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Standards Based Grading and Reporting
MARIE ALCOCK PHD
Modified from Tom Guskey’s work and Bob Marzano’s work
Materials available at http://www.lsalearning.com
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Agenda for Today
1. What is the purpose of standards based grading and reporting?
1. Standards based & Standards aligned (referenced)
2. Grading & Reporting
3. Rubrics & Proficiency scales
4. Grading & Scoring
2. What should we consider when designing a reporting tool?
1. Impacts on instruction & policies
2. Steps for designing assessments
3. Work session
1. Assessment #2
2. Include proficiency scales
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Support Resources:
1. Local research: http://www.relnei.org/news/bridge-event-standards-based-grading.html
2. Samples: http://www.ernweb.com/public/standards-based-report-cards.cfm
3. Samples: http://www.ernweb.com/public/grading-struggling-learners.cfm
4. Training and PD support: http://www.schoolimprovement.com/experts/thomas-guskey/
5. Active and archive research: http://www.marzanoresearch.com/resources/proficiency-scale-bank
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Standards Based & Standards Aligned
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?
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Definitions types of grading and reporting
Standards Based Grading and reporting based in
relation to standards and students can move up or down to other sets of standards once mastery is achieved.
Product grades are only reflection of what current performance is in relation to identified standards student is working on. (transparent grading and reporting)
Standards Aligned A.K.A. Standards-Referenced
Teachers give students feedback on a set of defined standards
Students DO NOT move up on down on sets of standards
May include other factors such as rules compliance, attendance, social behaviors, attitudes, level of effort, etc. (non-transparent grading)
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EXAMPLE
Standards Based
Sally – 2nd grade student
Time
Standards LVL
Performance on
standards
Rubric /Grade
1st Grade 1 3.0 3 / A
2nd Grade 1 3.5 3 / A
3rd Grade 2 3.0 3 / A
4th Grade 2 3.5 3 / A
Standards Aligned (Referenced)
Sally – 2nd grade student
Time
Standards LVL
Performance on standards
Rubric /Grade
1st Grade 2 1.5 2 / C
2nd Grade 2 2.0 2 / C
3rd Grade 2 3.0 3 / A
4th Grade 2 3.5 3 / A
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Grading & Reporting
A QUEST FOR
MEANINGFUL GRADES
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Bloom’s Question to Education
Find Develop
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Two Problems with Reporting
We do not agree on the purpose
We do not agree on what counts
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Problem #1 = Purpose
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Most common purposes
Most Important
?
Least Important
?
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Sample: Survey Results Most Important
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Sample: Survey Results - Least Important
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Problem #2 = ElementsAmong these elements, how many would you advocate including in a report card grade?
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Three Criteria in Transparent Grading
Product Criteria
Process Criteria
Progress Criteria
The standards or content & skill expectations
The habits of mind, behaviors, study skills, and/or
dispositions expected from learners (i.e., personal
responsibility, social responsibility, perseverance, rules
following etc.)
The growth in learning from beginning to end of experience.
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Reporting on a set of standards
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4
3
4
3
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Sample Standards Based Report
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Meaningful grades are:
AccurateConsistentMeaningfulSupportive of
learning
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Two Major Conclusions from Research
1) Grading is NOT essential to the
instructional process
Teachers can teach without grades
Students can and do learn without
grades
2) Reporting should always be done based
on clear criteria and never on a curve.
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CHECKING is ESSENTIAL for LEARNING
Checking is Diagnostic
Teacher is Advocate
Student is still able to Improve Performance
Product is descriptive feedback to student (Prescription)
Grading is Evaluative
Teacher is Judge
Student is Sorted
Product is evaluative feedback to student (Autopsy)
Right Not right yet
Next Steps
1, 2, 4, 5 3 Review Basic Math facts 0-10
6, 7, 8, 9 Redo HW 1.4
10 Practice lining up place value problems (5)
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Rubrics & Proficiency Scales
WHAT EXACTLY IS THE DIFFERENCE?
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Definitions
RUBRIC For Producing a “grade” or “score” or
“Next steps learning plan”
Organized around any number of targets or goals
Proficiency Scale
For producing an assessment or report aligned to clear standards
Organized around any number of test items or tasks
3 2 1
Target Criteria
1
Above Target description
At Target description
Below Target description
Target Criteria
2
Above Target description
At Target description
Below Target description
Scale Level Test Items
2.0 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10
3.0 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14
4.0 9, 13, 15
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RUBRICS
Evaluative DescriptiveNum. Objective Proficient Developing Feedback
1
Focus/Introduce the
Topic
Orients the reader by introducing the topic
Writes for an intended audience (formal style)
Attempts to introduce the topic
Attempts to write for an intended audience (formal style)
2
Organization
Organizes ideas and information into logical introductory, body and conclusion
Groups related information into paragraphs or sections, including formatting (e.g., headings)
Uses linking words and phrases appropriately to connect ideas within and across categories of information
Attempts to organize ideas and information into a paragraph structure that includes an introduction, body and conclusion
Grouping of ideas lacks cohesion (e.g., list-like, rambling, or repetitive)
Attempts to use some simplistic linking words to connect ideas
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Proficiency Scale
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Grading & Scoring
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Proficiency Scale
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Really just three levels…
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Grading / Reporting
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Possible Conversions
Proficiency Scale
Traditional 100 Pt Scale
Rubric
4.0 A+ 100 4
3.5 A 95 4
3.0 A- 92 3
2.5 B 85 3
2.0 B- 80 2
1.5 C 75 2
1.0 C- 70 1
0.5 D 65 1
0.0 F 50 0
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Sample Scoring System – not numeric
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SAMPLE Reporting ToolLITERACY 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Reading
Phonics and Word Recognition
Fluency
Key Ideas and Details
Craft and Structure
Integration of Knowledge and Ideas
Range of reading – Text Complexity
Writing
Types and Purposes
Production and Distribution
Research
Range
Speaking &
Listening
Discussion
Presentation
Language
Conventions
Knowledge of Language
Vocabulary
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Sample Standards Based Report
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SAMPLE Reporting ToolMATHEMATICS 1st
Quarter
2nd Quarter
3rd Quarter
4th Quarter
Operations &
Algebraic
Thinking
Write and Interpret Numerical Expressions
Analyze Patterns and Relationships
Numbers &
Operations- in
Base ten
Understanding Place Value System
Perform Operations with Multi-digit whole numbers and with decimals to hundredths
Numbers &
Operations -
Fractions
Use Equivalent Fractions as a strategy to add and subtract fractions
Apply and Extend previous understandings of multiplication and division
Measurement &
Data
Convert Like Measurement units within a given measurement system
Represent and interpret data
Geometric measurement: Understand concepts of volume
Geometry
Graph points on the coordinate plane to solve real-world and mathematical problems
Classify two-dimensional figures into categories based on their properties.
