Starfish: A Self-tuning System for Big Data Analytics

Herodotos Herodotou,Harold Lim, Fei Dong, Shivnath Babu

Duke University

2

Analysis in the Big Data Era

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Massive Data

DataAnalysi

s

Insight

Key to Success = Timely and Cost-Effective Analysis

Starfish

3

Hadoop MapReduce EcosystemPopular solution to Big Data Analytics

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MapReduce Execution Engine

Distributed File System

Hadoop

Java / C++ / R / Python OozieHivePig Elastic

MapReduceJaql

HBase

Starfish

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Practitioners of Big Data AnalyticsWho are the users?

Data analysts, statisticians, computational scientists…Researchers, developers, testers…You!

Who performs setup and tuning?The users!Usually lack expertise to tune the system

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Tuning ChallengesHeavy use of programming languages for

MapReduce programs (e.g., Java/python)

Data loaded/accessed as opaque files

Large space of tuning choices

Elasticity is wonderful, but hard to achieve (Hadoop has many useful mechanisms, but policies are lacking)

Terabyte-scale data cycles

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Our goal: Provide good performance automatically

Starfish: Self-tuning System

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MapReduce Execution Engine

Distributed File System

Hadoop

Java / C++ / R / Python OozieHivePig Elastic

MapReduceJaql

HBase

StarfishAnalytics System

Starfish

7

What are the Tuning Problems?

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Job-level MapReduce

configuration

Workload management

Datalayout tuning

Cluster sizing

Workflow optimization

J1 J2

J3

J4

Starfish

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Starfish’s Core Approach to Tuning

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1) if Δ(conf. parameters) then what …? 2) if Δ(data properties) then what …? 3) if Δ(cluster properties) then what …?

ProfilerCollects concisesummaries of

execution

What-if EngineEstimates impact of hypothetical

changes on execution

OptimizersSearch through space of tuning choices

Job

WorkflowWorkload

Data layout

Cluster

Starfish

Starfish Architecture

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Profiler What-if EngineWorkflow Optimizer

Workload Optimizer Elastisizer

Job Optimizer

Data ManagerMetadata

Mgr.Intermediate

Data Mgr.Data Layout & Storage Mgr.

Starfish

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MapReduce Job Execution

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split 0 map out 0reduce

Two Map Waves One Reduce Wave

split 2 map

split 1 map split 3 map Out 1reduce

job j = < program p, data d, resources r, configuration c >

Starfish

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What Controls MR Job Execution?

Space of configuration choices:Number of map tasksNumber of reduce tasksPartitioning of map outputs to reduce tasksMemory allocation to task-level buffersMultiphase external sorting in the tasksWhether output data from tasks should be compressedWhether combine function should be used

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job j = < program p, data d, resources r, configuration c >

Starfish

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Effect of Configuration Settings

Use defaults or set manually (rules-of-thumb)Rules-of-thumb may not suffice

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Two-dimensional projection of a multi-dimensional surface(Word Co-occurrence MapReduce Program)

Rules-of-thumb settings

Starfish

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MapReduce Job Tuning in a NutshellGoal:

Challenges: p is an arbitrary MapReduce program; c is high-dimensional; …

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),,,(minarg crdpFcSc

opt

),,,( crdpFperf

Profiler

What-if Engine

Optimizer

Runs p to collect a job profile (concise execution summary) of <p,d1,r1,c1> Given profile of <p,d1,r1,c1>, estimates virtual profile for <p,d2,r2,c2>Enumerates and searches through the optimization space S efficiently

Starfish

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Job ProfileConcise representation of program execution as a jobRecords information at the level of “task phases”Generated by Profiler through measurement or by the

What-if Engine through estimation

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Memory Buffer

Merge

Sort,[Combine],[Compress]

Serialize,Partitionmap

Merge

split

DFS

SpillCollectMapReadStarfish

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Job Profile FieldsDataflow: amount of data flowing through task phasesMap output bytes

