threaten divers. This bold territorial behavior makes them vulnerable to spearfishermen. However, they are protected by California Law. 11

State Motto and Official Nickname

The official State Motto, “Eureka,” appears at the top of the Great Seal of the State. 12 It is from the Greek word meaning “I have found it.”

California has always been synonymous with gold. Las Sergas de Esplandian, de Montalvo’s 16th century novel, describes an island, “California,” on which there was no metal but gold. In 1846, John C. Fremont named the entrance to San Francisco Bay Chrysopylae 13 (Golden Gate) after the manner of Byzantium’s Chrysoceras (Golden Horn). Gold, first discovered in southern California in 1841, brought renown to the state with the famous discovery by

8 California Blue Book 1958, p. 25. 9 Government Code, Section 421. 10 Statutes of 1995, Chapter 948. Government Code, Section 425.6. 11 Statutes of 1995, Chapter 948; “Garibaldi,” http://aqua.ucsd.edu. 12 Government Code, Section 420.5. 13 Fremont, J.C., Geographical Memoir Upon Upper California in Illustration of His Map of Oregon and California, Washington, 1848, U.S.

Senate, 30th Congress, 1st Session, Misc. No. 148.

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James Wilson Marshall at Coloma in 1848. California’s official nickname is “The Golden State.” 14 This appellation has long been a popular designation, especially appreciated in the spring when the fields are covered with a profusion of golden poppies.

State Prehistoric Artifact

The Chipped Stone Bear (bear-shaped eccentric) is the official state Prehistoric Artifact adopted by the Legislature in 1991. 15 Discovered during an excavation in southern California, this artifact successfully combines California’s historic, natural and cultural heritage in one symbolic object. During an archaeological investigation lead by Dr. Henry Koerper with Cypress college students in 1985, the artifact was removed from an ancient site on the edge of a lagoon in northern San Diego County. The 2½ inch shaped bear is one of the earliest artifacts of its kind ever found in the western United States, and the oldest such object found in California. It is estimated to be more than 7,000 years old.

State Song

California’s official State Song is “I Love You, California,” written by F.B. Silverwood, a Los Angeles merchant. The music was composed by A.F. Frankenstein, also of Los Angeles. The song was publicly introduced by Mary Garden in 1913. It was the official song of the San Francisco and San Diego Expositions of 1915, and it was played aboard the first ship to go through the Panama Canal. The lyrics appear on the inside front cover of this book.

It was not given official recognition by the state, however, until 1951, when a resolution designating it as California’s State Song was adopted by both houses of the Legislature. 16 All royalties from the song have been given to various charitable agencies.

State Tree

Common in the geologic past throughout much of the northern hemisphere, the California redwood has now reached its last stand on the Pacific Coast, where many of the finest groves are protected in state and national parks and forests. Except for a small area in Oregon, forests of these giant trees exist nowhere outside California.

There are two species: The Sierra Redwood (Sequoia gigantea) is to be found in the Sierra Nevada mountain region, and the Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) grows in the mountains and valleys along the central and northern coast of California and the southern coastal edge of Oregon.

The maximum recorded height of the redwood is over 379.7 feet tall; circumference, 101 feet; diameter, 36½ feet. The General Sherman Redwood in Sequoia National Park, with an estimated age of between 3,000 and 4,000

14 Government Code, Section 420.75. 15 Government Code, Section 425.8. 16 Statutes of 1951, Resolution Chapter 87. The words and music of the song were printed in the Journal of the Assembly, April 24, 1951,

pp. 3404–3407.

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years, is 275 feet tall. The General Grant Tree, with a base diameter of 35 feet and a height of 267 feet, is known as “The Nation’s Christmas Tree.”

Both species of the California redwood were designated as the State Tree by the Legislature in 1937. 17

Other EmblemsIn recent years, numerous proposals have been made to identify, publicize

and protect California’s prominent natural endowments. Those which have achieved official rank are listed below in line of recognition by the Legislature.

State Mineral

Gold was designated as the State Mineral by legislation in 1965. 18 More has been produced by this state than any other in the Union. Native gold is widely distributed in California, having been found in every county, occurring as free flakes or nuggets in sand and gravel, or in quartz veins. It is often found in association with copper and lead deposits. The largest nugget found to date in California was in 1854 at Carson Hill.

State Rock

Serpentine, designated officially in 1965, 19 is found in great abundance in the Coast Range from Del Norte County to San Diego County, and on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada mountain range. It ranges in color from light green to greenish black and has a waxy feeling and appearance. A basic substance in the asbestos industry, it is found in greater quantity in California than in any other state.

State Gemstone

Benitoite is designated as the official gemstone. Sometimes called the “blue diamond,” it was first discovered at the headwaters of the San Benito River, deriving its name therefrom. The gem is extremely rare and ranges in coloration from a light transparent blue to dark, vivid sapphire blue, and occasionally it is found in a violet shade. 20

State Reptile

The Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) is indigenous to the southeastern desert areas of California. The color of the tortoise ranges from a yellowish brown to dark brown; they are of a robust build and have a high, arched upper shell. The average adult attains a shell size of about 10 to 12 inches in length.

There are no records of the longevity of the desert tortoise but turtles generally live longer than any other vertebrate, including humans. Tortoises are not plentiful and are gradually disappearing. In California they are now

17 Government Code, Section 422. 18 Government Code, Section 425.1. 19 Government Code, Section 425.2. 20 Government Code, Section 425.3.

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protected; it is illegal to remove them from their native area. In 1972, the California Legislature adopted the desert tortoise as the official State Reptile. 21

State Insect

The California Dog-face Butterfly (Zerene eurydice) officially designated as the State Insect in 1972, is strictly a native California butterfly. It inhabits the lower mountain area from the Mexican border north to the San Francisco Bay region. It is particularly common in the San Bernardino Mountains. The male is orange and black in color with a striking design on the upper wing; the female is yellow-orange in color with a small black dot on the upper wing. 22

State Fossil

The Saber-toothed Cat was adopted by the Legislature in 1973 as the official State Fossil. 23 Fossil bones of this large cat have been found in abundance preserved in the tar pits of Rancho La Brea in Los Angeles.

A muscular, short-limbed cat with a stubby tail, Smilodon californicus was more massive than the modern lion. It had immense upper canine teeth up to 20 cm. long which were probably used for slashing, stabbing attacks on its prey.

The cat became extinct during the Pleistocene epoch at about the same time that the mastodon disappeared.

State Marine Mammal

The California Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus) was adopted by the Legislature as the State Marine Mammal in 1975. 24 Measuring 35 to 50 feet in length and around 20 to 40 tons in weight, it is identified by its mottled gray color and low hump in place of a dorsal fin.

The Gray Whale feeds mainly on small crustaceans along the ocean bottom in the western Bering Sea where they spend the summer. From December through February, the California Gray Whale can be seen traveling southward in small groups along the California coast on their way to the bays and lagoons of Baja California where mating occurs and the females calve. In March and April, they once again travel north following the shoreline. The whales cover approximately 6,000 to 7,000 miles each way. It is believed that memory and vision aid them on their long migration.

State Soil

San Joaquin Soil was designated as the official State Soil in 1997. 25 This designation was made in order to promote awareness of, and to acknowledge the importance of, California’s rich soil and the many benefits derived from it in everyday life. 21 Government Code, Section 422.5. 22 Government Code, Section 424.5. 23 Government Code, Section 425.7. 24 Government Code, Section 425.5. 25 Statutes of 1997, Chapter 331.

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State Tartan

The State Tartan was adopted in 2001, to honor the contributions of Californians of Scottish, Irish, and Celtic descent. A tartan is a plaid cloth pattern associated with Scottish clans. The official State Tartan of California is based on the family tartan of John Muir, but with sufficient originality as to make it unique. 26

State Gold Rush Ghost Town

Bodie was named the official State Gold Rush Ghost Town in 2002. 27 During its heyday in the 1880s, Bodie boasted a population of 10,000 people and 2,000 buildings. The collapse of the mining industry, as well as destructive fires, led to Bodie’s gradual decline and abandonment. By 1942, the once bustling city had become a ghost town. The state designated Bodie a State Historic Park in 1962, and maintains approximately 170 buildings in a state of arrested decay. Bodie State Historic Park is located approximately 20 miles northeast of Yosemite National Park, near the Nevada border.

