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Land Degradation Scenario of India and Programmes/Schemes fordevelopment of degraded lands

1. Introduction

This decline in per capita land availability in the country is mostly on account ofrising population.

Out of 328.7 million hectare of geographical area of India, about 141 millionhectares is Net Cultivated Area. Of this, about 57 million hectare (40%) is irrigatedand the remaining 85 million (60%) is rainfed. This area is generally subject to windand water erosion and is in different stages of degradation for subjecting to intensiveagricultural production. Therefore, it needs improvement in terms of its productivityper unit of land and per unit of water for optimum production. Rainfed agriculture ischaracterized by low levels of productivity and low input usage. Crop production issubjected to considerable instability from year to year due to its dependence onrainfall, which is slightly erratic and variant in space and time. More than 200 millionof the rural poor live in the rainfed regions. These risk prone areas exhibit a widevariation and instability in yields.

Watershed Programme for Development of Degraded LandVarious Watershed Development Programmes are being implemented by

mainly three ministries, namely, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Rural

1

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Developm

ent&Minis

tryofEnvi

ronment&F

orestsfor

d

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evelopme

ntofdegra

dedlands.

Theseprogr

ammesaren

a

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mely,(i

)National

WatershedD

evelopment

Pro

jectfor

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Rainfed

Areas(NWDP

RA),(ii)S

oilConserv

ationinth

e

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Catchme

ntsofRiver

ValleyPro

ject&Floo

dProneRiv

e

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r(RVP&

FPR),(iii

)Reclamati

on&Develo

pmentofAl

k

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ali&Ac

idSoil(RA

DAS),(iv)

WatershedD

evelopment

P

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ro

jecti

nShifting

Cultivation

Areas(WDP

SCA)(v)Dr

o

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ughtPro

neAreaPro

gramme(DPA

P)(vii)In

tegratedWa

s

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restatio

n&Eco

D

evelopment

Pro

ject(NA

EP).Inadd

i

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tionto

above,few

Externally

AidedPro

je

cts(EAPs)

a

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rebeing

implemente

dwithtech

nicalandf

inancialas

s

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istance

ofexternal

agencies.

Sinceincep

tionuptoT

e

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nthFive

YearPlan,

anareaof

50.89mill

ionha.has

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beendev

elopedwith

anexpendi

tureofRs.

19251.22cr

o

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toIXFi

veYearPl

an,during

XPlanand

sinceincep

t

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ionupto

Xplanare

giveninA

nnexure

I

I.Partsof

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suchdev

elopedland

sarebroug

htundercu

ltivationt

o

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maintai

nbalancei

ndifferent

typesofl

anduses.

3

.

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dsofMi

nistryofAgriculture

,Departmen

tofAgricu

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lture&

Cooperation:

I. Schemes/Pr

ogrammesofN

RMDivision

The

N

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aturalRe

sourceManag

ementDivision

isimplementin

gmainlythree

C

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entrallySp

onsoredProg

rammesandth

reeCentralSe

ctorSchemes

w

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ithma

joro

bjectivesofp

reventionofl

anddegradati

onandrestor

a

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tionofpro

ductivepoten

tialofthedeg

radedlandsi

nthecountry.T

h

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eScheme-

wisehighlight

softheprogr

amme

/scheme

are:

(A) CentralSe

c

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torSchem

e(Plan&NonP

lan):1)

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Thorgzatis aengedpreatioofdis-wi

maof degdatThprosedtars 20009

SLareun:

(a) R(b) D(c) L(d) S

n

amnt Rs11crounPla& R1.4crofor

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NoPlaisallotedforcoeti

thetars.

2)

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20009amnt Rs0crois

allo

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tedforcoctivassh&

memtrangcoes

3) WDPSCA

(Plan) AspecialCentralAs

sistancetoStatePlanScheme

onWatershedDevelopmentPr

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ojectinShiftingCultiv

ationAreas(WDPSCA)isbe

ngimplementedinNorthEaste

rnStateswith100%Speci

al

2

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AssnceSatPlaUndthissche,

are3.9lakhha.havbeetreasincinceonupt

PlaDur20009,abo0.4lakhha.arebetrea

at estied of 40.cro

(B) Cent

rallySpons

o

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redProg

ramme-(Plan

-Subsumed

underMMA)

:

RVP &FPR:Un

d

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erSoil

Conservatio

nintheCa

tchmentsof

RiverVall

e

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y&Floo

dProneRiv

er(RVP&F

PR),since

inception

u

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ptoXPl

an,anarea

of65.27l

akhha.hav

ebeentrea

t

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ed.Duri

ng2008-09,

about2.90

lakhha.a

reaistarg

e

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tedfor

treatmentw

ithestimat

edcostof

Rs.251.00

c

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rore.

