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![Page 1: Starry Monday at Otterbein Astronomy Lecture Series -every first Monday of the month- March 6, 2006 Dr. Uwe Trittmann Welcome to.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cfe5503460f949cf5b3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Starry Monday at Otterbein
Astronomy Lecture Series-every first Monday of the month-
March 6, 2006
Dr. Uwe Trittmann
Welcome to
![Page 2: Starry Monday at Otterbein Astronomy Lecture Series -every first Monday of the month- March 6, 2006 Dr. Uwe Trittmann Welcome to.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cfe5503460f949cf5b3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Today’s Topics
• Basic Observations in Astronomy
• The Night Sky in March
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On the Web
• To learn more about astronomy and physics at Otterbein, please visit– http://www.otterbein.edu/dept/PHYS/weitkamp.a
sp (Observatory)
– http://www.otterbein.edu/dept/PHYS/ (Physics Dept.)
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Basic Observations in Astronomy• Positions of objects (sun, moon, planets, stars …) • Motion of objects
– with respect to you, the observer
- with respect to other objects in the sky
• Changes (day/night, seasons, etc.)• Appearance of objects (phases of the moon, etc.)• Special events (eclipses, transitions, etc.)
All “in the sky”, i.e. on the Celestial Sphere
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What’s up in the night sky? The Celestial Sphere• An imaginary sphere
surrounding the earth, on which we picture the stars attached
• Axis through earth’s north and south pole goes through celestial north and south pole
• Earth’s equator Celestial
equator
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Celestial CoordinatesEarth: latitude, longitude
Sky: • declination (dec) [from equator,+/-
90°] • right ascension (RA) [from vernal
equinox, 0-24h; 6h=90°]Examples:• Westerville, OH 40.1°N,
83°W• Betelgeuse (α Orionis) dec = 7°
24’ RA = 5h 52m
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What’s up for you?
Observer Coordinates
• Horizon – the plane you stand on
• Zenith – the point right above you
• Meridian – the line from North to Zenith to south
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…depends where you are!
• Your local sky – your view depends on your location on earth
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Look North in
Westerville
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Look North on
Hawai’i
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Daily Rising and Setting
• Due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis
• Period of rotation: 1 siderial day= 23h56m4.1s
• 1 solar day (Noon to Noon) =24h
• Stars rotate around the North Star – Polaris
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Solar vs Siderial Day
• Earth rotates in 23h56m
• also rotates around sun
needs 4 min. to “catch up”
• Consequence: stars rise 4 minutes earlier each night
• after 1/2 year completely
different sky at night!
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What time is it?
• Depends on where you are on the Earth!• Time zones ensure that the noon is really
noon, i.e. sun is at highest point• To avoid confusion, use universal time (UT),
the time at the meridian in GreenwichUT = EST + 5 hrs
• Daylight savings adds one hour in spring, so UT = EDT+ 4 hrs
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The Time Zones
Established to insure that sun is at highest point approximately at noon in the middle of the time zone
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Another Complication: Axis Tilt!• The Earth’s rotation axis is tilted 23½ degrees
with respect to the plane of its orbit around the sun (the ecliptic)
• It is fixed in space sometimes we look “down” onto the ecliptic, sometimes “up” to it
Path around sun
Rotation axis
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Position of Ecliptic on the Celestial Sphere• Earth axis is tilted w.r.t. ecliptic by 23 ½ degrees
• Equivalent: ecliptic is tilted by 23 ½ degrees w.r.t. equator! Sun appears to be sometime above (e.g. summer
solstice), sometimes below, and sometimes on the celestial equator
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The Seasons• Change of seasons
is a result of the tilt of the Earth’s rotation axis with respect to the plane of the ecliptic
• Sun, moon, planets run along the ecliptic
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The Zodiac throughout the Year
Example: In Winter sun in Sagittarius, Gemini at night sky; in summer sun in Gemini, Sagittarius at night sky
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Constellations of Stars
• About 5000 stars visible with naked eye• About 3500 of them from the northern hemisphere• Stars that appear to be close are grouped together
into constellations since antiquity • Officially 88 constellations
(with strict boundaries for classification of objects) • Names range from mythological (Perseus,
Cassiopeia) to technical (Air Pump, Compass)
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Constellations of Stars (cont’d)
Orion as seen at night Orion as imagined by men
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Constellations (cont’d)
Orion “from the side”
Stars in a constellation are not connected in any real way; they aren’t even close together!
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Zodiacal signs vs. Constellations
- 360/12=30, so each zodiacal sign is exactly 30 degrees “long”- 0 degrees: Aries, 30 degrees: Taurus, 60 degrees: Gemini, 90
degrees: Cancer, etc.
•“Constellation” is a modern, well-defined term
- Some constellations are big, some are small on the celestial sphere
•“Zodiacal sign” is the old way of dividing the year and the Sun’s path into 12 equal parts
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Example
The vernal equinox happens when the sun enters the zodiacal sign of Aries, but is actually located in the constellation of Pisces.
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Reason: Precession of the Equinoxes
Precession period
about 26,000 years
“The dawning of the age of
Aquarius”
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Motion of Sun, Moon and other Planets• All major bodies in the Solar System move around ecliptic
• Slow drift (from W to E) against the background of stars
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Reason: All planets move in same plane!
