Uplands Irrigation and Water Resources Management Sector Project (RRP CAM 44328)

STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS, INSTITUTIONAL AND SOCIAL RISKS

AND PARTICIPATION STRATEGY

A. Stakeholder Analysis and Roles 1. Based on the stakeholder analysis conducted, the main agencies that have direct stakes in the implementation of the Uplands Irrigation and Water Resources Management Sector Project in Cambodia are the government institutions, civil society organizations, beneficiaries (water users and farmers) and the private sector (contractors, equipment manufacturers). Presented in Table 1 is the summary of the stakeholder analysis conducted.

Table 1: Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholder Group Interest Mandate/Roles

A. Government

Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology

- Department of Farmer Water User Communities

- Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology (PDWRAM)

- Project Management Unit

Executing and implementing agencies

Lead the management of the water resources and meteorology in the country Supervise and monitor project implementation

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries - Provincial Department and District

Office of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Office

Provides guidance and support to farmers in the project area on agriculture production and in developing the cropping calendar in line with the water distribution plan

Responsible for agriculture development, product safety, use of chemicals in agriculture, fisheries policy and industry development, fishing regulations, forestry policy, forestry development and regulations

Ministry of Interior - District - Commune - Village

Supports the irrigation and agriculture development within the districts, communes and villages that are within the project command area Provides support in community mobilization for meetings and on conflict resolution to ensure law enforcement

Responsible for public administration throughout Cambodia’s 24 provinces, one municipality and 186 districts and governs the national police and administration of law enforcement Delivery of community level infrastructure and public services within their jurisdiction

B. Beneficiaries and Project Affected Persons or Groups

Farmers (There are around 6,663 farmers in Prek Chik and 11,686 farmers in Taing Krasaing Irrigation Schemes.)

Main project beneficiaries are interested in increasing productivity of their land through irrigation, improvement in water

Represent their own interest to improve their economic and living condition

2

Stakeholder Group Interest Mandate/Roles

management and in crop production.

Water Users Groups - Farmer water user communities

- Private companies such as the Chinese, Korean and Vietnamese companies in Taing Krasaing Irrigation Scheme)

Functional and efficient irrigation system that will benefit its farmer members. Represent the interest and welfare of its members. Maximum benefit for their farms that use water from the irrigation scheme. Better service delivery from PDWRAM with the improved irrigation scheme.

Legal autonomous entity serving the common interest of people through the use of an irrigation system in an effective and sustainable manner aimed at enhancing economic and social development and poverty reduction. (Art. 7 Famer Water User Communities Sub-Decree) To operate as a business enterprise for profit

C. Civil Society Organizations and Nongovernment Organizations

Irrigation Service Center Service provider to the famer water user communities in need of organizational, financial management and operation and maintenance assistance

Provide long term service to famer water user communities on training and capacity building

Sre-Khmer Service provider on improved Agriculture practices

Provides agriculture training to farmers using Farmer Field School method and integrated pest management. Provides input to demonstration plots used on Farmer Field School.

Village Support Group (local nongovernment organization)

Community development and agriculture production

Implements program on community development and agriculture production and rural credit.

ACLEDA Bank Plc., Canadia Bank Plc., PRASAC, Amret Microfinance Institution, VisionFund, AMK Microfinance Institution Plc., Credit Bureau Cambodia, Hattha Kaksekar Limited, Seilanithih Limited, Thaneakea Phum (Cambodia), Ltd.

Private banks and micro-finance institutions.

Provides loan and credit to its groups

Caritas Cambodia Forms agriculture cooperatives and women’s loan and savings group

Community development, human resource development and agriculture assistance to its program beneficiaries

Kien Kes Health Education Network, Provides health and Health and education

3

Stakeholder Group Interest Mandate/Roles

Buddhism for Development, All Ears Cambodia, Reproductive Health Association of Cambodia

education program and awareness raising on health care, hygiene and sanitation

hygiene and sanitation

D. Private Sector

Construction Companies

Contractual work on construction of irrigation scheme infrastructure

Contractual arrangement on construction services for the irrigation scheme improvement

Equipment Companies To provide equipment for project construction either on sale or rental basis

Provides equipment through sale or rental

E. International Development Partners

Asian Development Bank Support to irrigation and agriculture improvement through loan and grant

Development assistance

Agence Française de Développement and French Government

Support to irrigation system improvement and the Cambodia Irrigation Scheme Information System (CISIS) program in the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology

Development assistance

Australian Agency for International Development

Cambodian agriculture value chain program implemented in Taing Krasaing Commune

Supports Cambodian agriculture value chain program implemented in Taing Krasaing

2. The key stakeholders involved in the project are the government institutions such as the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM), provincial department of water resources and meteorology (PDWRAM), Department of Farmer Water User Communities (DFWUC), project management unit (PMU), and the farmer water user communities (FWUCs) at the core subproject areas. Their composition and functions are described as follows:

1. MOWRAM 3. MOWRAM was created in 1999 based on Proclamation NS/RKM/0699108 dated 23 June 1999. Its overall mandate is to lead the management of the water resources and meteorology. The main objectives of MOWRAM are the following:1

(i) carry out scientific research on the potential of underground and surface water resources to establish scientific knowledge;

(ii) set directions and roadmap on short, medium and long term plans with respect to water consumption in order to fulfill the needs of the country’s development and preserve those of the urban and rural population;

(iii) control and monitor all activities related to water consumption to mitigate the risks;

(iv) prepare and draft laws and regulations linked to use of water and control procedures;

1 Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM). http://www.cambodiameteo.com

4

(v) gather documents and build technical data on climate, hydrology and water use within the country and abroad and find for scientific return of investment for scientific research;

(vi) raise awareness of industries, nongovernment organizations, civilian communities, and the population about development and exploitation of water resources and provide technical advice; and

(vii) collaborate in the management of the Mekong Basin considering both the management of water resources and meteorology.

4. MOWRAM takes responsibility in monitoring and managing all activities related to water resources and meteorology. It is headed by a minister and under him are seven secretaries of state and seven undersecretaries. There are 12 departments at the central level and 24 provincial departments and district water resources offices. The total number of personnel is 1,258, out of which 633 are based at the central level and 625 (54 females and 571 males) are based in the Phnom Penh municipality and the 24 provinces. The specific number of staff for each department is shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Functions and Officials in the 11 Departments

No. Department Functions No. of

Personnel Department

Head

1 Administration and Human Resources

Personnel Management

Human Resource Development

Documentation

48 Mr. Chhea Bunrith

2 Planning and International Cooperation

Planning

Statistics

International Cooperation

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

30 Mr. Chea Chhun Keat

3 Finance Department Accounting

Finance

22 Mr. Muy Monin

4 Technical Service Center for Irrigation and Meteorology

Conducts studies for human resources development, training and capacity development at central, provincial and municipal levels

Research and application of new technology on modernization of irrigation systems

Advice to technical staff at all levels and at construction sites of irrigation schemes.

Water Management Research and Information Management

19 Mr. Pich Veasna

5 Water Resource Management and Conservation Department

Water laws and policies

Strategic planning for multiple uses of water, catchment planning, water allocation, efficiency of water use, on regulation and standards and research.

29 Dr. Thang Tara

6 Hydrology and River Hydrological works and 54 Mr. Mao Hak

5

No. Department Functions No. of

Personnel Department

Head

Works measurement

Assessment of surface water and ground potential

River level and sediment monitoring

Water quality monitoring

Riverbank protection, modelling, forecasting and warning

Geographical information system and research

7 Meteorology Meteorological monitoring and assessment

Atmospheric monitoring

Forecasting and Warning

Reporting

International liaison and research

47 Mr. Oum Ryna

8 Irrigation and Agriculture Developing and restoring Irrigation schemes

Operation and maintenance of schemes and drainage works

Assessing groundwater for Irrigation development

Saline intrusion in coastal areas

Pumping station management

Intervention for water related disasters

Support to farmer water user communities

45 Mr. Loeung Sothea Channy

9 Water Supply and Sanitation

Surface and groundwater source identification

Planning for potable water source development

Planning for sewerage scheme development

Research

22 Mr. Nguon Pich

10 Engineering Survey and design of irrigation and drainage schemes and flood control

Equipment management

Soil quality analysis for construction

Technological research

241 Mr. Lim Virak

11 Department of Farmer Water User Communities

Farmer water user communities policy and development strategy

Irrigation system information

Preparation of short, medium and long term planning directions for the management

38 Mr. Huy Vantha

6

No. Department Functions No. of

Personnel Department

Head

of operation and maintenance of all irrigation systems to improve the national economy and livelihood of the

Standards for operation and maintenance

Support to establish farmer water user communities and their operation

Training and technology development

12 Internal Audit Internal auditing 19 Mr. Sing Sophal

Headquarters 19

Total 633 Sources: Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM). http://www.cambodiameteo.com; ADB. 2015. Report on Institutional Arrangement for the Management of Water Resources in Cambodia. Water Resources Management Sector Development Program. Manila (G0220/L2672/L2673/L8253). Unpublished.

