Stakeholders and Their Interests

7/27/2019 Stakeholders and Their Interests

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STAKEHOLDERS AND THEIR INTERESTS

Examples of a company's stakeholders[edit source]

Stakeholders: Stakeholder's concerns:[2]

Government taxation,VAT,legislation, employment, truthful reporting, diversity, legalities, externalities.

Employees rates of pay,job security, compensation, respect, truthful communication.

Customers value, quality, customer care, ethical products.

Suppliersproviders of products and services used in the end product for the customer, equitable

business opportunities.

Creditors credit score, new contracts, liquidity.

Community jobs, involvement, environmental protection, shares, truthful communication.

Trade Unions quality, worker protection, jobs.

Owner(s)profitability, longevity, market share, market standing, succession planning, raising

capital, growth, social goals.

Investors return on investment, income.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stakeholder_(corporate)&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stakeholder_(corporate)&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stakeholder_(corporate)&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stakeholder_(corporate)&action=edit&section=2


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Stakeholders are those who may be affected by or have an effect on an effort. They may also include

people who have a strong interest in the effort for academic, philosophical, or political reasons, even

though they and their families, friends, and associates are not directly affected by it.

One way to characterize stakeholders is by their relationship to the effort in question.

Primary stakeholders are the people or groups that stand to be directly affected, either positively or

negatively, by an effort or the actions of an agency, institution, or organization. In some cases, there areprimary stakeholders on both sides of the equation: a regulation that benefits one group may have a

negative effect on another. A rent control policy, for example, benefits tenants, but may hurt landlords.

Secondary stakeholders are people or groups that are indirectly affected, either positively or negatively,

by an effort or the actions of an agency, institution, or organization. A program to reduce domestic

violence, for instance, could have a positive effect on emergency room personnel by reducing the number

of cases they see. It might require more training for police to help them handle domestic violence calls in

a different way. Both of these groups would be secondary stakeholders.

Key stakeholders, who might belong to either or neither of the first two groups, are those who can have a

positive or negative effect on an effort, or who are important within or to an organization, agency, or

institution engaged in an effort. The director of an organization might be an obvious key stakeholder, but

so might the line staff those who work directly with participants who carry out the work of the effort. Ifthey dont believe in what theyre doing or dont do it well, it might as well not have begun. Other

examples of key stakeholders might be funders, elected or appointed government officials, heads of

businesses, or clergy and other community figures who wield a significant amount of influence.

While an interest in an effort or organization could be just that intellectually, academically,

philosophically, or politically motivated attention stakeholders are generally said to have an interest in

an effort or organization based on whether they can affect or be affected by it. The more they stand to

benefit or lose by it, the stronger their interest is likely to be. The more heavily involved they are in the

effort or organization, the stronger their interest as well.

Stakeholders interests can be many and varied. A few of the more common:

Economics. An employment training program might improve economic prospects for low-income people,

for example. Zoning regulations may also have economic consequences for various groups.

Social change. An effort to improve racial harmony could alter the social climate for members of both the

racial or ethnic minority and the majority.

Work. Involving workers in decision-making can enhance work life and make people more satisfied with

their jobs.

Time. Flexible work hours, relief programs for caregivers, parental leave, and other efforts that provide

people with time for leisure or taking care of the business of life can relieve stress and increase

productivity.

Environment. Protection of open space, conservation of resources, attention to climate change, and

other environmental efforts can add to everyday life. These can also be seen as harmful to business and

private ownership. Physical health. Free or sliding-scale medical facilities and other similar programs provide a clear benefit

for low-income people and can improve community health.

Safety and security. Neighborhood watch or patrol programs, better policing in high-crime

neighborhoods, work safety initiatives all of these and many other efforts can improve safety for specific

populations or for the community as a whole.

Mental health. Community mental health centers and adult day care can be extremely important not only

to people with mental health issues, but also to their families and to the community as a whole.


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As well discuss in more depth further on, both the nature and the intensity of stakeholder interests are

important to understand.