State Tall Ship

The Californian was named the State Tall Ship in 2003. 28 Launched in 1984, the ship is a full scale replica of the Revenue Cutter Lawrence. The Lawrence was the first U.S. government ship to enforce law and order along California’s coastline, performing its duties from 1849 until it wrecked off Point Lobos in 1851. The Californian has nine sails and weighs 130 tons. It carries a carved figurehead of Queen Calafia, namesake of California, and the ship’s transom is ornamented by two California golden grizzly bears on either side of a flowing ribbon in which her name is carved. The Californian currently serves as a floating classroom administered by the San Diego Maritime Museum.

State Silver Rush Ghost Town

In 2005, Calico was named the State Silver Rush Ghost Town. 29 Calico is located near Barstow. During its boom period in the 1880s, the town produced over $86 million in silver and had a population of 1,200 residents. When the silver industry declined, Calico became a ghost town. The town is now a regional park, drawing hundreds of thousands of visitors each year.

Poet LaureateThe honorary title of Poet Laureate was apparently first used in England

during the Middle Ages. However, there does not appear to be any authentic record of the origin of the office.

The degree of Poet Laureate was awarded to those who were skilled in verse, and, in later times, the custom arose of crowning distinguished men of letters with the title.

26 Government Code, Section 424.3. 27 Government Code, Section 429.7. 28 Government Code, Section 423.5. 29 Government Code, Section 429.8.

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In the history of California, there have been but five persons upon whom the Legislature has conferred the honorary title of Poet Laureate of California.

Ina Coolbrith, California’s first Poet Laureate, was named “The Loved Laurel Crowned Poet of California” by the Legislature of 1919, 30 and held the title until her death in 1928.

Henry Meade Bland, named “The Laurel Crowned Poet of California” by the 1929 Legislature, 31 held the title until his death in 1931, just two years later.

In 1933, the Legislature designated John Steven McGroarty as “Poet Laureate of California,” 32 which title he held until his death in 1944.

Gordon W. Norris was appointed by the Legislature in 1953 33 and served until his death on December 18, 1961.

Charles Garrigus was appointed as Poet Laureate by the Legislature in March 1966 and served until his death in October 2000, making him the longest serving Poet Laureate in California history. 34 Mr. Garrigus’ appointment was unique, as he was the first Poet Laureate ever appointed who had previously served as a Member of the State Legislature. After Mr. Garrigus’ death, legislation was enacted creating a new appointment process. Under this new system, the Governor appoints and the Senate confirms the Poet Laureate from a list of three nominees provided by the California Arts Council. 35

The term for a Poet Laureate is now limited to two years. 36

Governor Gray Davis appointed Quincy Troupe on June 11, 2002 to be the first official California Poet Laureate. He served without Senate confirmation until he resigned the same year.

The office remained vacant until Al Young was appointed to the position by Governor Schwarzenegger on May 12, 2005. He was confirmed by the Senate in March 2006. Due to the 15 month delay in his confirmation, he served until October 9, 2008.

Carol Muske-Dukes, founder of the University of Southern California’s literature and creative writing graduate program served as Poet Laureate from 2008 to 2011.

Juan Felipe Herrerra served as Poet Laureate from 2012 to 2014. He had a background as an author, and as a professor at California State University, Fresno and University of California, Riverside.

Dana Gioia was appointed Poet Laureate on December 4, 2015. As this book went to print, he was awaiting Senate confirmation.

30 Statutes of 1919, Resolution Chapter 51. 31 Statutes of 1929, Resolution Chapter 23. 32 Statutes of 1933, Resolution Chapter 105. 33 Statutes of 1953, Resolution Chapter 210. 34 Statutes of 1966, Resolution Chapter 8. 35 Quincy Troupe was the first person nominated California Poet Laureate under the new system. Governor Gray Davis appointed him on

June 11, 2002, but Troupe later withdrew from consideration on October 23, 2002. See Senate Journal, 2001–02 Regular Session, p. 4721, p. 6255.

36 Government Code, Section 8761. The Arts Council may also establish an appropriate stipend for the California Poet Laureate.

Charles GarrigusPoet Laureate, 1966–2000

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APPENDIX R

Official Seals

State—Executive—Legislative—JudicialThe origin of the use of a seal as a manner of authenticating and attesting

various documents is lost in antiquity. It is enough to state their use can be traced to the beginnings of all official written communication between government and the governed.

Seals affixed to, or impressed upon, wax or paper have been used by the various jurisdictions in our government since its inception. The seals shown and described below are those used by the Governor, the Legislature and the Supreme Court of California. 1

The Great SealThe Constitutional Convention of 1849 adopted a “Great Seal of the State of

California.” 2 The seal was designed by Major Robert Selden Garnett of the United States Army, and presented to the convention by Caleb Lyon, one of the clerks of the convention. The explanation accompanying the seal, as read to the convention on October 2, 1849, is as follows: 3

Explanation“Around the bevel of the ring are represented thirty-one stars being the

number of states of which the union will consist upon the admission of California.

“The foreground figure represents the Goddess Minerva having sprung full grown from the brain of Jupiter. 4 She is introduced as a type of the political birth of the State of California without having gone through the probation of a Territory. At her feet crouches a grizzly bear feeding upon clusters from a grape vine emblematic of the peculiar characteristics of the country. A miner is engaged with a rocker and bowl at his side, illustrating the golden wealth of the Sacramento upon whose waters are seen shipping typical of commercial greatness and the Snow-clad peaks of the Sierra Nevada make up the background while above [is] the Greek motto ‘Eureka’ (I have found it) applying either to the principle involved in the admission of the State, or the success of the miner at work.” 5

An amendment adding the words, “The Great Seal of the State of California,” to the design was adopted on October 11, 1849. 6

1 The lower courts and most of the counties in this state have their own distinctive seals. See Government Code, Sections 25004 and 68075–68080; Thomas, Martin E., County Seals of California, California State Library, 1971, pp. 1–12.

2 Constitution of 1849, Article V, Section 14; Government Code, Section 399(a). 3 Journal of the Convention, Assembled to Frame a Constitution, for the State of California, Sept. 1st, 1849, pp. 95–96 (October 2, 1849).

This is the only legal definition and explanation of the Seal. 4 In the original document, “Jupiter” is spelled “Jupitor,” and “grizzly” is spelled “grisley.” 5 Journal of the Convention, Assembled to Frame a Constitution, for the State of California, Sept. 1st, 1849, p. 158 (October 11, 1849). 6 Government Code, Sections 399 and 400.

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This seal, as designed and submitted to the convention, with some slight changes, has been made the official State Seal by statute 7 and is called “The Great Seal of the State of California.”

The design of the Great Seal of the State shall correspond substantially with the following representation: 8

The Great Seal is located in the office of the Secretary of State, where its impression is affixed to official state documents. 9

Any person who maliciously or for commercial purposes uses or allows to be used any reproduction or facsimile of the Great Seal of the State in any manner whatsoever is guilty of a misdemeanor. 10

Governor’s SealIn 1957 a law was enacted providing an official seal for the use of the

Governor. 11

7 Government Code, Section 400, Government Code, Section 405, prescribes the exact colors to be used when the Great Seal is prepared in color.

8 Id. 9 Government Code, Section 12160. 10 Government Code, Section 402. 11 Government Code, Sections 426 and 427.

X X X I X

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The seal is basically a combination of other state insignia. Its center is dominated by a state flag; the most of which is anchored in a poppy plant, the official State Flower. On the upper edge of the inner circle are 31 stars, emblematic of the state being the 31st to join the Union. The sun atop the flag presumably represents its setting in the west at day’s end off the coast of California.