2. PDWRAM

5. There are 24 provincial offices of the PDWRAM with 625 personnel (54 female + 571 male). The functions of the PDWRAM are stated as follows:2

(i) Planning and organizing the development program of the Ministry at the provincial level;

(ii) Operation and maintenance of major irrigation works; (iii) Management of FWUCs and other farmer bodies with responsibility for

supporting the irrigation

6. Scheme operation and maintenance: (i) Management of the collection of the irrigation service contributions (ISC) by the

FWUCs and control of expenditure from the ISC account; (ii) Oversight of construction of irrigation and flood protection works at the provincial

level; and (iii) Minor procurement and disbursements associated with construction projects.

7. The PDWRAM is headed by a director and supported by 2 deputy directors who head the Office of the Conservation and Management and the Office of Hydrology and Meteorology. Directly under the director are the Offices of the Administration and Personnel and the Office of Irrigated Agriculture. Presented in Figure 1 is the organizational structure of PDWRAM.3

2 MOWRAM. http://www.cambodiameteo.com; ADB. 2015. Report on Institutional Arrangement for the Management

of Water Resources in Cambodia. Water Resources Management Sector Development Program. Manila (G0220/L2672/L2673/L8253). Unpublished.

3 Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology (PDWRAM) organizational structure of Kampong

Thom. Based on 4 June 2015 interview with the director.

7

Figure 1: Organizational Structure of PDWRAM

8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

8. Over-all the number of PDWRAM staff is 625 with only 9% women. In Battambang province, there are 67 staff with 12% women, while in Kampong Thom,4 there are 27 staff with 4% women. Presented in Table 3 is the number of PDWRAM staff:

Table 3: PDWRAM Staff in the Provinces Involved in the Project Implementation

Province Number of Staff

Female Male Total

Cambodia (24 Provinces) 54 (9%) 571 625

Battambang Province 8 (12%) 59 67

Kampong Thom Province 1 (4%) 26 27

3. PMU

9. The PMU was established by virtue of a Ministerial Letter No. 034DM-WRM dated 8 January 2014. It is headed by a Project Director who is the Deputy Director General for Technical Affairs and a Project Manager who is the Director of the DFWUC. It is composed of 13 designated personnel responsible for the over-all project implementation, planning, organization, monitoring and coordination of the various project activities. It will supervise the implementation of the construction packages based on project schedule. It will coordinate with relevant departments of MOWRAM and with other government Ministries at the central, provincial, district and commune levels, and with relevant 10. The composition of the PMU is as follows:

(i) Mr. Chann Sinath, Deputy Director General for Technical Affairs and Project Director, PMU.

(ii) Mr. Huy Vantha, Director, DFWUC and Project Manager

4 Based on 4 June 2015 interview with the Director, PDWRAM of Kampong Thom.

DIRECTOR

DEPUTY DIRECTORS

FWUC

Office of

Administration and

Personnel

Office of

Irrigated

Agriculture

Office of

Conservation

and

Management

Office of

Hydrology

and

Meteorology

Office of

Water and

Sanitation

8

(iii) Ms. Bun Sida, Vice Chief, Office of Training and Research, DFWUC and Administration and Financial Officer

(iv) Mr. Keo Sovathapheap, Deputy Director, DFWUC and Technical Officer (v) Mr. Tan Naren, Chief, FWUC Management's Office and FWUC Officer (vi) Mr. Mao Hak, Deputy Director General for Technical Affair and Hydrology and

River Officer (vii) Mr. Um Rina, Director of Department of Meteorology and Meteorology Officer (viii) Ms. Laing Sokim, Vice Chief, Office of Training and Research, DFWUC and

Procurement Officer (ix) Mr. Im Soursdey, Vice Chief, FWUC Management's Office and Assistant to

Technical Officer (x) Mr. Sok Boren, DFWUC's Staff, Assistant to Procurement Officer (xi) Mr. Kim Vann, DFWUC's Staff and Assistant to Financial Officer (xii) Mr. Phan Sophy, Chief, Instrument Management Office and Assistant to

Meteorology Officer (xiii) Mr. Sren Sotha, Staff, Hydrology and River Work's Department and Assistant to

Hydrology Officer 4. Department of Farmer Water User Communities

11. The DFWUC was created based on Sub-Decree No. 73 on the Establishment of the FWUC of the MOWRAM’s signed on 30 June 2008. In Article 5 of the FWUC Sub-Decree, the MOWRAM is given the full competence of the overall management of the FWUC and is vested with the following roles and responsibilities:

(i) Administer the FWUC and all irrigation schemes; (ii) Endorse the application for the registration of the FWUC; (iii) Refuse to establish or dissolve the FWUC; (iv) Provide guidance of the FWUC’s Statute and its internal regulations; (v) Facilitate with concerned institutional stakeholders on the implementation and

development of the FWUC management; (vi) Coordinate and facilitate the election of the FWUC Committees; (vii) Settle disputes within the FWUC context; (viii) Seek funding sources to support the FWUCs; (ix) Provide training to enhance the capacity of FWUCs; (x) The PDWRAM/Municipality of Water Resources and Meteorology shall register

all FWUCs in the FWUC registry, after endorsement by MOWRAM. 12. Analyzing the roles and responsibilities of MOWRAM and PDWRAM based on the stipulations in Article 5, requires the necessary staff with the right qualification to establish and strengthen the FWUC that will actively participate in the project implementation process and to enable the farmers to develop the feeling of ownership towards the project so they efficiently operate and maintain their irrigation system.