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All planets? - Pluto’s strange Orbit• Very far out there: 40 A.U.
• Pluto’s year = 248 Earth years
• Orbit inclined 17° w.r.t. ecliptic
• Very eccentric orbit:• Perihelion: 30 A.U.
(inside the Neptune orbit!)
• Aphelion: 50 A.U.
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Is Pluto a planet?
• Orbit too weird• Too small
Today Pluto would probably not be classified as a planet!
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Why do all planets move in the same plane?
• Reason: Formation process of the Solar System
• Condenses from a rotating cloud of gas and dust– Conservation of angular
momentum flattens it
• Dust helps cool the nebula and acts as seeds for the clumping of matter
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Formation of Planets
• Orbiting dust – planitesimals
• Planitesimals collide
• Different elements form in different regions due to temperature
• Asteroids
• Remaining gas
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Motion of the Moon• Moon shines not by its own light but by reflected
light of Sun
Origin of the phases of the moon• Moon revolves around the Earth
• period of revolution = 1 month
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Phases of the Moon
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Phases of the Moon (cont’d)
• Moon rotates around earth in one month
• Moon rotates around itself in the same time
always shows us the same side!
“dark side of the moon” (not dark at all!)
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Motion of the Planets
• Along the ecliptic as Sun and Moon
• But: exhibit weird, “retrograde” motion at times
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“Strange” motion of the Planets
Planets usually move from W to E relative to the stars, but sometimes strangely turn around in a loop, the so called retrograde motion.
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The heliocentric Explanation of retrograde planetary motion
See also: SkyGazer
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SkyGazer
• A computer program that simulates the vision of the sky during day and night
Things to observe:• Set your position on Earth: observe how view of
sky changes as you move E,W, N,S• Note the distribution of sunlight on Earth!• Rotation is around Polaris which is not in zenith
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SkyGazer
Things to observe (cont’d):• Sun, moon, planets, stars rise (E) and set
(W)
• In the southern hemisphere the sun is highest in the north
• Planets sometimes move backward
• Moon phases
• Planets have phases, too!
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Eclipses
• One celestial object hidden by other or in the shadow of another
• Solar eclipse: sun hidden by the moon• Lunar eclipse: moon in earth’s shadow (sun
hidden from moon by earth)• Also: eclipses of Jupiter’s moons, etc.• Most spectacular because moon and sun
appear to be the same size from earth
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Solar Eclipses
• Umbra – region of total shadow• Penumbra – region of partial shadow• Totality lasts only a few minutes!• Why isn’t there a solar eclipse every month?
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Solar Eclipse
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Solar Corona
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Question
Why isn’t there an eclipse every month ?
Answer: because the Moon’s orbit is inclined w.r.t. the ecliptic
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Lunar Eclipses Moon moves into
earth’s shadow…
…and out of it
(takes hours!)
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![Page 46: Starry Monday at Otterbein Astronomy Lecture Series -every first Monday of the month- March 6, 2006 Dr. Uwe Trittmann Welcome to.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cfe5503460f949cf5b3/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Partial Eclipse
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Not an Eclipse !
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Towards Totality
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Almost total…
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Totality
Totality
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The Night Sky in March
• Long nights, early observing!
• Winter constellations are up early: Orion, Taurus, Gemini, Auriga, Canis Major & Minor, the spring constellations come up: Cancer, Leo, Big Dipper
• Saturn dominates the evening, Jupiter early morning.
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Moon Phases
• Today (First quarter Moon)
• 3/ 14 (Full Moon)
• 3 / 22 (Last Quarter Moon)
• 3 / 29 (New Moon)
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Today at
Noon
• Sun at meridian, i.e. exactly south
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10 PM
Typical observing hour, early March
• Saturn Mars
Moon
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South-West
Plejades
Mars in Aries / Taurus
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Zenith
• Big Dipper points to the north pole
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West
High in the sky:
Perseus andAuriga
with Plejades and the Double
Cluster
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South-West
• The Winter Constellations– Orion
– Taurus
– Canis Major
– Gemini
– Canis Minor
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The Winter
Hexagon
• Sirius
• Procyon
• Pollux
• Capella
• Aldebaran
• Rigel
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South
• Saturn near Praesepe, an open star cluster
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East
• Spring constellations:– Leo– Hydra
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Mark your Calendars!
• Next Starry Monday: April 3, 2005, 8 (!!!) pm (this is a Monday )
• Observing at Prairie Oaks Metro Park: – Friday, May 5, 9:00 pm
• Web pages:– http://www.otterbein.edu/dept/PHYS/weitkamp.asp (Obs.)– http://www.otterbein.edu/dept/PHYS/ (Physics Dept.)
![Page 63: Starry Monday at Otterbein Astronomy Lecture Series -every first Monday of the month- March 6, 2006 Dr. Uwe Trittmann Welcome to.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cfe5503460f949cf5b3/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Mark your Calendars II
• Physics Coffee is every Wednesday, 3:30 pm
• Open to the public, everyone welcome!
• Location: across the hall, Science 256
• Free coffee, cookies, etc.