The seal is individualized to a certain extent by changing the Roman numerals at the bottom of the outer ring after the inauguration of each successive governor. The seal above contains the number XXXIX, as the present Governor, the Honorable Edmund G. Brown Jr., is the 39th Governor of the State of California.

The Seal of the Assembly

At the 1967 Regular Session, the Assembly adopted a seal designed to convey the spirit and tradition of that body it represents.

The border bears the phrase “California State Assembly.” In the center is a design featuring a quartered shield; in the upper left quarter is a gavel, symbolizing the legislature, in the lower right quarter is the top of a Corinthian column; in the upper right quarter are mountain peaks rising over a forest and in the lower left quarter is the top of a palm. On top of the shield is a California Grizzly and on either side are poppies. The Latin motto of the Assembly is lettered on a banner on the lower portion and is interwoven with the shield and the poppies. 12 The motto means, “It is the duty of legislators to make just laws.”

Any person who maliciously for commercial purposes uses the seal is guilty of a misdemeanor. 13

12 House Resolution 410, 1967 Regular Session; Government Code, Sections 445 and 446. 13 Government Code, Section 447; Assembly Rule 121.

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The Seal of the Senate

The Senate Seal is circular in shape, and the border bears the phrase “Seal of the Senate of the State of California.” The center features a quill pen placed diagonally across an open scroll. On the top of the scroll is inscribed “LEGIS” (law) and the Roman numerals MDCCCL, designating 1850, the year California was admitted to the Union. Surrounding the pen and scroll is a cluster of California live oak leaves and acorns. 14

Any person who maliciously or for commercial purposes uses the seal is guilty of a misdemeanor. 15

The Senate adopted the seal in 1967.

14 Senate Resolution 204, 1967 Regular Session; Government Code, Sections 440 and 441. 15 Government Code, Section 442.

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Seal of the Supreme Court

The Secretary of State provided the first official seals for state agencies. Accordingly, a Seal of the Supreme Court was engraved by Mr. Albert Kuner in 1850. 16 The design showed a Roman nobleman standing beside a Masonic altar. This seal was used until 1866 when a new seal, believed to have been engraved by Mr. Edmund L. Barber of San Francisco, was adopted. This seal, with minor variations, is presently used in the court. 17

The current seal depicts the goddess of justice (Roman Justitia) clasping a sword in her right hand; in her left hand she holds the scales of justice.

16 Kuner also engraved the “Great Seal of the State of California.” 17 For a discussion of the origin and history of the seal, see Bowman, J.N., “The Seal of the California Supreme Court,” California Historical

Quarterly, Vol. XXXIII, March 1954, pp. 73–75.

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The center panel from a three mural set, painted by Depression-era artist Lucile Lloyd on the theme of “California’s Name.” The murals, dedicated in 1937 in the California State Building in Los Angeles, currently reside

in the “California Room” of the State Capitol.

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APPENDIX S

Origin and Meaning of the Name California

Numerous theories exist as to the origin and meaning of the word “California.” All that is known for certain is that someone, presumably a Spanish navigator, applied the name to the territory that now comprises the State of California sometime before the year 1541. It is probable that either Ortuno Ximenez (1533) or Hernando Cortés (1535) christened California, and that the name was perpetuated by word of mouth until it was definitely established as a geographical location on a map in 1541.

The etymology of the word California is also uncertain. 1 Some writers have attributed the name to a combination of the Latin words calida and fornax, “a hot furnace.” General Mariano G. Vallejo and his nephew, Juan B. Alvarado, one of the Governors when California was a territory of Mexico, maintained that the word evolved from the Lower California Native American term kali forno, meaning “high hill” or “native land.”

The most acceptable theory, however, is the one presented by the Rev. Edward Everett Hale, who, in 1862, discovered the name “California” in a romantic novel Las Sergas de Esplandian (The Deeds of Esplandian) by Garcia Ordonez de Montalvo. This novel was first published early in the 16th century. Hale points out that it is likely that the Spanish adventurers were familiar with the then popular novel. The name first appears in the following passage:

“ * * * Know, then, that, on the right hand of the Indies, there is an island called California, very close to the side of the Terrestrial Paradise, and it was peopled by black women, without any man among them, * * * Their island was the strongest in all the world, with its steep cliffs and rocky shores. Their arms were all of gold, * * * For, in the whole island there was no metal but gold.” 2

At the time of the explorations of Ximenez and Cortés, it was believed that California was an island; and, sailing up the west side of Mexico, these explorers thought they were at the exact site of de Montalvo’s California, “on the right hand of the Indies.”

Although Mr. Hale could not furnish the etymology for the word, in recent years P. Boissonade, a French investigator, has shed some light upon its origin. 3 Boissonade points out that a city, Califerne, is mentioned in the

1 For further discussion of the origin and meaning of the name of California, see Erwin G. Gudde, California Place Names, pp. 50–51, and California Blue Book, 1958, p. 651, where Gudde states that, in 1849, George Ticknor found the name California in the Spanish romance Las Sergas de Esplandian.

2 Edward Everett Hale, The Queen of California, p. 15. In this work Mr. Hale discusses other theories concerning the origin and meaning of the word California, and furnishes a translation of those passages from Montalvo’s work which relate to the mythical California.

3 For a discussion of Boissonade’s work, see Rockwell D. Hunt and Nellie Van De Grift Sanchez, A Short History of California, pp. 35–38.

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Chanson de Roland (Song of Roland), a French epic poem of the 11th century. This, he believes, is the source of de Montalvo’s more Spanish version “California.” He points out that Califerne was the capital of Barbary in North Africa, a city so ancient that even in the 11th century its origin was attributed to giants. He suggests that Califerne stems from two Berber-Arabic words kalaa, a fortified city, and iferne or ifrene, its principal citizens, hence a capital city.

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APPENDIX T

Origin and Meaning of the Names of the Counties of California With County Seats and

Dates Counties Were Created 1

ALAMEDA COUNTY. County seat, Oakland. Created March 25, 1853. The word Alameda is derived from alamo, the Spanish name for cottonwood or poplar tree, and means a “grove of poplar trees.” The name was applied both to the southern portion of the county (La Alameda), and to the stream running through it (Río de la Alameda) as early as 1795.

ALPINE COUNTY. County seat, Markleeville. Created March 16, 1864. This county derived its name from the English word Alpine, meaning “of, pertaining to, or connected with, the Alps.” Its geographical position, lying as it does on the crest of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, makes it particularly an alpine county, and hence its name.

AMADOR COUNTY. County seat, Jackson. Created May 11, 1854. The county is named for José María Amador, soldier, rancher, and miner, who was born in San Francisco on December 18, 1794, the son of Sergeant Pedro Amador, a Spanish soldier who settled in California in 1771. In 1848, José María Amador, with several Native Americans, established a successful gold mining camp near the present town of Amador. In Spanish, the word amador means “lover of inanimate objects.”

BUTTE COUNTY. County seat, Oroville. Created February 18, 1850. One of the original 27 counties of the State of California. Its name is derived from the Marysville or Sutter Buttes, which lay within the boundaries of the county when it was created. The word butte is derived from the Teutonic word meaning “a blunt extension or elevation.” In the French language, it signifies “a small hill or mound of earth detached from any mountain range.”

CALAVERAS COUNTY. County seat, San Andreas. Created February 18, 1850. Also one of the original 27 counties of California. The meaning of the word Calaveras is “skulls.” This county “takes its name from the Calaveras River, which was reportedly so designated by an early explorer, when he found, on the banks of the stream, many skulls of Indians who had either died of famine or had been killed in tribal conflicts over hunting and fishing grounds.”

1 The following sources were used in the preparation of the section relating to the origin and meaning of the names of California counties: The Names of the Counties of California by Erwin G. Gudde; Origin and Meaning of the Names of the Counties of California by Prentiss Maslin; Economic Survey of California and Its Counties by the Research Department of the California State Chamber of Commerce; Report of General Mariano G. Vallejo to the First Legislative Session, April 16, 1850; Historical Background of Los Angeles County by J.F. Moroney; California Blue Books for 1946, 1950, 1958; Statutes of 1850, Chapters 15, 61.