5. FWUCs 13. In June 2000, PRAKAS No. 306 RbK FTD was issued by MOWRAM, on the creation and development of FWUC. This is followed by Circular No. 01 on the Implementation Policy for Sustainable Irrigation Systems specifying the 10 steps for establishment of FWUC. On 29 June 2007 the Law on the Management of Water Resources in Cambodia was passed. The sub-decree was issued on 12 March 2015 on the Procedures for the Establishment, Dissolution, Roles and Duties of the FWUC. It defines the FWUC as a legal autonomous entity aimed at

9

using the irrigation system for its agriculture production, as well as for the sustainable use, maintenance and development. MOWRAM is given the tasks for the overall management of the FWUCs. 14. In the project area of Prek Chik Irrigation Scheme, there is no existing FWUC while in Taing Krasaing Irrigation Scheme, there is an existing FWUC organized under the Cambodian Agricultural Value Chain Program (CAVAC). The CAVAC area covers only around 1,200 ha of the project command area. Constructed under the program are three secondary canals, three gates – left off-takes from main canal, one drain escape – left off-take from main canal, 30 gates of tertiary canal intakes and 19 check structures – control points. The 1,200 ha that is served under the CAVAC has 800 farmers. 15. The FWUC Sub-Decree of March 2015 specifies under Article 5 the role of MOWRAM in the FWUC’s overall management. These are specified as follows:

(i) administer the FWUC and all irrigation schemes (ii) endorse the application for registration of an FWUC (iii) refuse or dissolve a FWUC (iv) provide guidance on the FWUC’s statutes and its internal regulations (v) facilitate with concerned institutions and stakeholders on the implementation and

development of the FWUC management (vi) coordinate and facilitate the elections of the FWUC committees (vii) settle disputes within the FWUC context (viii) seek other funding sources to support the FWUCs (ix) provide training to enhance the capacity of FWUCs (x) PDWRAM shall register all FWUCs in the FWUC registry, after endorsement by

MOWRAM 16. Based on Article 7 of the FWUC Sub-Decree, the criteria for FWUC establishment are as follows:

(i) The farmers that use water within the same irrigation scheme or part thereof will compose the FWUC members.

(ii) Compliance with the technical standard of MOWRAM. (iii) Participation in the election of those who use the irrigation system under the

FWUC competence, with support of two-thirds of the voters. (iv) Based on the laws, regulation and concerned legal documents

B. Stakeholders’ Participation Strategy 17. The involvement of the various government institutions and the FWUC is identified in the proposed project process and activities.

Table 4: Institutional Roles in the Project No. Project Process and Activities Government Institutions FWUC

1 SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION

Ocular investigation

Conduct survey (topographic)

MOWRAM and PDWRAM

Information campaign PMU conducts information campaign

Farmers and water users are informed about the project

10

No. Project Process and Activities Government Institutions FWUC

PMU coordinates with the Local Government and forms membership committee composed of 2-3 key farmers

Start membership recruitment

Land and membership registration

System walkthrough to identify the condition of the irrigation structures

PMU/PDWRAM/District initiates system walkthrough

Farmers participate in system walkthrough

2 DESIGN

Prepare project plans

Prepare detailed design

Present detailed design

PMU prepares project plans and designs and presents this to the FWUC

Formation of farmer water users group/sub-group based on tertiary blocks

Election of FWUC committee

Formulation of FWUC statutes

Registration of FWUC

Final approval of design Participates in the final approval of the project design

MOA

PMU prepares the MOA and organizes MOA signing MOWRAM signs the MOA with FWUC

FWUC signs the MOA with the approval of 2/3 of the members

Organizational management training

PMU conducts the organizational management training

FWUC participates in the training

3 CONSTRUCTION

Construction arrangements - Hiring of local laborers - Laborers are 25%

women

- Construction schedule and location

PMU specifies construction arrangements and discuss these with contractors. These become conditionality in the contract such as the hiring of unskilled labor in the locality and at least 25% are women.

