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Stages of Vertebrate Development
Cleavage
• rapid cell division into a larger number of smaller cells – no overall increase in size of the embryo
• ball of cells = the morula
• pattern is dependent on the amount of yolk
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Figure 47.6 Cleavage in an echinoderm (sea urchin) embryo
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Figure 47.8x Cleavage in a frog embryo
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Stages of Vertebrate Development
Formation of Blastula
• A hollow ball of cells
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Figure 47.8d Cross section of a frog blastula
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Stages of Vertebrate Development
Gastrulation– One wall of blastula pushes inward
– First opening to central gut = blastopore
• Three germ layers form – endoderm (become internal organs)
– mesoderm (form bones, blood vessels, muscles, connective tissue)
– ectoderm (skin and nervous system)
• Pattern dependent on yolk distribution
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Figure 47.9 Sea urchin gastrulation (Layer 1)
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Figure 47.9 Sea urchin gastrulation (Layer 2)
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Figure 47.9 Sea urchin gastrulation (Layer 3)
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Figure 47.10 Gastrulation in a frog embryo
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Figure 47.12 Cleavage, gastrulation, and early organogenesis in a chick embryo
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Figure 47.15 Early development of a human embryo and its extraembryonic membranes
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Stages of Vertebrate Development
Neurulation
• the cells above the notochord roll into a tube that pinches off = the neural tube (becomes the spinal cord)
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Stages of Vertebrate Development
Cell Migration
• Cells migrate to different parts of the embryo to form distant tissues– Ex: cells of neural crest form sense organs
• the basic vertebrate body plan is formed
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Stages of Vertebrate Development
Organogenesis
• Tissues develop into organs
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Table 47.1 Derivatives of the Three Embryonic Germ Layers in Vertebrates
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Biogenic Law
• Ernst Haeckel
• Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
• Developmental patterns of more recently evolved groups are built on more primitive patterns
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Polar nuclei
Egg
Micropyle
Sperm
Pollen tube
3n endosperm 2n zygote
Angiosperm Embryo Development
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Stages of Plant Development
• Asymetric Early Cell Division– Embryo– Suspensor – transfers food to embryo– Cells near suspensor become root
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First celldivision
EndospermSuspensor
Basal cell
Cotyledon
ProcambiumGround
meristem
ProtodermRoot apex (radicle)
Globularproembryo
Hypocotyl
Root apical meristem
Cotyledons
Shoot apicalmeristem
Shoot apical meristem
Endosperm
Cotyledons
Angiosperm Embryo Development
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Stages of Plant Development
• Tissue formation– Protoderm…Epidermal – external surface of
plant– Ground Meristem…Ground tissue –food &
water storage– Procambium…Vascular tissue –xylem &
phloem
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First celldivision
EndospermSuspensor
Basal cell
Cotyledon
ProcambiumGround
meristem
ProtodermRoot apex (radicle)
Globularproembryo
Hypocotyl
Root apical meristem
Cotyledons
Shoot apicalmeristem
Shoot apical meristem
Endosperm
Cotyledons
Embryo Development
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Stages of Plant Development
• Seed formation– One or two seed leaves (cotyledons) form
• May absorb food from endosperm
– Seed coat forms– May exist in dormant state (hundreds of years)– resistant to harsh conditions
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Figure 38.11 Seed structure
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Shoot apical meristem
Seed coat(integuments)
Cotyledons
Root cap
Root apicalmeristem
Procambium
Endosperm
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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FruitsFruits are most simply defined as mature ovaries
(carpels)
-During seed formation, the flower ovary begins to develop into fruit
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Split along two carpel edges (sutures) with seeds attachedto edges; peas, beans. Unlike fleshy fruits, the three tissuelayers of the ovary do not thicken extensively. The entire pericarp is dry at maturity.
The entire pericarpis fleshy, althoughthere may be a thinskin. Berries havemultiple seeds ineither one or moreovaries. Thetomato flower hadfour carpels thatfused. Each carpelcontains multipleovules that developinto seeds.
Legumes
Stigma
StyleSeed
Outer pericarp
Seed
Fusedcarpels
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Pericarp
True Berries
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Seed
Single seed enclosedin a hardpit; peaches, plums, cherries.Each layer of the pericarp has a different structureand function, with the endocarp forming the pit.
Not split and with a wing formed from the outer tissues; maples, elms, ashes.
PericarpExocarp (skin)
Drupes
Seed
Pericarp
Endocarp (pit)Mesocarp
Samaras
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Ovary
Sepals of asingle flower
Derived from many ovaries of a single flower; strawberries, blackberries. Unlike tomato, these ovaries are not fused and covered by a continuous pericarp.
Individual flowers form fruits around a single stem. The fruits fuse as seenwith pineapple.
Seed
Aggregate Fruits
Main stem
Pericarp ofindividual flower
Multiple Fruits
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Fruits made for DispersalOccurs through a wide array of methods
-Ingestion and transportation by birds or other vertebrates
-Hitching a ride with hooked spines on birds and mammals
-Blowing in the wind
-Floating and drifting on water
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Stages of Plant Development
• Germination– Seed absorbs water & metabolism resumes– Need environmental cue (light, temp)
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a. b.
Hypocotyl
Secondary rootsPrimary roots
Seed coat
CotyledonWitheredcotyledons
Hypocotyl
Plumule
Scutellum
Primary root
Adventi-tious root
RadicleColeorhiza
First leaf
Coleoptile
Epicotyl
First leaves
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Stages of Plant Development
• Meristematic Development– Hormones influence meristematic activity
• allow development to adjust to the environment
– Body form determined by plane of cell division, cell shape & size
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PLANT DEVELOPMENT
• Flexibility
• Plant bodies do not have a fixed size– Number & size of parts is influenced by
environment