Number of spills

Number of records in buffer per spill

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Costs: execution times at the level of task phasesRead phase time in the map task

Map phase time in the map task

Spill phase time in the map task

Dataflow Statistics: statistical information about dataflowWidth of input key-value pairs

Map selectivity in terms of records

Map output compression ratio

Cost Statistics: statistical information about resource costsI/O cost for reading from local disk per byte

CPU cost for executing the Mapper per record

CPU cost for uncompressing the input per byte

Starfish

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Generating Profiles by MeasurementGoals

Have zero overhead when profiling is turned offRequire no modifications to HadoopSupport unmodified MapReduce programs written in

Java or Hadoop Streaming/Pipes (Python/Ruby/C++)

Approach: Dynamic (on-demand) instrumentationEvent-condition-action rules are specified (in Java)Leads to run-time instrumentation of Hadoop internalsMonitors task phases of MapReduce job executionWe currently use Btrace (Hadoop internals are in Java)

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Generating Profiles by Measurement

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split 0 map out 0reduce

split 1 map

raw data

raw data

raw data

map profile

reduce profile

job profile

Use of Sampling• Profile fewer tasks• Execute fewer tasks

JVM = Java Virtual Machine, ECA = Event-Condition-Action

JVM JVM

JVM

Enable Profiling

ECA rules

Starfish

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What-if Engine

Job Oracle

Virtual Job Profile for <p, d2, r2, c2>

What-if Engine

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Task Scheduler Simulator

JobProfile

<p, d1, r1, c1>

Properties of Hypothetical job

Input DataProperties

<d2>

ClusterResources

<r2>

ConfigurationSettings

<c2>

Possibly Hypothetical

Starfish

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Virtual Profile Estimation

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Given profile for job j = <p, d1, r1, c1> estimate profile for job j' = <p, d2, r2, c2>

(Virtual) Profile for j'DataflowStatistics

Dataflow

CostStatistics

Costs

Profile for jInput

Data d2

Confi-guration

c2

Resourcesr2

Costs

White-box Models

CostStatisticsRelative

Black-boxModels

Dataflow

White-box Models

DataflowStatistics

CardinalityModels

Starfish

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Job Optimizer

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Best Configuration Settings <copt> for <p, d2, r2>

Subspace Enumeration

Recursive Random Search

Just-in-Time Optimizer

JobProfile

<p, d1, r1, c1>

Input DataProperties

<d2>

ClusterResources

<r2>

What-ifcalls

Starfish

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Workflow Optimization Space

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Job-level Configuration

Dataset-level Configuration

Physical

Optimization Space

Logical

Join Selection

Partition Function Selection

Vertical Packing

Inter-job Inter-job

Starfish

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Optimizations on TF-IDF Workflow

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LogicalOptimization

M1R1

…D0 <{D},{W}>

J1

D1

D2

D4

M2R2

…<{D, W},{f}>

J2

…<{D},{W, f, c}>

J3, J4

…<{W},{D, t}>

Partition:{D}Sort: {D,W}

M1R1M2R2

…D0 <{D},{W}>

J1, J2

D2

D4

M3R3M4

…<{D},{W, f, c}>

J3, J4

…<{W},{D, t}>

PhysicalOptimization

Reducers= 50Compress = offMemory = 400…

…

…

…

Reducers= 20Compress = onMemory = 300…

LegendD = docname f = frequencyW = word c = countt = TF-IDF

M3R3M4

Starfish

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New ChallengesWhat-if challenges:

Support concurrent job execution

Estimate intermediate data properties

Optimization challengesInteractions across jobsExtended optimization spaceFind good configuration

settings for individual jobs

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J1 J2

J3

J4

Workflow

Starfish

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Cluster Sizing ProblemUse-cases for cluster sizing