Why identify and analyze stakeholders and their interests?The most important reason for identifying and understanding stakeholders is that it allows you to recruit

them as part of the effort. The Community Tool Box believes that, in most cases, a participatory effort

that involves representation of as many stakeholders as possible has a number of important advantages:1. It puts more ideas on the table than would be the case if the development and implementation of the

effort were confined to a single organization or to a small group of like-minded people.

2. It includes varied perspectives from all sectors and elements of the community affected, thus

giving a clearer picture of the community context and potential pitfalls and assets.

3. It gains buy-in and support for the effort from all stakeholders by making them an integral part of its

development, planning, implementation, and evaluation. It becomes their effort, and theyll do their best

to make it work.

4. Its fair to everyone. All stakeholders can have a say in the development of an effort that may seriously

affect them.

5. It saves you from being blindsided by concerns you didnt know about. If everyone has a seat atthe table, concerns can be aired and resolved before they become stumbling blocks. Even if they cant

be resolved, they wont come as surprises that derail the effort just when you thought everything was

going well.

6. It strengthens your position if theres opposition. Having all stakeholders on board makes a huge

difference in terms of political and moral clout.

7. It creates bridging social capital for the community. Social capital is the web of acquaintances,

friendships, family ties, favors, obligations, and other social currency that can be used to cement

relationships and strengthen community. Bridging social capital, which creates connections among

diverse groups that might not otherwise interact, is perhaps the most valuable kind. It makes possible a

community without barriers of class or economics, where people from all walks of life can know and value

one another. A participatory process, often including everyone from welfare recipients to bank officersand physicians, can help to create just this sort of situation.

8. It increases the credibility of your organization. Involving and attending to the concerns of all

stakeholders establishes your organization as fair, ethical, and transparent, and makes it more likely that

others will work with you in other circumstances.

9. It increases the chances for the success of your effort. For all of the above reasons, identifying

stakeholders and responding to their concerns makes it far more likely that your effort will have both the

community support it needs and the appropriate focus to be effective.

Who are potential stakeholders?As we discussed, there are primary and secondary stakeholders, as well as key stakeholders who may or

may not fall into one of the other two categories. Lets examine possible stakeholders using that

framework.

Primary stakeholders1. Beneficiaries or targets of the effort. Beneficiaries are those who stand to gain something

services, skills, money, goods, social connection, etc. as a direct result of the effort. Targets are those

who may or may not stand to gain personally, or whose actions represent a benefit to a particular (usually

disadvantaged) population or to the community as a whole.

Some examples are:


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A particular population a racial or ethnic group, a socio-economic group, residents of a housing project,

etc.

Residents of a particular geographic area a neighborhood, a town, a rural area.

People experiencing or at risk for a particular problem or condition homelessness, lack of basic skills,

unemployment, diabetes.

People involved or participants in a particular organization or institution students at a school, youth

involved in the justice system, welfare recipients.

People whose behavior the effort aims to change delinquent youth, smokers, people who engage in

unsafe sex, people who dont exercise.

Policy makers and agencies that are the targets of advocacy efforts.

Secondary Stakeholders2. Those directly involved with or responsible for beneficiaries or targets of the effort. These might

include individuals and organizations that live with, are close to, or care for the people in question, and

those that offer services directly to them. Among these you might find:

Parents, spouses, siblings, children, other family members, significant others, friends.

Schools and their employees teachers, counselors, aides, etc.

Doctors and other medical professionals, particularly primary care providers.

Social workers and psychotherapists.

Health and human service organizations and their line staff youth workers, welfare case workers, etc.

Community volunteers in various capacities, from drivers to volunteer instructors in training programs to

those who staff food pantries and soup kitchens.

3. Those whose jobs or lives might be affected by the process or results of the effort. Some of

these individuals and groups overlap with those in the previous category.

Police and other law or regulation enforcement agencies. New approaches to violence prevention,

dealing with drug abuse or domestic violence, or other similar changes may require training and the

practice of new skills on the part of members of these agencies.

Emergency room personnel, teachers, and others who are legally bound to report possible child abuse

and neglect or other similar situations.

Landlords. Landlords legal rights and responsibilities may be altered by laws brought about by

campaigns to stop discrimination in housing or to strengthen tenants rights.