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COLUSA COUNTY. County seat, Colusa. Created February 18, 1850. One of the original 27 counties of the state. Named after two Mexican land grants: Coluses (1844) and Colus (1845). The name of this county in the original act of 1850 was spelled Colusi, and oftentimes in newspapers was spelled Coluse. The word is derived from the name of a Native American tribe living on the west side of the Sacramento River.

CONTRA COSTA COUNTY. County seat, Martinez. Created February 18, 1850. One of the original 27 counties of the state. This name signifies “opposite coast,” and the county is so called from its situation opposite San Francisco, in an easterly direction, on San Francisco Bay. In 1853, Alameda County was formed from territory originally included in this county.

DEL NORTE COUNTY. County seat, Crescent City. Created March 2, 1857, from territory formerly included in Klamath County. The name of this county signifies “the north,” and the county being situated in the extreme northwest corner of the state, derived its name from its geographical position.

EL DORADO COUNTY. County seat, Placerville. Created February 18, 1850. Also one of the original 27 counties of the state. “El Dorado—the far-famed fabulous region of genial clime and never-fading verdure, where gold and precious stones are as common as rocks and pebbles, where wines gently flow from fountains, where wheat spontaneously grows overtopped with tiny loaves of bread, and pigeons fly about already roasted. . . . Francis Orellana, a companion of Pizarro, first spread the account of the supposed existence of this province in South America.

“The name, meaning ‘the gilded one,’ appears at the beginning of the Sixteenth Century as that of a mythical Indian chief . . . who was said to have been covered with gold dust during the performance of religious rites. This chief was eagerly sought by the Spanish and German conquerors of northern South America until his abode was assertedly found in 1537.”

When the discovery of gold by James W. Marshall at Coloma in January, 1848, became known to the world, California, and particularly that section where gold was discovered, was called “El Dorado.” From this fact the county received its name.

FRESNO COUNTY. County seat, Fresno. Created April 19, 1856. Named after Fresno Creek. Fresno in Spanish signifies “ash tree,” and it was because of the abundance of mountain ash in Fresno County’s mountains that the county received its name.

GLENN COUNTY. County seat, Willows. Created March 11, 1891. This county was created out of the northern portion of Colusa County, and was named for Dr. Hugh J. Glenn, who, during his lifetime, was the largest wheat farmer in the state, and a man of great prominence in political and commercial life in California.

HUMBOLDT COUNTY. County seat, Eureka. Created May 12, 1853. This county derived its name from Humboldt Bay. Humboldt Bay was entered by a sea otter party in 1806, but was not rediscovered until 1849. In 1850, Douglas Ottinger and Hans Buhne entered the bay, naming it Humboldt in honor of the great naturalist and world explorer, Baron Alexander von Humboldt.

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IMPERIAL COUNTY. County seat, El Centro. Created August 15, 1907. It derived its name from the Imperial Valley, situated therein, and is the “youngest” of California’s counties. The valley had been named for the Imperial Land Company, a subsidiary of the California Development Company, which, at the turn of the century, had reclaimed the south portion of the Colorado desert for agriculture.

INYO COUNTY. County seat, Independence. Created March 22, 1866. This county derived its name from the Native American name for the mountains in its area. The meaning of the word Inyo is “dwelling place of a great spirit.”

KERN COUNTY. County seat, Bakersfield. Created April 2, 1866. This county derived its name from the Kern River, which was named for Edward Kern, topographer of General John C. Frémont’s 1845 expedition.

KINGS COUNTY. County seat, Hanford. Created March 22, 1893. This county was created out of a part of Tulare County in 1893. Some 100 square miles of territory from Fresno County was added to the county in 1908. It derived its name from the Kings River, which, according to Padre Muñoz’s diary of the Morago Expedition of 1806, was discovered in 1805 by an exploring expedition and named Río de los Santos Reyes (River of the Holy Kings).

LAKE COUNTY. County seat, Lakeport. Created May 20, 1861, from territory formerly included in Napa County. This county derived its name because of the many charming lakes that are within its boundaries.

LASSEN COUNTY. County seat, Susanville. Created April 1, 1864. The name of this county was derived from Mount Lassen, which was named for Peter Lassen, one of General Frémont’s guides and a famous trapper and frontiersman, who was killed by the Paiutes at the base of the mountain in 1859.

LOS ANGELES COUNTY. County seat, Los Angeles. Created February 18, 1850. This county was one of the original 27 counties of the state, and, when created in 1850, “occupied a comparatively small area along the coast line between Santa Barbara and San Diego with Mariposa County forming its northern boundary. . . . In the following year, however, the Legislature revised the boundaries of these counties. Mariposa and San Diego Counties, which had originally been the two largest in the State, were considerably reduced, and Los Angeles County was greatly enlarged forming a broad, sprawling empire of some 35,000 square miles, extending from San Diego to Santa Barbara and from the Pacific Ocean to the Colorado River and the eastern boundary of the State.” There have been three major changes in the boundaries of Los Angeles County: in 1853, 1866, and 1889, leaving the county with a total area of 4,083.21 square miles.

The words Los Angeles literally means “the angels,” and are a contraction of the original name Pueblo del Río de Nuestra Señora la Reina de Los Angeles de Porciúncula (The Town of the River of Our Lady, Queen of the Angels). In 1781, Governor Felipe de Neve issued orders for the establishment of this pueblo on El Río Nuestra Señora de Los Angeles. The pueblo in time became known as the Ciudad de Los Angeles or the “City of the Angels,” and it is from this contraction that the present name is derived.

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MADERA COUNTY. County seat, Madera. Created March 11, 1893, from a portion of Fresno County lying north of the San Joaquin River. Madera in Spanish signifies “timber.” The county derived its name from the Town of Madera, so named when the California Lumber Company built a flume to carry lumber to the railroad there in 1876.

MARIN COUNTY. County seat, San Rafael. Created February 18, 1850. One of the original 27 counties of the state. The origin of its name is not clear. One version is that the county was named for Chief Marin, of the Licatiut tribe of Native Americans who inhabited that section and waged fierce battle against the early Spanish military explorers. Chief Marin afterwards was Christianized and baptized under the name of Marinero, “The Mariner,” because of his intimate knowledge of the Bay of San Francisco, where he often served as ferryman for settlers. The other version is that the bay between San Pedro and San Quentin points was named Bahía de Nuestra Señora del Rosario la Marinera by Ayala in 1775, and it is quite possible that Marin is simply an abbreviation of this name.

MARIPOSA COUNTY. County seat, Mariposa. Created February 18, 1850. One of the original 27 counties. This county took its name from Mariposa Creek. The meaning of Mariposa in Spanish is “butterfly” or “moth.” Gudde states that the name for the stream originated September 27, 1806, when the Moraga Expedition camped there, and called the place “of the Mariposas” because of the great number of butterflies and moths. Maslin gives two versions, one of which is that the first explorers in the mountains of that region beheld for the first time a beautiful lily growing everywhere, gay-colored, spotted, and in some respects resembling the wings of a butterfly. In their admiration, they gave to this dainty flower the name of Mariposa (butterfly) lily.

MENDOCINO COUNTY. County seat, Ukiah. Created February 18, 1850. One of the original 27 counties of the State of California. This county derived its name from Cape Mendocino, which was probably named in honor of either Antonio de Mendoza, Viceroy of New Spain, 1535–1542 (who sent the Juan Cabrillo Expedition to this coast in 1542), or Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza, Viceroy from 1580 to 1583. “Mendocino is an adjective form of the family name of Mendoza, which was rarely used as a geographical term. Hence the name might have been chosen without reference to either of the two viceroys.”

MERCED COUNTY. County seat, Merced. Created April 19, 1855, from a part of Mariposa County. The county derived its name from the Merced River, or El Río de Nuestra Señora de la Merced (River of Our Lady of Mercy), so named by an expedition headed by Gabriel Moraga when they came upon it on September 29, 1806, at the end of a hot dusty ride.

