Staples, Slavery, and a Subprime Aristocracy. The Black Legend.
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Transcript of Staples, Slavery, and a Subprime Aristocracy. The Black Legend.
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Staples, Slavery, and a Subprime Aristocracy
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The Black Legend
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Christian Love in New Spain
• Laws of the Indies (1512, 1542, etc.)• 1537 – Pope Paul III condemns mistreatment of Indians• Ban on Indian slavery, but labor still forced
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Indians in New Spain inconveniently died out from disease and overwork
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What to do?
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Here Come the English
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English view of Irish, 1580
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Plymouth and London Companies• “Virginia”=whole
east coast• Popham colony
(Aug. 13, 1607)• Jamestown (May
14, 1607)
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English settlement in the Chesapeake, ca. 1650
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The Chesapeake
• An economic proposition• For-profit agriculture• The labor problem
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Colony was almost a total disaster until tobacco was successfully cultivated
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John Rolfe and Pocahontas, daughter of the chief of the Powhatan Confederacy
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The only portrait of Pocahontas
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Powhatan, the most prominent Indian leader in theoriginal area of English settlement in Virginia
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Life in the Chesapeake
• Mostly men• Mostly indentured servants, at least at first• One of the long term results of enclosure
movement in England
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William Hogarth’s well-known engraving Gin Lane
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A pamphlet published in 1609 promotingemigration to Virginia.
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“Freedom” in the Chesapeake
• From free to unfree• Serfs vs. servants vs. slaves• “Liberties”• Short life expectancy
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• 1607 and 1670• 15,000 Indians in the Chesapeake area reduced to
2,000
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The Elusive Promise
• Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)• Rage over lack of land, corruption• Gov. William Berkeley
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The Looming Danger
• Perennial threat of border warfare• Longer life expectancies• Stimulus for slavery
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Slavery in the Chesapeake and Carolinas
• Problem of Indian slavery• Benefits of exploiting Africans• Tobacco in Virginia
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• Rice and indigo in Carolina• Tobacco, timber, and tar in NC• Yamassee War (1715-1717)
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The Big Number
• 300,000 slaves to North America in 1700s
• More than ½ of all “migration” to English colonies 1700-1775
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• Up to 20 million Africans brought to New World• Many died in Africa, before departure
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The Middle Passage
• Estimates of up to 4 millions deaths, between 1500-1900• 15% of slaves died in transit
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• Triangular trade• “Atlantic World”
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The variety of slave experience
• Large plantations in Chesapeake– Exposure to English language, religion
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The variety of slave experience
• Huge plantations in SC low-country– Disease– Greater persistence of African culture– Gullah
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The variety of slave experience
• Elsewhere:– Small farms, isolation– Esp. in New England
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The variety of slave experience
• Urban slavery– New York– Work in trades– Greater autonomy– “Mulatto” class emerges in Charleston, Savannah,
New Orleans
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An advertisement for tobacco includes images of slaves with agricultural implements.
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Processing tobacco was labor-intensive
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Life Goes On in the 18th Century
• “Anglicization”• Consumer Revolution• Diversity vs. homogenization
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• Anglican Church dominant in South, Congregationalists in New England
• French and Indian War (1763)• Enduring hostility between coast and frontier
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Avarice & Exploitation: What Could Go Wrong?
• Planters in the South aspired to be aristocrats• Instability of cash crop production• Risk of debt in commercial agriculture• Classic boom/bust in 1760s• Bitterness of indebted planters fuels
radicalism?