FWUC identifies local workers

Coordinate with contractors

Monitor construction work

Discuss issues with PDWRAM and contractors

4 OPERATION

Formulation of water distribution plan

Information to water users on water delivery schedule

Gate operation

PMU develops water distribution plan together with FWUC based on cropping calendar and water availability PMU finalizes the water delivery schedule with the FWUC

FWUC jointly develops the water distribution plan and agrees on the cropping calendar FWUC disseminates water distribution plan and schedule of water delivery to all farmers and water users

11

No. Project Process and Activities Government Institutions FWUC

Formulation of the cropping calendar

PMU coordinates with the Provincial and District Agriculture Office on the cropping plan and the availability of the non-water agro-inputs (seeds, fertilizers, pesticide, herbicide, machinery) Cropping calendar will be explained and disseminated to farmer water users

FWUC will work closely with the PMU and the District Agriculture Office in the preparation of the cropping calendar. FWUC will participate in preparing cropping calendar plan and disseminates this to farmers and water users

5 MAINTENANCE

Formulation of maintenance plan

Implement maintenance plan

PMU develops a maintenance plan for the headworks and main canal and prepares a maintenance budget Monitor implementation of maintenance plan

FWUC prepares a maintenance plan for the secondary and tertiary canals and prepares maintenance Budget Implements maintenance plan

FWUC = farmer water user community, MOA = memorandum of agreement, MOWRAM = Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology, PDWRAM = Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology, PMU = project management unit.

C. Institutional Risks Assessment 18. The institutional assessment and mitigation measures in project implementation are presented in Table 5. It focuses on MOWRAM/PDWRAM, FWUCs, irrigation infrastructure and the private companies within the project area. Table 5: Institutional and Social Risks and Mitigation Measures in Project Implementation Particulars Risks Mitigation Measures

1. Institutional readiness in terms of number of personnel, capacity and adherence to plans

MOWRAM/PDWRAM has limited number of personnel to implement the project. The DFWUC has personnel at the central level but no office and personnel at the province and district.

Recruit additional personnel with the right qualification and experience for the DFWUC at the central, provincial and district levels.

Existing personnel at the DFWUC has limited capacity to fully implement the FWUC establishment and strengthening. PDWRAM has limited capacity to fully implement the Project

Provide the necessary capacity building to DFWUC and for additional personnel to be recruited

Provide the necessary training and capacity building for PDWRAM

The process of organizing the FWUC is explained in the Prakas 306 issued on July 2000, Chapter 5: the 10 steps for creation of FWUCs and Circular 151. However, it does not clearly state how this will be conducted. Organizing framework and process from

Develop a FWUC organizing framework for the project identifying the activities to be implemented within the project cycle.

12

Particulars Risks Mitigation Measures

establishment to strengthening should explain how FWUC will be able to efficiently manage the O&M of the irrigation system and with accountability.

2. FWUC readiness to implement the project

FWUC will remain as “paper organizations” that are weak, inefficient and not active if there’s no support from the government and the presence of a FWUC organizer responsible in organizing and capacitating the FWUC. Farmers’ lands have not been previously irrigated. They will need to understand that their land will be part of the project. They will need to appreciate the importance of joining the FWUC. Organizing farmers into FWUC requires an organizing process (from FWUGs to FWUC) from establishment and strengthening, the necessary time for capacity building and a FWUC organizer from MOWRAM/PDWRAM.

Well defined FWUC organizing framework and capacity development program

FWUC personnel that have undergone training can be designated as FWUC organizers

Farmers should be given advice and guidance on the appropriate agriculture production techniques from Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries District Office

Synchronized cropping calendar and water distribution schedule should be formulated with the FWUC and disseminated to all farmer water users.

2. Coordination with other agencies

Lack of close coordination between PDWRAM and Provincial Department of Forestry and Fisheries (PDAFF) Office to develop a synchronized water distribution and cropping calendar plans that will be developed together with the FWUCs.

Synchronized Planning of MOWRAM/PDWRAM and FWUC in developing and planning a water distribution and crop production plan. The plan should be reviewed at the end of the year and updated, then disseminated to all farmers and farmer water groups and subgroups at the tertiary and secondary level of the command area.

4. Irrigation infrastructure No secondary and tertiary canals to be constructed FWUCs unable to mobilize resources for development of tertiary and quaternary canals

Project will construct the secondary and tertiary canals until the tertiary gate and will assist FWUC in planning the quaternary canals.

FWUCs will mobilize resources and continue the construction until the farmers’ farm

5. Private companies (Chinese, Korean and

Companies will continue to buy land from small farmers and expand their operations

MOWRAM to review the impact of the private

13

Particulars Risks Mitigation Measures

individual agriculture companies) will continue to expand

thus getting the maximum benefit from the project and depriving the small farmers of their source of livelihood. Farmers will continue to sell their lands because of the difficulty in supporting their families when crops are damaged by floods, drought or pests.

companies and propose regulation on how to protect the small farmers and to ensure that these companies will not be in control of the major Irrigation infrastructure

DFWUC = Department of Farmer Water User Communities, FWUC = farmer water user community, MOWRAM = Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology, PDWRAM = provincial department of water resources and meteorology, PMU = project management unit.

