STANDARD: Examine the causes for revolution, the course of the war and

evaluate the results.

Opening:

Turn Ch. 6/7 HW Questions

in.

Test Analysis

Work Period:

Britain Asserts Her Power-French and Indian War

PPT/Lecture

Closing:

Relay Essay: Describe the French and Indian War.

Chapter 6The Duel for North America

Like England and Holland, France was a latecomer in the race for colonies. Until the Edict of Nantes (limited toleration to Fr. Protestants) in 1598, France was convulsed by religious wars.

The Sun King Louis XIV took a great interest in overseas colonies.

The French settlers allied themselves with the Huron tribes and fought against the British backed Iroquois.

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The French

In 1524 Giovanni da Verrazano explored the Atlantic coast between Florida and Newfoundland and established relationships with Native American fur-trapping tribes

In 1534 Jacques Cartier sailed the Lawrence river, solidified those relationships and created new ones with other Native American tribes

Although the French tried to settle in Florida they were stopped by the Spanish

Initially the French fished in the Atlantic for cod and salmon but fur trading yielded bigger profits

The fur trade necessitated few settlers at first but by the mid 1600s the French controlled the interior of North America

Jacques Cartier

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New France and Louisiana far exceeded the size of the British colonies in area, but the area was extremely under-populated. By 1760, only 80,000 lived in New France, compared to over a million in the English colonies.

5

Samuel de Champlain was the founder of Quebec City, the first permanent French settlement in North America.

Other French explorers

French priest Jacques Marquette and fur trader Louis Joliet explored the Great Lakes and upper Mississippi River Valley

LaSalle explored the lower Mississippi River, claiming the entire valley for France, naming it “Louisiana” in honor of Louis XIV

The coureurs de bois (runners of the woods)

Frenchmen that traded with the Hurons, especially the beaver and otter trade. The French established trading forts in New France and throughout Louisiana.

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In most of the French colonies, the tendency was for the settlers to merge their culture with the Indians. In this drawing, white settlers and Indians relaxed together at Vincennes, a French settlement established in the 1720s in what would be later known as the state of Indiana.

Life in the French Colonies

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New France was more than double the size of British Colonies, yet much less populated

British more interested in bringing settlers in from the mother country, French more interested in making Native Americans French citizens. They tended to treat Indians as equals and intermarried.

French more interested in exploiting new lands economically

French tended to develop stronger alliances with Indians

Differences between French and British colonies

France v. England 1689-1763The Four Wars For Empire

Decided The Fate of Colonial North America

King William’s War 1689-1697 or War of the League of Augsburg….ended with Treaty of Ryswick

Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713 or War of Spanish Succession…ended with Treaty of Utrecht

King George’s War 1744-1748 or War of Austrian Succession….ended with Treaty of Aachen (began as The War of Jenkins’s Ear over trade rights in Caribbean)

French and Indian War or Seven Year’s War 1754-1763…ended with Treaty of Paris

The first three wars were fought mainly in the European theater and on the Colonial Frontier. Colonist fought alongside their ENGLISH BROTHERS.

THE COLONIST ATTACKED NEW FRANCE TWICE, INCLUDING LOUISBOURG AND MONTREAL AND QUEBEC.

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Disputed land claims in Western Pennsylvania in 1754 brought two of the greatest world powers to a conflict that spread in both the New World and in Europe.

The French and Indian War 1754-1763

North America in North America in 17501750

North America in North America in 17501750

BritishBritish FrenchFrench

Fort Necessity Fort DuquesneFort Necessity Fort Duquesne ** George Washington George Washington ** Delaware & Delaware & ShawneeShawnee Indians Indians

The The Ohio ValleyOhio Valley

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

Ben Franklin Ben Franklin representatives representatives fromfrom New England, NY, MD, PA New England, NY, MD, PA to come up with a plan for unityto come up with a plan for unity

A Albany CongressAlbany Congress failed Iroquois failed Iroquois broke off relations with broke off relations with Britain & threatened to Britain & threatened to trade with the French. trade with the French.