MODOC COUNTY. County seat, Alturas. Created February 17, 1874, from the easterly section of Siskiyou County. This county derived its name from a tribe of Native Americans who lived at the headwaters of the Pit River. Maslin suggests that the word Modoc means “the head of the river.” Gudde states that the word is derived from the Klamath word Moatokni, meaning “southerners,” i.e., the people living south of the Klamath tribe.

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MONO COUNTY. County seat, Bridgeport. Created April 24, 1861. The county is named after Mono Lake, which, in 1852, was named for a Native American tribe which inhabited the Sierra Nevada from north of Mono Lake to Owens Lake. Their western neighbors, the Yokuts, called them monachie, meaning “fly people” because the pupae of a fly (Ephyda hyans) was their chief food staple and trading article.

MONTEREY COUNTY. County seat, Salinas. Created February 18, 1850. This county is one of the original 27 counties of the State of California. It derived its name from the Bay of Monterey. The word itself is composed of the Spanish words monte and rey, and literally means “king of the forest.” The bay was named by Sebastián Vizcaíno on December 16, 1602, in honor of the Conde de Monterey, then Viceroy of New Spain.

NAPA COUNTY. County seat, Napa. Created February 18, 1850. One of the original 27 counties of the State of California. Named after Napa Valley. The word Napa is of Native American derivation, and has been variously translated as “grizzly bear,” “house,” “motherland,” or “fish.” “Of the many explanations of the origin of the name, the most plausible seems to be that it is derived from the Patwin word napo meaning ‘house.’ ”

NEVADA COUNTY. County seat, Nevada City. Created April 25, 1851. Named after the mining town of Nevada City, which had been named from the second element of the term “Sierra Nevada.” The word Nevada in Spanish means “snowy” or “snowcovered.”

ORANGE COUNTY. County seat, Santa Ana. Created March 11, 1889. This county was given the name of “Orange” because of its extensive orange groves for which it is justly famous.

PLACER COUNTY. County seat, Auburn. Created April 25, 1851. Placer is probably a contraction of the words plaza de oro, the place of gold, and means in Spanish “a place near a river where gold is found.” The county derived its name from the numerous places therein where the method of extracting the gold from the earth, called placer mining, was practiced.

PLUMAS COUNTY. County seat, Quincy. Created March 18, 1854. The Spanish originally called one of the tributaries of the Sacramento River El Río de las Plumas, or the “River of the Feathers.” The Legislature, in creating this county, gave it the name of Plumas, because of the fact that all of the numerous branches of the Feather River have their origin in its mountains.

RIVERSIDE COUNTY. County seat, Riverside. Created March 11, 1893. This county was created from portions of San Diego and San Bernardino Counties, and derived its name from the City of Riverside, so christened when the upper canal of the Santa Ana River reached it in 1871.

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SACRAMENTO COUNTY. County seat, Sacramento. Created February 18, 1850. This county is one of the original 27 counties of the State of California and was named after the Sacramento River. The word Sacramento signifies “Sacrament” or “Lord’s Supper.” “The streams known as Feather and Sacramento Rivers were first respectively named by Captain Moraga ‘Sacramento’ and ‘Jesus Maria’; but the latter now assumes the name of Sacramento, whilst the former is called Feather.”

SAN BENITO COUNTY. County seat, Hollister. Created February 12, 1874. Named after San Benito Valley. Crespi, in his expedition in 1772, named a small river in honor of San Benedicto (Saint Benedict), the patron saint of the married, and it is from the contraction of this name that the county took its name.

SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. County seat, San Bernardino. Created April 26, 1853. Saint Bernard is the patron saint of mountain passes. The name Bernardino means “bold as a bear.” The Spanish gave to the snow-capped peak in southern California the name of San Bernardino in honor of the saint, and from this the county derived its name. Gudde states that the county was named after the City of San Bernardino which was founded as a Mormon colony in 1850, and that the name was first applied by Padre Dumetz to a temporary chapel on May 20, 1810.

SAN DIEGO COUNTY. County seat, San Diego. Created February 18, 1850. One of the original 27 counties of the State of California. Named after San Diego Bay, which had been rechristened by Vizcaíno on November 12, 1602, in honor of the Franciscan, San Diego de Alcalá de Henares, whose name was borne by his flagship. The Bay of San Diego was first discovered in 1542 by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo who named it San Miguel.

SAN FRANCISCO COUNTY. County seat, San Francisco. Created February 18, 1850. This county is one of the original 27 counties of the State of California. The sixth mission in California was established here by Padre Junípero Serra on October 9, 1776, and was named Misión San Francisco de Asís a la Laguna de los Dolores (Saint Francis of Assisi at the Lagoon of Sorrows). The mission is now known as “Mission Dolores.” The name San Francisco appears on maps since 1590, but it was not identified with this bay until a detachment of the Portolá Expedition discovered it in 1769. Establishment of the presidio and mission in 1776 definitely fixed the name on the peninsula.

SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY. County seat, Stockton. Created February 18, 1850. This is one of the original 27 counties of the State of California, and takes its name from the San Joaquin River. In the early 1800’s, Lieutenant Moraga, commanding an expedition in the lower great Central Valley of California, gave to a small rivulet, which springs from the Sierra Nevada Mountains and empties into Buena Vista Lake, the name of San Joaquín (meaning Saint Joachim) and it is from this that the present river derived its name.

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SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY. County seat, San Luis Obispo. Created February 18, 1850. One of the original 27 counties of the State of California. On September 1, 1772, the Mission San Luis Obispo was established here by Padre Junípero Serra, and named for Saint Louis, the Bishop of Toulouse. The county derived its name from the mission.

SAN MATEO COUNTY. County seat, Redwood City. Created April 19, 1856, from territory originally a part of San Francisco County. The county was reorganized and enlarged in 1868 by adding territory from Santa Cruz County. This county bears the Spanish name for Saint Matthew. As a place name, St. Matthew appears as early as 1776 in Anza’s diary; and the arroyo, the point, and the settlement at the unofficial San Mateo Mission are all so designated on the early maps. Until about 1850, the name appeared as San Matheo.

SANTA BARBARA COUNTY. County seat, Santa Barbara. Created February 18, 1850. This is another of the original 27 counties of the state. The Santa Barbara channel received its name from Sebastián Vizcaíno, when he sailed over the channel waters on December 4, 1602. In 1782, Father Junípero Serra dedicated a site near the channel for a presidio, and on December 4, 1786, he founded the nearby Mission Santa Barbara (Saint Barbara). The county derives its name from the mission.

SANTA CLARA COUNTY. County seat, San Jose. Created February 18, 1850. One of the original 27 counties of the State of California. The county is named after Mission Santa Clara, which was established on January 18, 1777, and named for Saint Clara of Assisi, Italy. The name Clara means “clear” or “bright.”

SANTA CRUZ COUNTY. County seat, Santa Cruz. Created February 18, 1850, one of the original 27 counties of the state. In the original act passed February 18, 1850, the county was given the name of Branciforte after the Spanish pueblo founded there in 1797. However, less than two months later, on April 5, 1850, the name was changed to Santa Cruz. The Santa Cruz Mission, established in 1791, and completed in 1794, was destroyed by earthquake in 1857, but a smaller-scaled replica was erected in 1931. Santa is the Spanish feminine of “saint” or “holy”; Cruz is the Spanish for “cross,” and Santa Cruz signifies “holy cross.”

SHASTA COUNTY. County seat, Redding. Created February 18, 1850. This county is another of the original 27, and was named after Mount Shasta. The name Shasta is derived from the English equivalent for the name of a Native American tribe that once lived in the area. The name of this tribe was spelled in various ways until the present version was used when the county was established.

SIERRA COUNTY. County seat, Downieville. Created April 16, 1852. Sierra is the Spanish word for “saw,” and Sierra Nevada or “snow saw” was applied to the Sierra Nevada chain of mountains because of the jagged, serrated or saw-tooth peaks which form their skyline. The county was so called because of these jagged peaks within its borders. Gudde states that Sierra means “mountain range”; and that, in Spanish times, any two or more peaks in a row formed a sierra.