D. Social Risks Assessment and Mitigation Measures 19. The social risks in the two core subproject areas and mitigation measures are presented in Table 6.

Table 6: Social Risks Assessment

No Risks Prek Chik Taing Krasaing Mitigation Measures

1 FWUC Organizing will require an assisted process of establishment and strengthening from pre-construction, construction until O&M of the project.

There is no FWUC existing in Prek Chik. Farmers have not seen the need to form the FWUC for they have not benefited from the irrigation system in the past. Based on meetings held in the project area in May and June 2015, the farmers and the local authorities have shown their interest and commitment to form the FWUC.

There is a FWUC in Taing Krasaing Commune organized under the CAVAC. However, this FWUC covers only 1,200 ha with 800 farmers, of the total command area of 9,869 ha. with 11,686 farmers in 4 communes. Based on meetings held in the project area in May and June 2015, the farmers and the local authorities have shown their interest and commitment to form the FWUC.

PMU should assign specific FWUC organizers for each Irrigation System. The recommended process of FWUC organization is presented in Table 7 below.

2 Presence of private companies can pose a risk if they are able to have a control on irrigation infrastructure thus depriving farmers from getting water.

There is no private company seen in the project area at the moment.

There are several private companies within the project command area. Chinese company in Tipou Commune owning around 350 ha planted with rice, corn, mangoes. Cambodian Company in Tipou Commune with 50 ha planted with

MOWRAM and PDWRAM should monitor these private companies and have an agreement regarding the water delivery, irrigation service contributions, and control of infrastructure under PDWRAM. Design of project should consider this

14

No Risks Prek Chik Taing Krasaing Mitigation Measures

rubber. Korean Company at Tipou Commune with 100 ha planted with cassava 4 private individually owned, around 220 ha planted with rubber (upland portion of Tipou Commune)

a

problem, so as not to allow the private companies to control parts of the irrigation system.

3 Construction of secondary and tertiary canals will require right-of-way

Around 162 ha will be required for all secondary and tertiary canals

Around 71.12 ha will be required: Tipou Commune: 20 ha Chroab : 9.62 ha Korkoah : 41.5 ha

Project design will consider existing water ways and also location between 2 land-owners to distribute and minimize impact on loss of property. Minimize damage to crops by constructing during dry and fallow period. Detailed measurement survey should be conducted to determine losses (land, trees, crops, infrastructure, cultural and religious structures) and include in the resettlement plan.

4 Women farmers will not be active in FWUC activities due to low motivation, lack of awareness and capacity and cultural belief that irrigation and water management should involve only the men. Difficulty in mobilizing 25% of women to participate in construction work.

Low awareness on the importance of women’s participation in project activities and lack of confidence of women to participate and voice their views during meetings.

In the FWUC in Taing Krasaing Commune, it was noted that women’s attendance in meetings are high but they don’t participate in decision making. Low awareness on the importance of women’s participation in project activities and lack of confidence of women to participate and voice their views during meetings.

The gender action plans considers these issues and proposes specific activities to address these. (Table 8)

FWUC = farmer water user community, MOWRAM = Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology, PDWRAM = Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology, PMU = project management unit. a Based on interview of PDWRAM Chief of District on 4 June 2015.

15

20. The recommended process for the FWUC establishment and capacity building is presented in Table 7 below, specifying the specific responsibilities of the various institutions.

Table 7: Process of FWUC Establishment and Capacity Building No.

ACTIVITIES Responsibility

MOWRAM/ PDWRAM

Other Government Institutions

FWUC

1 Information campaign to farmer water users in irrigation scheme

MOWRAM through the PMU (FWUC Organizers)

Local government District Agriculture Office

No FWUC yet

2 Form ad-hoc committee on membership recruitment. Membership Ad-hoc Committee will be composed of at least 2 members per village (MOWRAM/PDWRAM)

PMU will coordinate with the Village Chief (FWUC Organizers)

Local government (villages of project area)

No FWUC yet

3 Land registration, identification and registration of members

PMU monitors and support membership recruitment (FWUC Organizers)

Membership Ad-hoc Committee

No FWUC yet

4 Farmer water users apply for membership registration

PMU monitors and support (FWUC Organizers)

Membership Ad-hoc Committee

No FWUC yet

5 Formation of farmer water user communities (FWUCs) formed composed of all farmer water users within the Village/tertiary blocks. If block is more than (60/100 ha), an FWUSG will be formed.