1754 1754 Albany Plan Albany Plan of Unionof Union

1754 1754 Albany Plan Albany Plan of Unionof Union

Gen. Edward Braddock Gen. Edward Braddock evict the evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)(Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)

A Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley,Valley, & Acadia. & Acadia.A Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne by 1500 French and Indian by 1500 French and Indian forces.forces.Only Br. Success Only Br. Success expelled expelled

France France from Louisiana. from Louisiana.

CAJUNSCAJUNS

1755 1755 Br. Decides Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Presence in No.

Amer.Amer.

1755 1755 Br. Decides Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Presence in No.

Amer.Amer.

Native American tribes Native American tribes exploited both sides! exploited both sides!

Lord Lord LoudouinLoudouin

Marquis Marquis de Montcalmde Montcalm

1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally

Declared! Declared!

1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally

Declared! Declared!

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19

Duquesne (modern day Pittsburgh) was located at the convergence of three major rivers, the Ohio, the Allegheny, and the Monongahela.

Long seen by both the French and British as the key to the rich farmlands and settlement opportunities in the Ohio River Valley, both France and England laid claim to the area.

When the British found that the fort had been built, a young officer by the name of George Washington was dispatched to warn the French to get out of the area.

Duquesne was claimed by the French and the British

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George Washington, a 22 year old militia officer, was sent by the British to deliver the ultimatum to the French. Washington constructed an outpost approximately 60 miles from Duquesne called “Fort Necessity”

Fort Necessity

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Attack at Jumonville Glen

"I fortunately escaped without any wound, for the right wing, where I stood, was exposed to and received all the enemy's fire, and it was the part where the man was killed, and the rest wounded. I heard the bullets whistle, and, believe me there is something charming in the sound."

--George Washington

The first skirmish between the French and Washington’s men took place not far from the fort.

Washington and Indian allies attacked a French position at a location known as Jumonville Glen. Within a few minutes, 10 Frenchmen were killed and 21 wounded.

A few days later the French retaliated against Washington’s position, and Washington surrendered Fort Necessity.

Washington became embroiled in controversy because the surrender document written by an interpreter incorrectly deemed the French diplomats instead of combatants, making Washington a murderer.

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The next year in 1755, British General Edward Braddock was ordered to attack the French stronghold at Fort Duquesne. Assigned as his aide was George Washington.

Braddock and his 1500 men were confident they could take the fort, but they were ambushed outside the gates by French soldiers and their Native American allies.

During the battle, Braddock and his staff were killed with the exception of Washington.

The British defeat at Fort Duquesne was only the first of many losses suffered during the period of 1755-1756.

British attack on Fort Duquesne

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The French were initially victorious over the British military. However this changed dramatically when King George III picked new leaders to run the British government.

William Pitt, as prime minister, put together a massive army of 50,000 men to fight the French, but had to borrow a large amount of money to do so.

Prime Minister William Pitt

BritishBritish

• March in formation or March in formation or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.

• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. take charge of colonials.

• Prima Donna Br. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants officers with servants & tea settings. & tea settings.

• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.

• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.

• Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla tactics. tactics.

• Col. militias servedCol. militias served under own captains. under own captains.

• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or protocols observed. protocols observed.

• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.

• Casual, Casual, non-professionals. non-professionals.

Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitaryOrganization:Organization:

MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial TensionsBritish-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

ColonialsColonials

A He understood colonial concerns.He understood colonial concerns.

A He offered them a compromise:He offered them a compromise:

-- col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-- col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-->Br. >Br. would reimburse col. assemblies would reimburse col. assemblies forfor their costs. their costs. -- Lord Loudoun would be Lord Loudoun would be removed.removed.

RESULTS?RESULTS? Colonial morale Colonial morale increased by 1758. increased by 1758.

