Stages of Change & Reactance in Group Work
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Stages of Change & Reactancein Group WorkJane F. Gilgun, Ph.D., LICSWProfessor, School of Social WorkUniversity of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA
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Topics
• Relevance of Common Factors Model
• Stages of Change
• Reactance & Change
• Reactance & Relationships
• Reactance & Self-Regulation
• Reactance & Executive Function
• Maintenance & Change
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Stages of Change Model
• CFM reports that service user motivation/readiness to change is part of good outcomes.
• SCM says that many people go through stages of change
• This model developed on groups for people who quit smoking
• Model may work for other addictions
• Test model for fit with other issues
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Stages of Change
• Stage 1: Precontemplation (Not Ready)
• Stage 2: Contemplation (Getting Ready)
• Stage 3: Preparation (Ready) .
• Stage 4: Action
• Stage 5: Maintenance
• (Stage 6: Relapse)
• Cycle repeats itself
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Stages of Change
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Common Factors Model
• CFM says that relationships between service users and providers are foundational for change.
• As social workers, we must think about extratherapeutic factors
• Think in terms of how environments influence behaviors
• Think in terms of how connected service users are to their environments and the people in them
• Think in terms of how to connect clients to people who are prosocial/have good executive function (judgment)
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Common Factors Model
• Extratherapeutic Factors (40%) [events
external to service provision]
• Relationships (30%)
• Optimism, Motivation, Capacities (15%)
• Skills, techniques (15%)
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Motivation
& Expectancies
15%
Extratherapeutic
Effects 40%
Relationships
Technique
15%
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Definition of Reactance
•Normal response to a threat of loss of valued free behaviors. A motivational state that is directed toward restoring threatened or eliminated free behaviors. (Brehm & Brehm, 1981)
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Reactance & Change
• Reactance as a Major Block to Change
• Importance of relationships to Readiness to Change
• Feeling understood a bottom line
• Feeling connected and safe with at least one other
• Maintenance
• Requires attention to “extratherapeutic events”
• Anticipation & safety plans
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Reactance, Self-Regulation, & Change• Many ways to handle reactance
• A matter of self-regulation
• Meditation, yoga, going for walks, talking to trusted others, anything that is calming
• Being with positive people
• Remember negative consequences of slips/regressions/reversion to old ways
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Reactance & Executive Function• Think of consequences
• Explore thoughts of how to get what you want & not get hurt or hurt others (rationalization: no one will know)
• An executive function issue
• What do you want?
• How do you get it?
• Autonomy foundational to change and its maintenance
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References
• Chovanec, M. (2008). Innovations applied to the classroom for involuntary groups: Implications for social work education. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 28(1/2), 209-225.
• DiClemente, CC; Prochaska, JO; Fairhurst, SK; Velicer, WF; Velasquez, MM; Rossi, JS.The process of smoking cessation: an analysis of precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages of change. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991 Apr;59(2):295–304.
• Gumpert, J. & Black, P. (2006). Ethical issues in group work: What are they? How are they managed? Social Work with Groups, 29(4), 61-74.
• Magen, R. (2009). Group work major models. In A. Gitterman & Salmon, R. (Ed.) Encyclopedia
• of Social Work with Groups (45-58). New York: Routledge.• Stages of Change Diagram from Loyola/Notre Dame Model
webpage. http://guides.lndlibrary.org/content.php?pid=410759&sid=3390249