Standard Form ► 1. State your position ► 2. 1 st Premise (Fact 1: State fact and source) ► 3....
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Transcript of Standard Form ► 1. State your position ► 2. 1 st Premise (Fact 1: State fact and source) ► 3....
Standard FormStandard Form►1. State your position1. State your position►2. 12. 1stst Premise (Fact 1: State fact and source) Premise (Fact 1: State fact and source)►3. 23. 2ndnd Premise (Fact 2: State fact and source) Premise (Fact 2: State fact and source)►4. 34. 3rdrd Premise (Fact 3: State fact and source) Premise (Fact 3: State fact and source)►5. 45. 4thth Premise (Fact 4: State fact and source) Premise (Fact 4: State fact and source)►6. Counter Argument6. Counter Argument►7. Response to Counter Argument7. Response to Counter Argument►8. Conclusion8. Conclusion
Evaluating Moral Evaluating Moral ArgumentsArguments
Structure of a Moral Argument Structure of a Moral Argument about Actionsabout Actions
(1) Action A has feature F.(1) Action A has feature F.(2) It is morally good/bad to do (2) It is morally good/bad to do
actions that have feature F.actions that have feature F.Therefore,Therefore,(3) You should/should not do A.(3) You should/should not do A.
Consequentialist Moral Consequentialist Moral Argument FormArgument Form
(1) Some action causes a particular (1) Some action causes a particular effect effect
(a consequence)(a consequence)
(2) Causing this particular effect is right (2) Causing this particular effect is right or wrongor wrong
ThereforeTherefore(3) People should / should not do the (3) People should / should not do the action in questionaction in question
Deontological Moral Deontological Moral ArgumentsArguments
(1) Action A has intrinsic feature F.(1) Action A has intrinsic feature F.
(2) It is morally good/bad to do actions (2) It is morally good/bad to do actions with intrinsic feature F.with intrinsic feature F.
Therefore,Therefore,(3) H should/should not do A.(3) H should/should not do A.
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Kant’s Moral Kant’s Moral TheoryTheory
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Immanuel KantImmanuel Kant1724-18041724-1804
GermanGerman
Wrote on many subjectsWrote on many subjects
Critique of Pure ReasonCritique of Pure Reason
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Requirements for MoralityRequirements for MoralityFree WillFree Will
RationalityRationality
Moral Autonomy Moral Autonomy
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Happiness?Happiness?We are not here to be HappyWe are not here to be Happy
ButBut
To be Worthy of HappinessTo be Worthy of Happiness
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If happiness were the goal of If happiness were the goal of human lifehuman life
Then we would be controlled by Then we would be controlled by our instincts not reasonour instincts not reason
The more you know the more pain The more you know the more pain and suffering you experienceand suffering you experience
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Good WillGood WillOnly thing in the world that cannot Only thing in the world that cannot
be pervertedbe perverted
Although we might not always be Although we might not always be able to do the right thingable to do the right thing
We must always We must always wantwant to do the to do the right thingright thing
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Categorical ImperativeCategorical ImperativeAbsolute CommandAbsolute Command
of of Moral reasonMoral reason
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Deontological EthicsDeontological EthicsMorality based upon dutyMorality based upon duty
It is our duty to follow the It is our duty to follow the Categorical ImperativeCategorical Imperative
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Hypothetical ImperativeHypothetical Imperative►Possible CommandPossible Command
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Moral Worth of an ActionMoral Worth of an ActionBased Upon OurBased Upon Our
IntentionsIntentions
Not Not The ConsequencesThe Consequences
of the Actionof the Action
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Why?Why?1. Because doing what is right has 1. Because doing what is right has
intrinsic valueintrinsic value
2. Since we are not God, we cannot 2. Since we are not God, we cannot guarantee that what we intent to guarantee that what we intent to
happen will actually happenhappen will actually happen
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ThereforeThereforeWe are only responsible for what We are only responsible for what
we have complete control overwe have complete control over
OUR INTENTIONSOUR INTENTIONS
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Wallet ExampleWallet Example
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11stst Formulation FormulationAct only on the maxim that you Act only on the maxim that you could will to be a universal law of could will to be a universal law of
nature without contradictionnature without contradiction
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What is a Maxim?What is a Maxim?An IntentionAn Intention
OrOrReasonReason
for doing somethingfor doing something
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What is a Universal Law of What is a Universal Law of Nature?Nature?
Something that must happen Something that must happen whether or not we want it towhether or not we want it to
Example:Example:GravityGravity
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Without Contradiction?Without Contradiction?Every time we are going to actEvery time we are going to act
We are to think about why we want We are to think about why we want to take that actionto take that action
Then imagine how we might write Then imagine how we might write out a statement expressing our out a statement expressing our
reasons for actionreasons for action
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If the action we are thinking about If the action we are thinking about taking is taking is morally wrongmorally wrong
Then we will see a Then we will see a contradictioncontradiction in in the sentence stating our the sentence stating our
intentionsintentions
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ExampleExampleWe want to borrow money from a We want to borrow money from a
bankbank
But we have no intention of paying But we have no intention of paying the money back to the bankthe money back to the bank
What would a statement look like What would a statement look like expressing this intention?expressing this intention?
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It is morally acceptable It is morally acceptable to sign ato sign a
promissory notepromissory note to pay back the moneyto pay back the money
when I havewhen I haveno intention of keeping my no intention of keeping my
promisepromise to pay the money backto pay the money back
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Contradiction?Contradiction?I make a promiseI make a promisewith no intentionwith no intention
of keeping the promiseof keeping the promise
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22ndnd Formulation FormulationAlways treat people asAlways treat people as
ends in themselvesends in themselvesnever as means to an endnever as means to an end
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Don’t use peopleDon’t use people
Why?Why?
Because human beings have Because human beings have intrinsic valueintrinsic value
RationalityRationalityFree WillFree Will
Moral AutonomyMoral Autonomy
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We use objectsWe use objectsnot peoplenot people
Pornography?Pornography?
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Conscience?Conscience? ►We might think of the Categorical We might think of the Categorical
Imperative as our conscienceImperative as our conscience
►The sense of what is right or The sense of what is right or wrong in our behavior and wrong in our behavior and
motivesmotives
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Copernican RevolutionCopernican Revolution
Synthetic A Priori KnowledgeSynthetic A Priori Knowledge
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““Although all knowledge begins Although all knowledge begins with experience, it by no means with experience, it by no means follows that all knowledge arises follows that all knowledge arises
out of experience”out of experience”
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Transcendental Structure Transcendental Structure of Mindof Mind
Our minds have a structure that we Our minds have a structure that we impose upon all the information impose upon all the information
we receive thru experiencewe receive thru experience
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SpaceSpace
TimeTime
CausalityCausality
Moral LawMoral Law
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Synthetic A Priori Synthetic A Priori KnowledgeKnowledge
We know a priori that all our We know a priori that all our experiences will include experiences will include
SpaceSpaceTimeTime
CausalityCausalityMoral LawMoral Law
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Conscience?Conscience? ►We might think of the Categorical We might think of the Categorical
Imperative as our conscienceImperative as our conscience
►The sense of what is right or The sense of what is right or wrong in our behavior and wrong in our behavior and
motivesmotives