Tuning the cluster size for elastic workloadsWorkload transitioning from development cluster to

production clusterMulti-objective cluster provisioning

GoalDetermine cluster resources & job-level configuration

parameters to meet workload requirements

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Multi-objective Cluster Provisioning

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m1.small m1.large m1.xlarge c1.medium c1.xlarge0

200400600800

1,0001,200

Run

ning

Tim

e (m

in)

m1.small m1.large m1.xlarge c1.medium c1.xlarge0.002.004.006.008.00

10.00

EC2 Instance Type

Cos

t ($)

Cloud enables users to provision clusters in minutes

Starfish

Experimental Evaluation

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Starfish (versions 0.1, 0.2) to manage Hadoop on EC2Different scenarios: Cluster × Workload × Data

EC2 Node Type

CPU: EC2 units

Mem I/O Perf. Cost /hour

#Maps /node

#Reds/node

MaxMem /task

m1.small 1 (1 x 1) 1.7 GB moderate $0.085 2 1 300 MB

m1.large 4 (2 x 2) 7.5 GB high $0.34 3 2 1024 MB

m1.xlarge 8 (4 x 2) 15 GB high $0.68 4 4 1536 MB

c1.medium 5 (2 x 2.5) 1.7 GB moderate $0.17 2 2 300 MB

c1.xlarge 20 (8 x 2.5) 7 GB high $0.68 8 6 400 MB

cc1.4xlarge 33.5 (8) 23 GB very high $1.60 8 6 1536 MB

Starfish

Experimental Evaluation

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Starfish (versions 0.1, 0.2) to manage Hadoop on EC2Different scenarios: Cluster × Workload × Data

Abbr. MapReduce Program Domain Dataset

CO Word Co-occurrence Natural Lang Proc. Wikipedia (10GB – 22GB)

WC WordCount Text Analytics Wikipedia (30GB – 1TB)

TS TeraSort Business Analytics TeraGen (30GB – 1TB)

LG LinkGraph Graph Processing Wikipedia (compressed ~6x)

JO Join Business Analytics TPC-H (30GB – 1TB)

TF Term Freq. - Inverse Document Freq.

Information Retrieval Wikipedia (30GB – 1TB)

Starfish

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Job Optimizer Evaluation

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Hadoop cluster: 30 nodes, m1.xlargeData sizes: 60-180 GB

TS WC LG JO TF CO0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Default Set-tingsRule-based OptimizerCost-based Optimizer

MapReduce Programs

Spee

dup

over

Def

ault

Starfish

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Estimates from the What-if Engine

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Hadoop cluster: 16 nodes, c1.mediumMapReduce Program: Word Co-occurrenceData set: 10 GB Wikipedia

True surface Estimated surface

Starfish

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Profiling Overhead Vs. Benefit

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1 5 10 20 40 60 80 1000

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Percent of Tasks Profiled

Perc

ent O

verh

ead

over

Job

R

unni

ng T

ime

with

Pro

filin

g T

urne

d O

ff

1 5 10 20 40 60 80 1000.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Percent of Tasks Profiled

Spee

dup

over

Job

run

w

ith R

BO

Set

tings

Hadoop cluster: 16 nodes, c1.mediumMapReduce Program: Word Co-occurrenceData set: 10 GB Wikipedia

Starfish

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Multi-objective Cluster Provisioning

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m1.small m1.large m1.xlarge c1.medium c1.xlarge0

200400600800

1,0001,200

ActualPredicted

Run

ning

Tim

e (m

in)

m1.small m1.large m1.xlarge c1.medium c1.xlarge0.002.004.006.008.00

10.00

ActualPredicted

EC2 Instance Type for Target Cluster

Cos

t ($)

Instance Type for Source Cluster: m1.large

Starfish

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More info: www.cs.duke.edu/starfish

9/26/2011

Job-level MapReduce

configuration

Workflow optimization

Workload management

Datalayout tuning

Cluster sizing

J1 J2

J3

J4

Starfish