PMU initiates FWUCs formation (FWUC Organizers)

Membership Ad-hoc Committee verifies membership of water users in the FWUCs

FWUCs are formed with representation for tertiary blocks

6 Election of FWUCs and selection of Assistant

PMU supports preparation for election (FWUC Organizers)

Local government at village witness the election Membership Ad-Hoc Committee organizes and facilitates the election

Election of Chairperson of FWUCs

7 Election of the FWUC Committee through voting of the members by 2/3

of total

membership

Chairperson (1)

1st Vice Chairperson (1)

2nd

Vice Chair (1)

Accountant (1)

PMU observes the election (FWUC Organizers)

Local government observes the election

FWUC is formed

16

No.

ACTIVITIES Responsibility

MOWRAM/ PDWRAM

Other Government Institutions

FWUC

8 Formulation of FWUC statutes

PMU observes formulation of FWUC statute (FWUC Organizers)

FWUC Committee

9 Collection and recording of membership fees

PMU teaches FWUC collection and record keeping

FWUC Committee

10 Registration of statutes with PDWRAM

PMU monitors and follow-up FWUC registration (FWUC Organizers)

FWUC Committee

11 Training of FWUC Committee on organizational management

PMU conducts the training

Local government at communes, villages and district agriculture offices supports the organizational management training

FWUC Committee

12 Presentation of project plans for rehabilitation and construction of irrigation scheme

MOWRAM/ PDWRAM through the PMU

Local government at district level

FWUC Committee Two-thirds of the members of the FWUC agree to the project plan

13 Memorandum of understanding on the project plans for implementation

MOWRAM/ PDWRAM signs agreement (FWUC organizers prepares memorandum of understanding)

FWUC Committee signs agreement with approval from two-thirds of the members

14 Construction work arrangements with contractors

PMU will discuss construction work arrangements with contractors on hiring of local construction workers and that 25% will be women.

Provides laborer to contractors for skilled and unskilled workers (25% women laborers participate in construction works)

15 Construction monitoring PMU monitors construction work of contractors

FWUC monitors progress of

17

No.

ACTIVITIES Responsibility

MOWRAM/ PDWRAM

Other Government Institutions

FWUC

(FWUC Organizer)

construction works and reports any issues with PDWRAM

16 Formulation of water distribution plan

PMU through the District Office formulates plan for water distribution (FWUC Organizer)

District Agriculture Office informed of water distribution plan

FWUC members and water users are informed of the water distribution plan

17 Formulation of cropping schedule based on the water distribution plan

PMU coordinates with District Agriculture Office on the cropping schedule (FWUC Organizer)

District Agriculture Office prepares the cropping schedule in coordination with the FWUC

FWUC members and water users take part in the finalization of the cropping schedule

18 Irrigation water request

PDWRAM/District records water request of FWUC (FWUC Organizer)

Members/ water users apply for water request to FWUC

19 Provide irrigation water based on request

PDWRAM releases water based on Irrigation water request (FWUC Organizer)

Farmer water users receive irrigation water FWUC monitors water distribution

20 Conflict management PDWRAM/District assist in conflict resolution (FWUC Organizer)

Local government at the district/ commune/village will assist in conflict mediation.

FWUC settles internal conflict. Inform PDWRAM on water related conflicts. Coordinate with village and commune officials on possible mediation if it not settled within the FWUC.

21 Financial management training MOWRAM/ PDWRAM conducts training (FWUC Organizer)

FWUC Committee attends training

18

No.

ACTIVITIES Responsibility

MOWRAM/ PDWRAM

Other Government Institutions

FWUC

22 Collection of ISC and other fees (donations, membership fees, others)

MOWRAM/ PDWRAM monitors collection (FWUC Organizer)

FWUC collects ISC from water users and members. Issues receipts and records all collection

22 Financial report

FWUC Organizer assist in preparation of the Financial Report

FWUC Committee presents financial report to members (total collection, expenditures and budget for next season)

23 O&M training (actual field demonstration on system operation of irrigation structures.

MOWRAM/ PDWRAM conducts O&M Training FWUC Organizer organizes O&M training venue

FWUC attends O&M training (system walk-through to identify condition of the irrigation canals and structures and formulate O&M Plan)

24 O&M of the irrigation system PDWRAM operates and maintain the headworks and the main canal FWUC Organizer stays with FWUC for at least 2 cropping seasons

FWUC operates and maintains the secondary and tertiary canals

FWUC = farmer water user community, ISC = irrigation service contribution, MOWRAM = Ministry of Water

Resources and Meteorology, O&M = operation and maintenance, PDWRAM = Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology, PMU = project management unit.

E. Gender Issues and Mitigation Measures 21. The project area covers a population of 88,247 with 51% female population and 14% female-headed households. Gender issues and mitigation measures have been identified based on the study conducted during the project preparatory technical assistance stage. Table 8 shows the gender issues and mitigation measures recommended.