1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign

MinisterMinister

1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign

MinisterMinister

** By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide Turns for EnglandTurns for England

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Battle of Quebec

Wolfe (British)

Montcalm (French)

The commanders

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The battle was fought outside the city of Quebec on the “Plains of Abraham”

Wolfe had 4800 men under his command, Montcalm, 4000

Wolfe’s men scaled cliffs protecting the city and surprised Montcalm. Montcalm could have evacuated the city, but elected instead to fight Wolfe’s men

British losses in the battle were 58 killed, 600 wounded

French losses were 644 men killed or wounded

Both Wolfe and Montcalm were killed in the battle

Battle ended in a decisive British victory

The Battle of Quebec

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The British victory caused the French to surrender

Benjamin West painted this portrait of the death of Wolfe

France --> France --> lost her Canadian lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi to lands east of the Mississippi River.River.Spain -->Spain --> got all French lands west got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to Orleans, but lost Florida to England.England.England -->England --> got all French lands in got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance commercial dominance in India.in India.

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

North America in North America in 17631763

North America in North America in 17631763

1.1. It increased her colonial empire It increased her colonial empire in in the Americas. the Americas.

2.2. It greatly enlarged England’s It greatly enlarged England’s debt.debt.

3.3. Britain’s contempt for the Britain’s contempt for the colonials colonials created bitter feelings. created bitter feelings.

Therefore, England felt that aTherefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her major reorganization of her

American EmpireAmerican Empire was necessary! was necessary!

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

1.1. It united them against aIt united them against a common enemy for the first common enemy for the first time. time.

2.2. It created a socializing It created a socializing experience for all the experience for all the colonials who participated. colonials who participated.

3.3. It created bitter feelings It created bitter feelings

towards the British that towards the British that would only intensify. would only intensify.

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

17631763 Pontiac’s Pontiac’s RebellionRebellion

Fort DetroitFort Detroit

British “gifts” of smallpox-British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt.infected blankets from Fort Pitt.

The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the

FrontierFrontier

The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the

FrontierFrontier

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

British British ProclamationProclamation Line of 1763. Line of 1763.

Colonials Colonials Paxton Boys Paxton Boys (PA)(PA)

BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!

MERCANTILISM: AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN WHICH NATIONS SEEK TO INCREASE THEIR WEALTH BY OBTAINING GOLD & SILVER AND WITH A FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE

MERCANTILISM

1.1. Sugar Act - 1764 Sugar Act - 1764

2.2. Currency Act - 1764 Currency Act - 1764

4.4. Stamp Act - 1765 Stamp Act - 1765

3.3. Quartering Act - 1765 Quartering Act - 1765

George Grenville’s George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765Program, 1763-1765George Grenville’s George Grenville’s

Program, 1763-1765Program, 1763-1765

Real WhigsReal Whigs

Q->Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’sWhat was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? authority over the colonies??

Absolute?Absolute? OR OR Limited?Limited?

Q->Q-> How could the colonies give or How could the colonies give or withhold consent for withhold consent for parliamentaryparliamentary legislation when they did not legislation when they did not havehave representation in that body?? representation in that body??

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation

Loyal NineLoyal Nine - 1765- 1765

Sons of LibertySons of Liberty – – began in began in NYC:NYC:Samuel Samuel Adams Adams

Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress – 1765– 1765 ** Stamp Act ResolvesStamp Act Resolves

Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act – – 17661766

Stamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act Crisis

17671767 William Pitt, P. M. & Charles William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer. the Exchequer.

A Shift from paying taxes for Br. Shift from paying taxes for Br. war war debts & quartering of troops debts & quartering of troops paying col. govt. salaries. paying col. govt. salaries.A He diverted revenue collection He diverted revenue collection from from internal to external trade. internal to external trade.A Tax these imports Tax these imports paper, paint, paper, paint, lead, glass, tea. lead, glass, tea.

A Increase custom officials at Increase custom officials at American ports American ports established a established a Board of Customs in Boston. Board of Customs in Boston.

Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770

1.1. John Dickinson John Dickinson 1768 1768 ** Letters from a Farmer inLetters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania..

2.2. 1768 1768 2 2ndnd non-importation non-importation movement: movement: ** “Daughters of Liberty”“Daughters of Liberty” ** spinning beesspinning bees

3.3. Riots against customs Riots against customs agents:agents: ** John Hancock’s ship, the John Hancock’s ship, the

LibertyLiberty.. ** 4000 British troops sent 4000 British troops sent to Boston. to Boston.

Colonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend the Townshend

DutiesDuties

Colonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend the Townshend

DutiesDuties