Stage 16 Grammar

Principal parts of verbs• Most Latin verbs have 4 principal parts. Amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus• 1st Principal part – amō Present tense-1st person sing. “I love” or “I am loving”

• 2nd Principal part – amāre Infinitive. In English: “to + verb”. Example: “to love”– The infinitive ending indicates the conjugation (1-4) of the verb:

– 1st-āre 2nd-ēre 3rd-ere 4th – īre– The infinitive gives you the present stem of the verb. Drop the -re to get the present stem. – Present tense, imperfect tense & future tense are all built on the present stem.

• 3rd Principal part-amāvī Perfect tense,1st person sing. “ I loved” or “I have loved”– The 3rd Principal Part gives you the perfect stem. Drop the -ī to get the perfect stem. – The perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses are built on the perfect stem of the verb.

• 4th Principal part – amātus– Perfect passive participle, which is an adjective usually translated “having been ____ed”.

Example: “having been loved”.

• 1st Prin. Part 2nd Prin. Part 3rd Prin. Part 4th Prin. Part• Present Tense Infinitive Perfect Tense Perfect Passive

Participle

• 1ST cantō cantāre cantāvī cantātus• 2ND moneō monēre monuī monitus• 3RD agō agere ēgī actus• 3rd io capiō capere cēpī captus• 4TH audiō audīre audīvī audītus•

Infinitive

• The infinitive is the 2nd principal part of the verb. Endings: āre, ēre, ere, īre, translate: to___

• 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd-io 4th• Cantāre monēre agere capere audīre

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IMPERATIVES• The imperative is a command, The implied subject is “you • Singular imperative is a command to one person.

• Plural imperative is a command addressed to more than one person. The implied subject is you-plural.

• To make the plural imperative, add –te to the singular imperative. However, plural imperative of the 3rd conjugation ending is –ite (rather than -ete). Translate the imperative: Sing! Warn! Do! Take! Hear!

• 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd-io 4th• Infinitives cantāre monēre agere capere audīre• Sing Imp cantā monē age cape audī• Plural Imp. cantāte monēte agite capite audīte

PRESENT TENSE“I do something, I am doing something”

Present stem + vowel + ō, s, t, mus, tis, ntNotice that there is a “connecting vowel” before the ending that depends on which the conjugation of the verb

1st sg. (I) cantō moneō agō capiō audiō

2nd sg.(you) cantās monēs agis capis audīs

3rd sg.(he/she/it) cantat monet agit capit audit

1st pl.(we) cantāmus monēmus agimus capimus audīmus

2nd pl.(y’all) cantātis monētis agitis capitis audītis

3rd pl.(they) cantant monent agunt capiunt audiunt

TRANSLATE: I sing/I am singing; you sing/you are singing, etc.

IMPERFECT TENSE* Present stem + vowel + bam, bās, bat, bāmus, bātis, bant

* Notice that there is a “connecting vowel” that depends on the conjugationaction in the past that was continuing or repeated

1st sg.(I) cantābam monēbam agēbam capiēbam audiēbam

2nd sg.(you) cantābās monēbās agēbās capiēbās audiēbās

3rd sg.(he/she/it) cantābat monēbat agêbat capiēbat audiēbat

1st pl.(we) cantābāmus monēbāmus agêbāmus capiēbāmus audiēbāmus

2nd pl.(y’all) cantābātis monēbātis agêbātis capiēbātis audiēbātis

3rd pl.(they) Cantābant monēbant agêbant capiēbant audiēbant

TRANLATE: I was singing/ I used to sing; you were singing/you used to sing, etc.

FUTURE TENSE: Beware! 1st & 2nd Conj’s: present stem + vowel + bō, bis, bit, bimus, bitis, bunt

3rd & 4th conj’s: present stem + am, ēs, et, ēmus, ētis, ent

1st sg.(I) cantābō monēbō agam capiam audiam

2nd sg.(you) cantābis monēbis agēs capiēs audiēs

3rd sg.(he/she/it) cantābit monēbit aget capiet audiet

1st pl.(we) cantābimus monēbimus agēmus capiēmus audiēmus

2nd pl.(y’all) cantābitis monēbitis agētis capiētis audiētis

3rd pl.(they) cantābunt monēbunt agent capient audient

TRANSLATE: I will/shall sing, you will sing, etc.

PERFECT TENSE• Perfect stem + ī, istī, it, imus, istis, ērunt (no connecting vowel)

– Action in the past that was a single, completed event– The perfect stem is from the 3rd principal part of the verb,

• Most 1st conj perfect stems have –āv-. Ex.: cantāvī

• Many 2nd conj perfect stems have –u-. Ex: monuī,

• There is no single pattern for the 3rd conjugation. – Some show a long vowel, or a different vowel, or an –x-, – agō, agere, ēgī, actus; dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus; capiō, capere, cēpī, captus

• Many 4th Conj perfect stems have an –īv -. Ex: audīvī

Perfect Tense“I did something, I have done something”

1st sg.(I) cantāvī monuī ēgī cēpī audīvī

2nd sg.(you) cantāvistī monuistī ēgistī cēpistī audīvistī

3rd sg.(he/she/it) cantāvit monuit ēgit cēpit audīvit

1st pl.(we) cantāvimus monuimus ēgimus cēpimus audīvimus

2nd pl.(y’all) cantāvistis monuistis ēgistis cēpistis audīvistis

3rd pl.(they) cantāvēruntmonuērunt ēgērunt cēpērunt audīvērunt

TRANSLATE: I sang/I have sung, you sang/you have sung, etc.

PLUPERFECT TENSEI had done something

Perfect stem + eram, erās, erat, erāmus, erātis erant(no connecting vowel)Action in the past that happened before some reference point

1st sg.(I) cantāveram monueram ēgeram cēperam audīveram

2nd sg.(you) cantāverās monuerās ēgerās cēperās audīverās

3rd sg.(he/she/it) cantāverat monuerat ēgerat cēperat audīverat

1st pl.(we) cantāverāmus monuerāmusēgerāmus cēperāmus audīverāmus

2nd pl.(y’all) cantāverātis monuerātis ēgerātis cēperātis audīverātis

3rd pl.(they) cantāverant monuerant ēgerant cēperant audīverant

TRANSLATE: I had sung, you had sung, etc.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSEI will have done something

Perfect stem + erō, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erint(no connecting vowel)Action in the future that happened after some reference point

1st sg.(I) cantāverō monuerō ēgerō cēperō audīverō

2nd sg.(you) cantāveris monueris ēgeris cēperis audīveris

3rd sg.(he/she/it) cantāverit monuerit ēgerit cēperit audīverit

1st pl.(we) cantāverimus monuerimus ēgerimus cēperimus audīverimus

2nd pl.(y’all) cantāveritis monueritis ēgeritis cēperitis audīveritis

3rd pl.(they) cantāverint monuerint ēgerint cēperint audīverint

TRANSLATE: I will have sung, you will have sung, etc.

Yes/no QUESTIONS

• Some different types of questions: • Simple yes/no question: add –ne to the 1st word

– Esne fungus? Are you a mushroom?– Marcus Iuliam amat? Does Marcus love Julia?

• Question that expects a “no” answer, a “surely not” question: – Num es fungus? Surely you AREN’T a mushroom, are you?– Num Marcus Iuliam amat? Surely Marcus DOESN’T love Julia, does he?

• Question that expects a “yes” answer, a “surely” question: – Nonne es fungus? Surely you ARE a mushroom, aren’t you– Nonne Marcus Iuliam amat? Surely Marcus DOES love Julia, doesn’t he?