Contractors and developers. Open-space laws, zoning regulations, and other requirements, as well as

incentives, may affect how, where, and what contractors and developers choose to build.

Employers. A workplace safety initiative or strengthened workplace safety regulations, health insurancerequirements, and other mandates may affect employers costs. Those that hire and make a commitment

to workers from at-risk populations may also have to institute worker assistance programs (personal and

drug/alcohol counseling, for example, as well as basic skills and other training).

Ordinary community members whose lives, jobs, or routines might be affected by an effort or policy

change, such as the location of a homeless shelter in the neighborhood or changes in zoning

regulations.


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Key stakeholders4. Government officials and policy makers. These are the people who can devise, pass, and enforce

laws and regulations that may either fulfill the goals of your effort or directly cancel them out.

Legislators. Federal and state or provincial representatives, senators, members of parliament, etc. who

introduce and pass laws and generally control public budgets at the federal and state or provincial levels.

Governors, mayors, city/town councilors, selectmen, etc. The executives that carry out laws, administer

budgets, and generally run the show can contribute greatly to the success or failure of an effort.

Local board members. Boards of health, planning, zoning, etc., through their power to issue permits and

regulations, can be crucial allies and dangerous opponents.

State/federal agencies. Government agencies often devise and issue regulations and reporting

requirements, and can sometimes make or break an effort by how they choose to regulate and how

vigorously they enforce their regulations.

Policy makers. These people or groups often have no official powerthey may be advisers to those

with real power but their opinions and ideas are often followed closely. If theyre on your side, thats a

big plus.

5. Those who can influence others.

The media.

People in positions that convey influence. Clergy members, doctors, CEOs, and college presidents are

all examples of people in this group.

Community leaders people that others listen to. These might be people who are respected because of

their position of leadership in a particular population, or may be longtime or lifelong residents who have

earned the communitys trust over years of integrity and community service.

6. Those with an interest in the outcome of an effort. Some individuals and groups may not be

affected by or involved in an effort, but may nonetheless care enough about it that they are willing to work

to influence its outcome. Many of them may have a following or a natural constituency business

people, for instance and may therefore have a fair amount of clout.

Business. The business community usually will recognize its interest in any effort that will provide it with

more and better workers, or make it easier and more likely to make a profit. By the same token, it is likely

to oppose efforts that it sees as costing it money or imposing regulations on it.

Advocates. Advocates may be active on either or both sides of the issue youre concerned with.

Community activists. Organizations and individuals who have a philosophical or political interest in the

issue or population that an effort involves may organize to support the effort or to defeat it.

People with academic or research interests related to a targeted issue or population. Their work may

have convinced them of the need for an intervention or initiative, or they may simply be sympathetic to the

goals of the effort and understand them better than most.

Funders. Funders and potential funders are obvious key stakeholders, in that, in many cases, without

their support, the effort wont be possible.

Community at large. When widespread community support is needed, the community as a whole may be

the key stakeholder.

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Lets start with a definition of stakeholders, which are:

Groups / individuals that are affected by and/or have an interest in the operations andobjectives of the businessMost businesses have a variety of stakeholder groups which can be broadly categorised as

follows:

Stakeholder groups vary both in terms of their interest in the business activities and alsotheir power to influence business decisions. Here is a useful summary:

Stakeholder Main Interests Power and influenceShareholders Profit growth, Share price growth,

dividends

Election of directors

Banks & otherLenders

Interest and principal to be

repaid, maintain credit rating

Can enforce loan covenants

Can withdraw banking facilities

Directors andmanagers

Salary ,share options, job

satisfaction, status

Make decisions, have detailed

information

Employees Salaries & wages, job security, jobsatisfaction & motivation

Staff turnover, industrial action, servicequality

Suppliers Long term contracts, promptpayment, growth of purchasing

Pricing, quality, product availability

Customers Reliable quality, value for money, Revenue / repeat business


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product availability, customer

service

Word of mouth recommendation

Community Environment, local jobs, localimpact

Indirect via local planning and opinion

leaders

Government Operate legally, tax receipts, jobs Regulation, subsidies, taxation, planning