RADAS

:TheProgra

mmeforRec

lamationof

AlkaliSoil

(

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RAS)now

namedasR

eclamation

andDevelop

mentofAlk

a

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es;wher

ealkalinit

yexists.S

inceincept

ionuptoXPla

an

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are6.5lakhha.hasbeereced.

Dur20009,abo0.5lakhha.arehasbeetarg

d recatiowiththeestied ofRs.00cro

SLUB:TheStat

eLandUse

B

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oard(SL

UB)isast

afforiente

dprogramme

andisbei

n

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gimplem

entedinth

eallStates

&UTs.Und

erthispro

g

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rammesi

nceincepti

onuptoXP

lananamou

ntofRs38

.

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11crore

hasbeenu

tilized.Dur20009,

3.5croisliketo butilforundtakivars

actiesundSLU

II. Schemes

/

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Programme

sofRFSDivisi

onfordevelop

mentofdegrad

edlands

TheRFSDivon also

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impmengfewproames fdev

opmnt o

degradedl

andsincludingrainfedare

as.Themains

c

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hemesand

programmeso

fRFSDivisio

nare:

(a) National

WatershedDevel

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opmentProje

ctforRainfedArea

s(NWDPRA)

T

heNationalWaters

hedDevelopme

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94.lakhha.havbeedevpedund

theprommDurthePlaisproed devp

abo30.lakhha.covgabo535micwathedFor

yea20009,hasbeetargd covabo4.0lakh

ha.withestied ofRs..53cro

(b) Natio

n

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alRainfedAre

aAuthority(NRA

A) -TheUnionGo

vernmenthavec

onstitutedaNation

al

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RainfedArea

Authority(NRAA)o

n03-11-2006togi

vefocusedattent

iontotheproblemof

th

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bodycharg

edwiththeroleofex

aminingguideline

sinvariousexistin

gschemesandin

th

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eiswiderthan

merewaterconser

vationandwillco

verallaspectsofs

ustainableandh

oli

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sticdevelop

mentofrainfedarea

s,includingappro

priatefarmingand

livelihoodsystema

p

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proaches.It

wouldalsofocus

onissuespertaini

ngtolandlessand

marginalfarmers,si

n

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cetheycon

stitutethelargemajor

ityofinhabitantsofra

infedareas.

RAhas

twostrure. firsttiertheGovningBoathatwillpro

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enecaryleadshipandappriat

coonatinimpentn prommTheGovning

Boaischad theUniAgrtureMinr co-cha

d theUniRurDevpm

3

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Minr. secd is ExeiveCo

tteeconingtecalexps repentesfrom

staoldMines.TheExeiveCotteehead the

ChExeiveOffandhavfiveothfulltimtec

alexps. Autty beeopeonad the

join

of

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ChExeiveOffon 05-200Fou

outfiveTeccalExps theranAddnalSec

aryhavbeeapptedtheNRTherecmeof

remingTeccalExps thefielagrturertic

re undpros.

heNRhasformatecomon

gui

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nesWahedDevpmProandafteapp

al govingbodofNRthesamhasbeecirced all

Staon Ma200forimpmeionWahedDevpm

Prommas insttionconnedtheguines

(c)

R

ainfedAreaDev

el

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opmentPr

ogramme(RAD

P)IntheBudgets

peechofUnionFi

nanceMinisterfo

r

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theyear200

7-08,anewsche

menamely,Rainfed

AreaDevelopme

ntProgramme(RA

D

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P)wasann

ounced.ThePla

nningCommission

hascommunicat

edthein-principl

e

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approvaltoth

eimplementation

ofCentrallySpons

oredSchemeofR

ADPatacostofRs.

3

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500.00crore

duringtheXIFive

YearPlanincluding

acomponentofRs.

.00croforNR

on Ma200Bason revdoutof

Rs.

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0.0croascomunied thePlang

CossioandthecomentrecedfromvarsMines/artmts/Dsioof DAtheEFNothasbeerevd sentheMiny oFine PlangCossioTheEFNotwasdisc

sedamegchad Secary(PlangCossio

on

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Aug200Bason discsiotheEFNotrevd beisenthePlangCossioforapp

albefit platoExpdituFineCotteeUnd

thisprommit exped cov30lakha.rainare

durthePlaperfor curyea(2009)Budproon

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ndsduring

XIPlan

Dug FivYeaPla

anareof32.miln withat estate

c

ostofRs2584

8.00crorehas

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beentarg

etedfordeve

lopmentunder

variousprogr

ammes.TheMi

n

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istry-wisea

ndScheme-wis

etentativetar

getandoutlay

proposedfor

v

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ariousWat

ershedDevel

opmentProgra

mmesfordeve

lopmentofde

g

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radedlan

dsforXIFiveY

earPlanaregiv

eninAnnexur

eIII.

5. Formul

a

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tionandCir

culationofOp

erationalGui

delines

TheNatnalRaed

AreAutorit(NRAAhascircateComo

Gu

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idelinesf

orWatershed

Development

Pro

jects(CG

DWP)forimpl

e

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mentation

ofallWatersh

edDevelopme

ntProgramme

sinthecountr

y.

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Accordin

gtotheinstru

ctionscontai

nedintheCGW

DP,theopera

ti

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onalguid

elinesforthe

programmes,

namely,NWDPR

A,RVP&FPR,RA

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DAS,&SLU

Bhavebeencir

culatedtothe

statesforad

option.TheOp

e

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rationalG

uidelinesfor

WatershedDev

elopmentPro

grammeinShif

ti

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ngCultivati

onAreas(WDP

SCA)havebee

nalsoformula

tedandsubmit

t

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onofthes

ametotheSta

teGovernmen

tsforadoption

.

4

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Annexure-I

State-wise extent of various kinds of Land Degradation in India

(As per NBSS&LUP-ICAR-2005 on the Scale of 1:250,000)

(Area in thousand hectares)

S.N. Name of the Water Wind Water

Salinity/ Soil

Complex

Degraded

Geographi

Degraded

States

Erosio

n

Erosio

n

Loggin

g

Alkalini

ty

Acidit

y

Proble

m Area

cal

Area

Area(%

)

1)

AndhraPradesh 11518 0 1896 517 905 156

14992 27505 54.5

2)ArunachalPradesh 2372 0 176 0 1955 0 4503 8374 53.8

3) Assam 688 0 37 0 612 876 2213 7844 28.2

4)Bihar+Jharkhand 3024 0 2001 229 1029 0 6283 17387 36.1

5) Goa 60 0 76 0 2 24 162 370 43.9

6) Gujarat 5207 443 523 294 0 1666 8133 19602 41.5

7) Haryana 315 536 146 256 0 214 1467 4421 33.2

8) Himachal Pradesh 2718 0 1303 0 157 0 4178 5567 75.0

9) Jammu & Kashmir 5460 1360 200 0 0 0 7020 22224 31.6

10) Karnataka 5810 0 941 110 58 712 7631 19179 39.8

11) Kerala 76 0 2098 0 138 296 2608 3886 67.1

12) Madhya Pradesh+ 17883 0 359 46 6796 1126

26210 44345 59.1

Chhattisgarh

13) Maharastra 11179 0 0 1056 517 303

13055 30771 42.4

14) Manipur 133 0 111 0 481 227 952 2233 42.6

15) Mizoram 137 0 0 0 1050 694 1881 2108 89.2

16) Meghalaya 137 0 7 0 1030 34 1208 2243 53.9

17) Nagaland 390 0 0 0 127 478 995 1658 60.0

18) Orissa 5028 0 681 75 263 75 6122 15571 39.3

19) Punjab 372 282 338 288 0 0 1280 5036 25.4

20) Rajasthan 3137 6650 53 1418 0 110

11368 34224 33.2

21) Sikkim 158 0 0 0 76 0 234 710 33.0

22) Tamil Nadu 4926 0 96 96 78 138 5334 13006 41.0

23) Tripura 121 0 191 0 203 113 628 1049 59.9

2

4) Uttar Pradesh+ 11392 212 2350 1370 0 0

1532

4 29441 52.0

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Uttarakhand

25) West Bengal 1197 0 710 170 556 119 2752 8875 31.0

26) Delhi 55 0 6 10 0 11 82 148 55.4

27)

UnionTerritories 187 0 0 9 0 9 205 825 24.8

Grand Total 93680 9483 14299 5944 16033 7381

14682

0 328602Grand Total(Millionha) 93.68 9.48 14.30 5.94 16.03 7.38

146.82 328.60

Source : There are several estimates for the extent of degraded lands reported by various agencies in the country.These estimates vary largely due to variation in approaches and methodologies of estimation. In absence ofcomprehensive and periodic scientific surveys, the figures reported by National Bureau of Soil Survey & LandUse Planning, Nagpur based on studies and several estimates (2005) for various land degradation have beenconsidered as logically concluded and are being used for various purposes.

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Annexure -

Degraded Lands Developed under various Watershed Development Programmes,since inception upto Tenth Five Year Plan

(Area in Lakh ha. and Expenditure in Rs. Crore

Ministry/Scheme Progress since Progress during X Plan Progress since inceptionS.No. and year of start

inception upto IXPlan (2002-07)

upto endof

XPlan*

Area Expr. Area Expr. Area Expr.

(A) Ministry of Agriculture, (Department of Agriculture & Cooperation)1. NWDPRA 69.79 1877.74 23.30 1147.82 93.09 3025.56

(1990-91)

2. RVP & FPR 54.88 1516.26 9.98 727.98 64.86 2244.24(1962 & 81)

3. WDPSCA 2.58 166.27 1.35 129.31 3.93 295.58(1974-75)

4. RADAS 5.81 76.39 1.30 45.35 7.11 121.74(1985-86)

5. WDF 0.00 0.00 0.59 26.02 0.59 26.02

(1999-00)6. EAPs 13.35 2039.81 4.80 1927.54 18.15 3967.35

Sub Total 146.41 5676.47 41.32 4004.02 187.73 9680.49

(B)Ministry of Rural Development ( Department of Land

Resources)1. DPAP(1973-74) 68.95 3284.74 68.32 1557.76 137.27 4842.50

2. DDP(1977-78) 33.56 797.38 45.17 1152.50 78.73 1949.88

3. IWDP(1988-89) 37.34 616.51 62.22 1821.64 99.56 2438.15

4. EAPs 1.40 18.39 3.60 274.28 5.00 292.67

Sub Total 141.25 4717.02 179.31 4806.18 320.56 9523.20

( C)

Ministry of Environment andForests

1. NAEP(1989-90) 0.70 47.53 0.00 0.00 0.70 47.53

Total (A+B+C) 288.36 10441.02 220.63 8810.20 508.9919251.2

2

Abbreviations:

NWDPRA -National Watershed Development Project for RainfedArea

RVP & FPR - River Valley Project & Flood Prone River

WDPSCA -Watershed Development Project for Shifting CultivationArea

RADAS - Reclamation & Development of Alkali and Acid SoilWDF - Watershed Development FundEAPs - Externally Aided ProjectsDPAP - Drought Prone Area ProgrammeDDP - Desert Development ProgrammeIWDP - Integrated Wasteland Development Project

NAEP - National Afforestation and Eco-Development Project

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Source: Working Group Report of Natural Resource Management for Eleventh Five Year Plan,constituted by Planning Commission, New Delhi, Feb., 2007.

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Annexure III

Target and Outlay Proposed under various Watershed DevelopmentProgrammes for XI Plan

Implementing Nameof

Scheme/ Target for XI PlanOutlay for XI

PlanDeptt./Ministry Programme (Million ha.) (Rs. in crore)

Department of NWDPRA 1.50 1500.00

Agriculture & RVP & FPR 1.25 1500.00Cooperation, MoA

WDPSCA 0.20 240.00

RADAS 0.10 100.00

WDF 0.50 600.00

EAPs 0.50 750.00

RADP (Proposed) 3.00 3300.00

Sub total 7.05 7990.00

Departmentof

land

IWDP

Resources, MoRD DPAP

24.00* 15358.00DDP

Sub Total 24.00 15358.00

PlanningHill Area and Western 1.00 2500.00

GhatDevelopmen

tCommission

Programmes

Total for XI Plan 32.05 25848.00

* DDP, DPAP and IWDP have been merged together and named as IntegratedWatershed Development Programme (IWDP).

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