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SISKIYOU COUNTY. County seat, Yreka. Created March 22, 1852, and named after the mountain range. The origin of the word Siskiyou is not known. One version is that it is the Chinook word for “bobtailed horse,” such an animal belonging to a Hudson’s Bay Company trapper having been lost in these mountains in 1828. Another version, given in an argument delivered by Senator Jacob R. Snyder of San Francisco before the State Senate on April 14, 1852, is that the French name Six Callieux, meaning “six-stone,” was given to a ford on the Umpqua River by Michel La Frambeau and a party of Hudson’s Bay Company trappers in 1832 because six large stones or rocks lay in the river where they crossed. Gudde suggests that the Canadian French word six-cailloux was used in this version.

SOLANO COUNTY. County seat, Fairfield. Created February 18, 1850. One of the original 27 counties of the state. The county derives its name indirectly from that of the Franciscan missionary, Father Francisco Solano, whose name was given in baptism to the chief of one of the important Native American tribes of the region when he accepted Christianity. At the request of General Mariano Vallejo, the county was named for Chief Solano, who at one time ruled over most of the land and tribes between the Petaluma Creek and the Sacramento River. Before receiving the name of Solano, this chief was called Sem-yeto, which signifies “brave or fierce hand.” In 1934, a bronze statue of Chief Solano was erected in Fairfield.

SONOMA COUNTY. County seat, Santa Rosa. Created February 18, 1850. This county is also one of the original 27 counties of the state. Sonoma is a Native American name, translated by some as “Valley of the Moon,” and by others as “land or tribe of Chief Nose.” It is also the name of a Native American tribe once occupying the area.

STANISLAUS COUNTY. County seat, Modesto. Created April 1, 1854. The word Stanislaus is a corruption of Estanislao, the baptismal name of a mission-educated Native American chief who led a band of Native Americans in a series of battles against Mexican troops. He was finally defeated by General Mariano G. Vallejo in 1826. The county is named for the Stanislaus River, first discovered by Gabriel Moraga in 1806, and christened Río de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe. The river was later renamed Rio Estanislao for the Native American chief.

SUTTER COUNTY. County seat, Yuba City. Created February 18, 1850. This is one of the original 27 counties of the State of California. Sutter County was named after General John Augustus Sutter, a native of Switzerland, who obtained a large grant from the Mexican government, and called his first settlement New Helvetia, now the City of Sacramento. In 1841, the general established a great stock ranch in this area, to which he retired in 1850 when gold seekers deprived him of most of his holdings at Sacramento.

TEHAMA COUNTY. County seat, Red Bluff. Created April 9, 1856. The county is named for the City of Tehama, which, until 1857, was the county seat. Gudde states that it is not certain whether or not the name is of Native American origin, although a tribe of Native Americans by this name is mentioned in reports of the early 1850’s. Suggested possible roots are the Arabic word tehama, “hot lowlands” or the Mexican word tejamanil, “shingle.”

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TRINITY COUNTY. County seat, Weaverville. Created February 18, 1850. This is one of the original 27 counties of the State of California. It takes its name from the Trinity River, first so called in 1845 by Major Pearson B. Reading who was under the mistaken impression that the stream emptied into Trinidad Bay. Trinity is the English version of Trinidad.

TULARE COUNTY. County seat, Visalia. Created April 20, 1852. Commandant Fages, while hunting for deserters in 1772, discovered a great lake surrounded by marshes and filled with rushes, which he named Los Tules, “the tules.” It is from this lake that the county derives its name. “The root of the name [Tulare] is found in the Mexican word tullin, designating cattail or similar reeds.” The geographical term Los Tulares was used as early as 1776.

TUOLUMNE COUNTY. County seat, Sonora. Created February 18, 1850. This county is one of the original 27 counties. “The name Tuolumne is of Indian origin and has been given different meanings, such as ‘Many Stone Houses,’ ‘The Land of Mountain Lions,’ and ‘Straight Up Steep,’ the latter an interpretation of William Fuller, a native Indian chief.” Vallejo, in his Report to the First Legislature in 1850, said that the word is “a corruption of the Indian word talmalamne, which signifies ‘cluster of stone wigwams.’ ” Gudde states that the county is named after the river, which, in turn, was named for a Native American tribe “mentioned as Taulamne in 1806, and as Taualames in 1810. The name may mean ‘people who dwell in stone houses,’ i.e., in caves. The suffix umne means ‘people’.”

VENTURA COUNTY. County seat, Ventura. Created March 22, 1872. On March 31, 1782, the Mission San Buenaventura was founded at San Buenaventura (now known as Ventura). Buenaventura is composed of two Spanish words, buena, meaning “good,” and ventura, meaning “fortune”; hence the name signifies “good fortune.” The county derives its name from the latter word, Ventura.

YOLO COUNTY. County seat, Woodland. Created February 18, 1850. This is one of the original 27 counties of the State of California, and in the original act of 1850, the name was spelled “Yola.” Yolo is a Native American name variously believed to be a corruption of a Native American tribal name Yo-loy, meaning “a place abounding in rushes,” or of the name of a Native American chief, Yodo, or of the Native American village of Yodoi.

YUBA COUNTY. County seat, Marysville. Created February 18, 1850. This is another of the original 27 counties of the state, and was named after the Yuba River, so named by Captain John A. Sutter for the Native American village Yubu, Yupu, or Jubu, near the confluence of the Yuba and Feather Rivers. Vallejo, in his Report to the First Legislature in 1850, stated that the river was named Uba by an exploring expedition in 1834, because of the quantities of wild grapes (uvas silvestres in Spanish) which they found growing upon its banks.

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APPENDIX U

Governor’s Mansion and Flag

The MansionCalifornia has had a long and sometimes complicated history relative to

providing housing for its chief executive.

First Mansion1923 photo shows building being used as the Office of State Printing

First Mansion

The original mansion was a two-story, Italian style villa erected in 1871. However, when the Legislature failed to provide the funds necessary to complete it, Governor Newton Booth refused to move in. The building was later converted into quarters for the first State Printing Plant without ever having been occupied by a Governor of California. The site of this ill-fated mansion is now part of the Capitol Park. 1

1 Government Code, Section 8170.

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Second Mansionlocated at 16th and H Streets

(Now a state historic park and official residence of California Governors, 1903 to 1967 and 2015 to present.)

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Second Mansion (16th & H Streets)

The second mansion was designed by Nathaniel D. Goodell and built in 1877–1878 by U.M. Reese. Its original owner was Albert Gallatin, a prosperous Sacramento hardware merchant. It is located at 16th and H Streets in downtown Sacramento.

In 1877, the house was sold to Joseph Steffens, father of the noted journalist and newspaper correspondent, Lincoln Steffens.

The mansion was purchased by the state in 1903 for $32,500 and housed 13 successive governors. It was first occupied by Governor George C. Pardee, and then in order by Governors James N. Gillett; Hiram W. Johnson; William D. Stephens; Friend William Richardson; C.C. Young; James Rolph, Jr.; Frank F. Merriam; Culbert L. Olson; Earl Warren; Goodwin J. Knight; Edmund G. Brown, Sr.; and Ronald Reagan.

The mansion, a combination of two Victorian styles (Second Empire and Italianate Villa), consists of three stories and an attic surmounted by a cupola, and contains 15 rooms and five bathrooms. The well-kept grounds are enclosed by an elaborate wrought-iron fence.

In 1941, the mansion was determined to be unsuitable for occupancy although five governors occupied it until Governor Reagan moved out during the first part of 1967. The mansion housed no chief executives from 1967 to 2015, during which time it operated as a state historic park. Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. moved into the renovated mansion in 2015. It is now the official residence of California Governors.

Unoccupied Mansion (Carmichael)

In 1967, a citizens group raised $200,000 and acquired property in the Sacramento suburbs as a prospective site for a new Governor’s Mansion. This property in Carmichael was conveyed to the state by grant deed in 1969. The following year, the Legislature designated the donated property as the site of the mansion. 2 In 1972, an appropriation provided $150,000 for preliminary plans and working drawings. 3

Subsequently, the Legislature provided additional funds ($1.3 million) for the actual construction. 4

Prior to the bids being opened, attempts were made to halt the construction of the mansion. Controversies arose over the question of whether or not to permit an archaeological dig on the site which was alleged to have been formerly occupied by an ancient Maidu Native American village and burial ground and over the adequacy of the “Environmental Impact Report” required by state law. The court ruled in favor of the defendants, i.e., the state, 5 and the contract was awarded.

Finally, in 1975, the mansion was completed.

2 Government Code, Section 8170. 3 Statutes of 1972, Chapter 156, Item 300.3. 4 Statutes of 1973, Chapter 129, Item 339. 5 Friends of Carmichael v. State of California, Superior Court for the County of Sacramento, Case No. 249677, August 19, 1974.

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Unoccupied Mansion in Carmichael

“La Casa de los Gobernadores”

In style, the proposed gubernatorial residence, with its tiled roof, resembles a Spanish hacienda and the architecture may best be described as “early California.” The structure contains 12,000 square feet and consists of a family area including four bedrooms, a master bedroom, three baths, a recreation area and a study area. The remaining space is devoted to a library, living room, dining room, guest bedroom and bath, a kitchen, a pantry and two additional bedrooms.

Its completion did not signal the end of controversy. Edmund G. Brown Jr., the incumbent Governor at the time, chose not to take up residence for the remainder of his term, and further refinements on the site were suspended. At that point, the cost of maintaining an unoccupied mansion became the subject of much debate, which concluded with the decision to sell.

The mansion was on the verge of being sold when George Deukmejian became Governor in January 1983, but, because he indicated an interest in living in the facility, it was withdrawn from sale. However, later that year, the mansion was sold to a private citizen.

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Efforts to Build a Governor’s Mansion

The Governor’s Permanent Residence Commission was created in 1999 when Governor Davis signed SB 1091. 6 This legislation charged the advisory body with the duty of making design and site recommendations to the Governor and Legislature by June 30, 2000. The bill also created the Governor’s Residence Account, transferring the $3.1 million from the 1983 sale of the unoccupied mansion in Carmichael. For years, lawmakers and governors continued deliberating on how to handle the issue of establishing an official residence.

In late 2015, the 48-year-long struggle to settle the question of where to house California’s Governor came to a conclusion. The mansion funds were appropriated to preserve, renovate, repair, and architecturally strengthen the Governor’s historic mansion at 16th and H Streets. At the end of 2015, Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr. and his wife Anne Gust Brown moved into the residence. The home is now used as an official residence, as well as a venue for official events, and public tours of the historic building.

6 Government Code, Section 8175. SB 1091 represented a bipartisan effort to build a suitable residence for California’s chief executive. However, opposition was voiced by Sacramento’s neighbor to the west, the County of Yolo. The Yolo County Board of Supervisors objected to the bill’s requirement that the mansion be located within the City of Sacramento. The supervisors argued that suitable sites existed in their county (just blocks from the State Capitol) within the City of West Sacramento.

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The Governor’s FlagIn 1957, the Legislature adopted a flag to be used by the Governor at official

state occasions. 7In its center is a representation similar to the Great Seal of the State of

California. A close comparison of the two shows considerable deviation. A cornucopia rests next to the grizzly at the Goddess’ feet and the sun is shown setting in the Pacific; neither of these symbols are part of the Great Seal. In addition, the topography in the background is considerably altered and the miner’s “rocker” and some of the ships in the harbor are missing.

The general design and details of the flag, excluding colors, are shown below:

7 Government Code, Sections 428 and 429.

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APPENDIX V

Flags That Have Flown Over CaliforniaTen different flags have flown over California since 1542. Prior to the

restoration of the Capitol, replicas of these flags were mounted on the rotunda railing on the second floor. A brief description of these flags follows:

The Spanish Empire Flag, 1542–1785. This is the royal standard of Carlos V which appeared at the head of every band of Spanish explorers, as Spain had no national flag at the time. The field is white and bears the arms of Castile and Leon, with the royal crown at the top of the shield and around it the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

The Flag of England, 1579. Planted by Sir Francis Drake at Drake’s Bay in 1579, it flew over California for only 37 days. The flag is white with the red cross of St. George.

The Spanish National Ensign, 1785–1822. The flag of the Spanish Empire was replaced by the newly adopted Spanish national flag in 1785. The flag is red with a broad center stripe of yellow which bears the shield and crown with the arms of Castile and Leon.

The Flag of Russia, 1812–1841. Russian trading posts were established along the northern coast of California at Fort Ross, and remained until Captain John Sutter bought out their properties in 1841. The flag is white with the blue diagonal cross of St. Andrew. With it flew the flag of the Russian American Company which was the same as the then Russian merchant flag, except that it bore the double eagle in the white portion.

The Buenos Aires Flag, 1818. Raised at Monterey by the pirate Hypolite Bouchard when he raided and captured the city, the flag was flown for only 16 days in November of 1818. It consists of three bars of equal width, the outer two of blue, and the middle one of white with a yellow sun to the left of its center.

The Mexican Flag, 1822–1846. Raised over California when Mexico secured her independence from Spain, and flown until it was replaced by the American Flag. The Mexican flag has three broad stripes, one each of green, white, and red, with an eagle perched on a cactus in the center of the white stripe.

The Fremont Flag, 1842–1846. Special American Flag assigned to Captain John Charles Fremont, who carried it on his explorations from 1842 to 1846. There are 26 stars representing the 26 states then in the Union. The eagle carried a pipe of peace instead of the usual 13 arrows in order to reassure the Native Americans that Fremont’s mission was one of peace.

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The First Bear Flag, 1846. Raised at Sonoma on June 14, 1846, by a small band of Americans in revolt against Mexican authority. Replaced by the Stars and Stripes on July 9, 1846, when news of the seizure of California by Commodore Sloat reached the pueblo. The field is white with a red stripe at its lower edge, a brown star in the upper left-hand corner, and a brown bear in the center field of white with the words “California Republic” in black below it.

The Stars and Stripes, 1846. Raised by Commodore Sloat at Monterey on July 7, 1846. It has 28 stars arranged in four rows of seven stars each, and was modified as new states entered the Union. The 31st star, for California when she entered the Union, was added on July 4, 1850.

The Flag of the United States. The Flag of the United States contained 48 stars with the admission of New Mexico and Arizona in 1912. The admissions were on January 6th and February 14th, respectively, and the new stars were added on July 4, 1912. Alaska was admitted as the 49th state on January 3, 1959, and the 49th star was added July 4, 1959. Hawaii became the 50th state on August 21, 1959, and the 50th star was added to the National Flag on July 4, 1960.

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APPENDIX W

Samples of Legislative Publications

Sample of a Daily Journal page

from the 1997–98 Regular Session

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Sample #1 of a Daily File page

(showing committee hearings)

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Sample #2 of a Daily File page

(showing a bill eligible for concurrence vote on floor)

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Sample of a History page

from the 1997–98 Regular Session

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APPENDIX X

The Arthur Ohnimus CollectionArthur A. Ohnimus (1893–1965) was an Assembly employee from 1915 to

1963. He served 37 years as the lower house’s elected Chief Clerk, and became the Assembly’s first full-time staff person when he was appointed as the first Chief Administrative Officer of the Rules Committee from 1957 to 1963. After Mr. Ohnimus passed away in 1965, his widow Bernice carefully stored his vast collection of papers, photos, and political and legislative memorabilia spanning the years 1898–1965. When Bernice died in 2007, her estate donated this collection to the Office of the Chief Clerk. The Collection is now housed at the California State Archives and will be made available for public research. Below are photos of two display cases from the Ohnimus Exhibit in the Capitol, April 2008. House Resolution 28 appears on the following pages:

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california legislature—2007–08 regular session

House Resolution No. 28

Introduced by Assembly Member Nunez

March 28, 2008

House Resolution No. 28—Relative to the Arthur OhnimusCollection.

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WHEREAS, The Assembly is in receipt of a generous donationmade by the late Assembly Chief Clerk Arthur Ohnimus and hiswife Bernice Wemple Ohnimus Crutcher that consists of historicalitems; and

WHEREAS, The items in the collection offer an insight intothe history of the Legislature, San Francisco politics, Californiapolitical figures of the 20th century, and the Ohnimus and Wemplefamilies; and

WHEREAS, Arthur Allen Ohnimus was the son of Louis JuanOhnimus and Grace D. Pierce, and was born on June 3, 1893, inSan Francisco’s South of Market neighborhood. He was raised inthe Western Addition, and attended Hearst Grammar School,Sacred Heart College, and Saint Ignatius College; and

WHEREAS, Arthur Ohnimus’s father was a San Francisco cityofficial, and also was a wildlife expert, who built the Stowe LakeBoat House in Golden Gate Park in 1894. His father was alsosuperintendent of the Woodward Gardens Amusement Park andthe Monarch grizzly bear exhibit; and

WHEREAS, Arthur Ohnimus’s mother, Grace (Pierce) Ohnimus,was a famous actress and later managed the boat house in GoldenGate Park for over 30 years; and

WHEREAS, Arthur Ohnimus was employed by the Assemblybeginning in 1915 as Insurance Committee clerk and subsequently,

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in 1917, as a stenographer and later as a bookkeeper, and in 1919and 1921, Arthur Ohnimus was employed as Assistant MinuteClerk and thereafter, later in 1921, he was elected Minute Clerk;and

WHEREAS, In 1921, Arthur Ohnimus graduated with a lawdegree from Saint Ignatius College in San Francisco and wasadmitted to the State Bar of California in 1922; and

WHEREAS, Arthur Ohnimus was first elected Chief Clerk ofthe Assembly in 1923, and due to the part-time nature of legislativesessions at that time, he held simultaneous employment as a DeputyDistrict Attorney in San Francisco from 1924 to 1944 and as aDeputy Attorney General from 1944 to 1957; and

WHEREAS, As Chief Clerk of the Assembly, Arthur Ohnimusoversaw the modernization of the Legislature, including theinstallation of the electronic voting system, public address system,and increased legislative staffing levels in the postwar era; and

WHEREAS, The expanding state population and increasedvolume and complexity of legislation prompted the AssemblyCommittee on Rules in 1957, to appoint Arthur Ohnimus as itsfirst Chief Administrative Officer, the Assembly’s first full-timestaff position; and

WHEREAS, As Chief Administrative Officer and Chief Clerk,Arthur Ohnimus created the Assembly’s first job and salaryclassifications, supervised all Assembly employees and some ofthe first Assembly Fellows, argued for full-time legislative staffto cope with the growing population of the state; and oversaw theconstruction of the Capitol building annex; and

WHEREAS, During his tenure as Chief Clerk of the Assembly,Arthur Ohnimus served in a nonpartisan capacity under fourDemocratic and eight Republican Speakers; and

WHEREAS, Arthur Ohnimus retired at 70 years of age onOctober 4, 1963, after serving 45 years as an Assembly employee,with 37 cumulative years of service as Chief Clerk; and

WHEREAS, Recognizing his expertise in parliamentaryprocedures, the Assembly Committee on Rules in February 1964,contracted with Arthur Ohnimus to consult with the committee inthe revision of the Assembly Rules; and

WHEREAS, Arthur Ohnimus, only two years into his retirement,died on March 13, 1965, at 71 years of age; and

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HR 28 (from 2007–08 session) (continued)

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WHEREAS, The future wife of Arthur Ohnimus, BerniceMarguerite Wemple, was born in Milford, California on February26, 1913, and graduated from Lassen Union High School on June12, 1930; and

WHEREAS, Under the crossfiling system, Bernice’s father,N.V. Wemple, served as a Republican and as a DemocraticAssembly Member representing Lassen, Modoc, Plumas, andSierra Counties in the 46th Regular Session of the Legislature(1925–26) and the 47th Regular Session of the Legislature(1927–28); and

WHEREAS, Bernice pursued a career as a secretary, graduatingfrom the Armstrong College of Business Administration with aPrivate Secretarial Curriculum on April 8, 1932, and was soonhired as a secretary and bookkeeper by the Chrome AlloysManufacturing Company in Oakland; and

WHEREAS, In January 1933, Bernice was employed as astenographer by the California State Senate, working for SenatorDan E. Williams, 26th Senate District, and Senator John L. Moran,18th Senate District; and

WHEREAS, On August 2, 1933, Bernice was hired by the StateBoard of Equalization, where she would be employed for the next35 years; and

WHEREAS, Bernice married Arthur Ohnimus on December27, 1943, in Santa Monica, California; and

WHEREAS, For decades, Bernice Ohnimus was affectionatelyreferred to as “Cookie” by her family, friends, and Capitoldenizens; and

WHEREAS, Arthur Ohnimus was an avid collector of politicalmemorabilia, beginning in his boyhood years in San Francisco atthe turn of the century; and

WHEREAS, During their 22 years of marriage, Arthur andBernice Ohnimus collected many legislative documents, mementos,souvenirs, photographs, scrapbooks, and political memorabiliadating back to the 1890s; and

WHEREAS, Bernice carefully organized and stored ArthurOhnimus’s historical items, safekeeping them for the next 42 years;and

WHEREAS, Bernice married Anson H. Crutcher, Sr., on June8, 1968, in Reno, Nevada; and

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WHEREAS, Anson H. Crutcher, Sr. was the former Chief ofthe State Police and the field representative for State Board ofEqualization member Paul R. Leake; and

WHEREAS, Bernice Ohnimus Crutcher retired from the StateBoard of Equalization on August 28, 1968, after having workedfor many years for various divisions within the board, includingservice as secretary to board Member Paul R. Leake; and

WHEREAS, Only two years into their marriage, Bernice’shusband Anson H. Crutcher, Sr. died on October 10, 1970 in Elko,Nevada at 57 years of age; and

WHEREAS, In 1973, the Legislature adopted AssemblyConcurrent Resolution 93, directing the Department of GeneralServices to plant a redwood tree in Capitol Park in honor of ArthurOhnimus; and

WHEREAS, In her later years, Bernice lived in Applegate,California and was a lover of horses and the foothills and wascared for by Italene Allen; and

WHEREAS, Bernice Ohnimus Crutcher passed away onSeptember 29, 2007, at 94 years of age; and

WHEREAS, On November 2, 2007, the Bernice OhnimusCrutcher Estate, under the guidance of Anson H. Crutcher, Jr.,Lindsay Kayser Hendricks, Steven Kayser, Dana Wemple, andNancy Wemple, donated the historical collection to the AssemblyOffice of the Chief Clerk so that it may be archived and used forresearch; and

WHEREAS, This collection includes many important letters,news clippings, political and legislative memorabilia, campaignliterature, historic photographs, and personal effects, including adress made of the Assembly draperies, sewn by Nadene Kayser;now, therefore, be it

Resolved that the Assembly of the State of California, That theAssembly commends the Bernice Ohnimus Crutcher Estate andappreciates the decades of public service that the Ohnimus,Wemple, and Crutcher families have dedicated to the people ofCalifornia; and be it further

Resolved, That the Chief Clerk of the Assembly transmit copiesof this resolution to the author for appropriate distribution.

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Assembly Floor Ceremony for the Ohnimus Collection, April 1, 2008. Pictured with legislators are family, friends, and associates of the late Arthur and Bernice Ohnimus.

Assembly Floor Ceremony for the Ohnimus Collection, April 1, 2008. Pictured (l. to r.): Minority Leader Mike Villines, Justice Ronald Robie, Assembly Member William Bagley (ret.), Speaker Karen Bass, Assembly Member John Knox (ret.),

Assembly Member Mervyn Dymally, Assembly Member Jerome Waldie (ret.), former Speaker Robert Monagan (ret.), and former Chief Clerk R. Brian Kidney (ret.).

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