Stakeholder power is an important factor to consider whenever you are asked to writeabout the relationship between a business and its stakeholders. In the context of strategy,

what is important is thepower and influence that a stakeholder has over the businessobjectives.For stakeholders to have power and influence, their desire to exert influence must be combined with

their ability to exert influence on the business. The power a stakeholder can exert will reflect the extent to

which:

The stakeholder can disrupt the business plans

The stakeholder causes uncertainty in the plans

The business needs and relies on the stakeholder

The reality is that stakeholders do not have equality in terms of their power and influence. For example:

Senior managers have more influence than environmental activists

A venture capitalist with 40% of the companys share capital will have a greater influence that a

small shareholder

Banks have a considerable impact on firms facing cash flow problems but can be ignored by a cashrich firm

A customer that provides 50% of a business revenues exerts significantly more influence than

several smaller customer accounts

Businesses that operate from many locations across the country will be less relevant to the local

community than a business which is the dominant employer in a town or village

Governments exercise relatively little influence on many well-established and competitive

business-to-business markets. However their power is much stronger over businesses in markets

which are regulated (e.g. water, gas & electricity) or where the public sector has a direct stake (e.g.

retail banking)

Employees have traditionally sought to increase their power as stakeholders by grouping together

in trade unions and exercising that power through industrial action. However, in the last two

decades the level of union membership has declined significantly as has the total time lost toindustrial action


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Importance And Advantages Of Ratio AnalysisRatio analysis is an important tool for analyzing the company's financial performance. The following

are the important advantages of the accounting ratios.

1. An alyzing Financial Statements

Ratio analysis is an important technique of financial statement analysis. Accounting ratios are useful

for understanding the financial position of the company. Different users such as

investors, management. bankers and creditors use the ratio to analyze the financial situation of the

company for their decision making purpose.

2. Judging Eff ic iency

Accounting ratios are important for judging the company's efficiency in terms of its operations and

management. They help judge how well the company has been able to utilize its assets and earn

profits.

3. Lo cating Weakness

Accounting ratios can also be used in locating weakness of the company's operations even though

its overall performance may be quite good. Management can then pay attention to the weakness

and take remedial measures to overcome them.

4. Form ulating Plans

Although accounting ratios are used to analyze the company's past financial performance, they can

also be used to establish future trends of its financial performance. As a result, they help formulate

the company's future plans.

5. Comparing Performance

It is essential for a company to know how well it is performing over the years and as compared to the

other firms of the similar nature. Besides, it is also important to know how well its different divisions

are performing among themselves in different years. Ratio analysisfacilitates such comparison.

Advantages:

Simplifies financial statements

: R a t i o A n a l y s i s s i m p l i f i e s t h e comprehension of financial statements. Ratios tell

the story of changesin financial condition of the business.

Facilitates inter firm comparison:

Ratio analysis provides data

for inte r co mpan y co mpar ison . Ra t io h igh l igh ts t he a ssoc iat i on with successf


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ul and unsuccessful firms. They also reveal strong and weak companies, overvalued and undervalued

companys.

Makes intra firm comparison possible:

Ratio analysis also

makes possible comparison of the performance of different division of thecompany. The ratiohelpful in deciding about their efficiency.

Helps in planning:

Ratio Analysis helps in planning and

forecastingove r pe r iod of t ime a com pany dev elo ps c erta in n orm s th at m ayi

ndicates future success/ failure. If relationship changes in firms dataover different time periods.

The ratio may provide clues on trends andfuture problems.

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A Study on Financial Performance based on Ratios At HDFC Bank

Liquidity position:

With the help of ratio analysis

conclusions can bedr awn reg ard ing l iq ui dit y po sit ion of th e c om pan y. The l i q

u i d i t y position of a company could be satisfactory if it is able to meet itscurrent obligations when

they become due.

Long term solvency:Ratio analysis equally useful for assessing thel on g -

t erm f in a n c i a l v ia b i l i t y o f a f i rm. Th e lon g- t erm s o lven c y i s meas ured b y t he

leverage / capital structure and profitability ratios which focus on earning power

and operating effieciency

Stakeholders and Their Interests

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