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SAMPLE Reporting ToolMATHEMATICS 1st
Quarter
2nd Quarte
r
3rd Quarter
4th Quarte
r
Operations &
Algebraic
Thinking
Write and Interpret Numerical Expressions 2.0 2.0 2.5 3.0
Analyze Patterns and Relationships 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5
Numbers &
Operations- in
Base ten
Understanding Place Value System 2.0 2.0 2.5 3.0
Perform Operations with Multi-digit whole numbers and with decimals to hundredths
3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5
Numbers &
Operations -
Fractions
Use Equivalent Fractions as a strategy to add and subtract fractions
2.0 2.0 2.5 3.0
Apply and Extend previous understandings of multiplication and division
3.0 3.0 3.5 4.0
Measurement &
Data
Convert Like Measurement units within a given measurement system
2.0 2.0 2.5 3.0
Represent and interpret data 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.0
Geometric measurement: Understand concepts of volume
2.0 2.0 2.5 3.0
Geometry
Graph points on the coordinate plane to solve real-world and mathematical problems
2.0 2.0 2.5 3.0
Classify two-dimensional figures into categories based on their properties.
3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5
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Impacts on Instruction and Policies
WHAT CHANGES?
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Instructional Implications
No zero – “Get it done” Refine, refine, refine Do it again until you know it Learn, learn, learn how to do better = formative Not average, Best performance = summative Consequence fits the crime… Resilience
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A simple idea supported by research
http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/dec13/vol71/num04/Simple-Is-Not-Always-Easy.aspx
1. Set clear learning objectives.
2. Use an anticipatory set to focus and engage students in their learning.
3. Present information and model new knowledge or skills.
4. Provide students with opportunities for deliberate practice.
5. Use regular formative assessments to check for student understanding.
6. Reteach as needed, using individualized interventions targeted to learning
needs.
7. Confirm understanding before moving on to new content.
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Steps to Designing Assessments and Report Cards
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Big Picture Steps in the Process
Prioritize Standards Write Proficiency Scales Align Teaching Materials
and Resources Dissemination to Teams
and Reporting Tools
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Specific to this Week’s work
How to Prioritize StandardsStep 1 Analyze Standards
Documents
Step 2 Select Preliminary Prioritized Standards
Step 3 Categorize Prioritized Standards
Step 4: Review the Final Categories
Please Bring: Copy of Year-Long Context Copy of Grade level
Standards Common Assessments if
created
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WORK SESSION TODAY
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Task for Today
1. Identify the standards for the second assessment using your year-long context.
2. Complete a proficiency scale template for each standard(s)
3. Identify how many assessment items there will be for each level (2.0 / 3.0 / 4.0)
4. Write assessment items
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Partial Bibliography
Block, J. (1971). Mastery learning: Theory and practice. Dallas, TX: Holt, Rinehart, and Wilson.
English, L., Dickinson, G., McBride, J., Milligan, J., & Nichols, J. (2004). Throw out the lifeboat: Staying afloat in the age of efficiency and effectiveness. Education, 125(1), 104–110.
Fullan, M. (2011). Choosing the wrong drivers for whole system reform. Melbourne, Australia: Centre for Strategic Education.
Gawande, A. (2013, July 29). Slow ideas. The New Yorker. Retrieved fromwww.newyorker.com/reporting/2013/07/29/130729fa_fact_gawande
Goodwin, B. (2013). Teacher leadership: No guarantee of success. Educational Leadership, 71(2), 78–80.
Guskey, T. R. (2007). Closing achievement gaps: Revisiting Benjamin S. Bloom's "Learning for Mastery." Journal of Advanced Academics, 19(1), 8–31.
Hunter, M. (1985). What's wrong with Madeline Hunter?Educational Leader ship, 42(5), 57–60.
Kulik, C. C., Kulik, J. A., Bangert-Drowns, R. L., & Slavin, R. L. (1990). Effective ness of mastery learning programs: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 60(2), 265–299.
Slavin, R. E. (1989). On mastery learning and mastery teaching. Educational Leader ship, 46(7), 77–79.
https://edc.adobeconnect.com/_a1002235226/p4vifhrw0ai/?launcher=false&fcsContent=true&pbMode=normal
http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/dec13/vol71/num04/Simple-Is-Not-Always-Easy.aspx