Table 8: Key Gender Issues and Mitigation Measures Key Gender Issues Mitigation Measures

1. Low participation of women in water management activities due to cultural belief that this is men’s role

Provide awareness-raising gender concept and gender role in water management for communities in the target communes.

19

Key Gender Issues Mitigation Measures

2. Low literacy of women. Most women cannot read and write thus inhibiting them from occupying leadership post in the FWUC.

Provide a leadership and effective communication training for the women

3. Lack of confidence to participate in discussion and decision making because they are shy and not able to verbalize their opinion.

FWUC development should encourage participation of men and women farmer water users. Women should be encouraged to participate in discussions during meeting. Provide training on leadership for women FWUC members.

4. Very few women occupy leadership position. In Taing Krasaing Irrigation Scheme, there is an existing FWUC organized by the Cambodia Agricultural Value Chain (CAVAC) Program of the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Only 1 out of 5 board members is a woman and out of 53 committee members only 4% are women.

Disseminate gender awareness-raising for communities before FWUC election to increase community belief that women are able to work for water management as well as be FWUC leaders.

5. Women are busy with reproductive (housekeeping, taking care of children, washing, cooking, home gardening and poultry raising and with productive work in the farm, thus giving them limited time to participate in FWUC activities. This is caused by the high migration of men to look for work opportunities outside the village and the attitude of men who do not want their wives to be exposed to other men.

Meeting/training schedule should consider women’s schedule. Awareness-raising on gender concept for communities in the target communes.

6. Lack of skill of women to participate in skilled and unskilled work for construction.

Potential women skilled or unskilled workers should be provided with training or orientation for construction. Contractors should be oriented to recruit women workers and include this in the contract stipulation. Women can also be tapped to work as record keepers.

7. Construction companies usually use labor from outside the communities preferring to hire men for skilled and unskilled labor. They do not also pay equally for the same work done for men and women.

Gender equality and equity including (i) at least 25% of women participate in unskilled work for construction; (ii) equal pay for equal work for both men and women. This condition will be included in the terms of reference of construction companies.

8. Training materials used for FWUC are mostly in written form and not easily understandable to women who cannot read and write.

Produce more pictures to include in the training materials ensuring that training will be easy for women to understand, especially for women who cannot read and write. Training method should avoid the lecture type but more on structured learning exercises and group dynamics exercises.

9. FWUC has very low women membership. Example is in Taing Krasaing where only one woman is a member of the board and out of 53 committee members only 4% are women.

Disseminate gender awareness-raising for communities before FWUC election to change community belief that women are able to work for water management as well as be FWUC member, in order to increase number of women elected.

10. Gender Mainstreaming Action Group of MOWRAM and gender focal points in the province have limited capacity to support the

Strengthen capacity of Gender Mainstreaming Action Group and gender focal point on gender role, gender issues and concern in water

20

Key Gender Issues Mitigation Measures

FWUC gender issues and concerns. resources management as well as gender issues in the project.

FWUC = farmer water user community, MOWRAM = Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology.

22. The gender action plan (GAP) was developed in accordance with the project activities and based on the findings of the study conducted in the 6 commune within the project area. In implementing the proposed GAP, mitigation measures on the gender issues identified are addressed.

Table 9: Gender Action Plan Outputs Gender Design Features/Activities

1. Efficiency and climate resilience of irrigation systems enhanced

1.1 Orientation and training on construction work, such as on canal measurements and work specifications, should be provided to women to ensure the quality of construction work.

1.2 Women who can read and write are encouraged to be hired as record keepers.

1.3 Orientation on gender equality should be provided to constructors 1.4 Gender equity and labor arrangements should be included in the

contract of construction companies, i.e. at least 25% of unskilled labor will be given to local women during construction and there should be equal pay for equal work.

1.5 At least 30% of women should participate during the presentation of project design and in the discussion and planning of the water distribution and cropping plans.

1.6 Conduct meeting with women farmers separately (especially on the early stage of the project) to ensure that their ideas will be collected in developing gender project plans.

2. Water resource management improved

2.1 Encourage both husband and wife to register as member in the FWUC to ensure that at least 30% of the members are women.

2.2 50% of project training to FWUC members to be participated by women.

2.3 Develop the knowledge, communication and leadership skills of women members through awareness-raising and training to enable them to be leaders of FWUC.

2.4 At least 30% of FWUC management committee members, including design and construction committee, are women.

2.5 Ensure that women will take part in the operations and maintenance activities with potential for payment or support for livelihood activity.

2.6 Provide coaching on gender awareness and leadership for the gender focal person to ensure that they are able to conduct training within MOWRAM and PDWRAM officials and to women FWUCs.

FWUC = farmer water user community; MOWRAM = Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology; PDWRAM =

Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology