STARS AND GALAXIEScmarsh.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/7/4/5074685/stars__galaxys.pdfGalaxies...
Transcript of STARS AND GALAXIEScmarsh.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/7/4/5074685/stars__galaxys.pdfGalaxies...
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STARS & GALAXIES
Chapter 27
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Our Solar System
The Sun
The Planets Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
Special Regions Asteroid belt
Between Mars and Jupiter
1000’s discovered
Ceres, Pallas, Vesta, Juno
Kuiper Belt Neptune to beyond
Pluto
short period comets
Oort Cloud Beyond the Kuiper
Belt to approx. 1 Lyr
long period comets
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The Astronomical Unit
A convenient unit for measuring solar system distances
1 AU = average distance between the earth and sun
1 AU = approx 150,000,000 kilometers
1 AU = approx 93,000,000 miles
1 AU
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The Inner Solar System
Mars 1.5 AU
Earth 1 AU
Venus 0.6 AU
Mercury 0.3 AUMe
VE
Ma
J1 AU
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The Asteroid Belt
Between the
orbits of Mars
and Jupiter
1000’s known
Also called
Minor Planets
Me
Ve
Ma
J1 AU
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Outer Solar System
P
J 5 AU
S 10 AU
U 20 AU
N 30 AU
P 40 AU
Pluto’s orbital inclination is the greatest at 17° to the Plane of Ecliptic
P
P lane of
Elliptic
J S UN
top
viewside view
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Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud
The Oort Cloud
extends to
50,000 AU’s
The Kuiper belt
extends to just
beyond the
orbit of Pluto
NJ S U NP
Oort Cloud
Kuiper Belt
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Beyond the Solar System
The Celestial Sphere
Stars
Milky Way
“How Far?” is the key question
The objects we can see are incredibly
distant.
Beyond that are even more objects!
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Distance to the Stars
Light Year—the distance that light travels in one year
The speed of light is 186,000 mps, so light travels 6 trillion miles in one year
Light from the sun takes about 8 minutes to reach earth.
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The Light Year
A convenient unit for interstellar distances
uses (light speed = c) to gauge distance.
1 Lyr = distance traveled by light in one year
c=186,000 miles/sec or 300,000 km/sec
1 Lyr = 6,000,000,000,000 miles
1 Lyr = 10,000,000,000,000 kilometers
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The Parallax Another convenient unit for interstellar distances uses
Parallax to gauge distance
If the angle x is 1” of arc, the distance to the star is 1 parallax second or 3.2 light years. This is a very small angle!
X
earth at time = t
earth at time t + 6 mo..
distant star
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Try This at Home
Parallax—one method to determine the distance between stars and the earth.
The thumb exercise
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The Milky WayIt is a spiral galaxy and it is one of billions of
galaxies
The diameter is about 100,000 light years.
The galaxy is about 10,000 light years thick.
The sun is located about 30,000 light years from the center.
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What is a star??
A body of gases that gives off a tremendous amount of radiant energy in the form of light and heat
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Spectrometer
A spectrometerseparates light from stars into different wavelengths in order to determine composition and temperature of the stars
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Star Temperatures
Blue stars have a temp. as high as 50,000 C
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Cool it off
Red starshave an average temp. of 3,000 C
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The Average Sun
Yellow stars, like the sun, average about 5,500 C
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The North star is 700 light years
away.
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The size of stars
Very large stars are called giants or Supergiants
A small star would be called a dwarf, a typical white dwarf star would be the size of earth
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Stellar Evolution
In the 1st stage a star begins as a Nebula.
It is a cloud of gas and dust (ex. Orion Nebula)
It is usually composed of 70% hydrogen, 28% Helium, and 2% heavier elements
There are 3 stages to
the Life of a Star
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Main-Sequence Stars The 2nd and longest stage of
a star is the main-sequence stage. Energy is generated in the core of the star as hydrogen atoms fuse to become helium atoms.
For ex. when 1g of hydrogen is converted into helium, the energy released is enough to keep a 100 watt bulb burning for 3,000 years.
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Why doesn’t a Star just
Blow Up?
The star does not expand
b/c gravity pulls its matter inward.
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What Then?
A star enters its 3rd stage when almost all of the hydrogen atoms within its core have fused into helium atoms.
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Then It Blows Up!!
Nova— a white dwarf star that has a large explosion that releases energy, gas, and dust into space.
Supernova— a star that has such a tremendous explosion that it blows itself apart.
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Black Holes Black Hole— Occurs when the core of a star is
crushed by its own gravity and leaves a hole in space.
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STAR GROUPS
Astronomers recognize 88 constellations in the sky.
We use these 88 constellations to divide the sky into sections like a road map.
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There are others like:
Orion, the
Great Hunter
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The Big Dipper, Ursa Major
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The Little Dipper, Ursa Minor
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Galaxies
Galaxies— are the major components of the universe, they are made up of groups of stars bound together
by gravitational attraction.
A typical galaxy is about 100,000 light-years in diameter and contains 100 billion stars.
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Large Star Clusters
Galaxies can be detected
by the Hubble Space
Telescope 12 billion Lyrs
distant
Quasars are the result of
young galaxies going
through a youthful phase.
Light from the most distant
quasars and galaxies is over
10 billion years old
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Which Galaxy do we live in?
The Milky Way
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The Milky Way Galaxy
Solar
Neighborhood
100,000 Light Years
10k Lyr
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Types of Galaxies
Spiral galaxy—this type of galaxy has a nucleus of stars and flattened arms of stars that spiral around the nucleus.
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Galaxies
Elliptical galaxy—they are very bright in the center and do not have spiral arms. They have no young stars and very little dust and gas.
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Galaxies
Irregular galaxy—this galaxy has no particular shape. They tend to be smaller and fainter than the other types of galaxies.
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The Milky WayIt is a spiral galaxy and it is one of billions
of
galaxies
The diameter is about 100,000 light years.
They galaxy is about 2,000 light years thick.
The sun is located about 30,000 light years from the center.