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![Page 1: Stacking it Up Experimental Observations on the operation of Dual Stack Services Geoff Huston, APNIC Labs 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062511/55148c85550346d36e8b4fb6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Stacking it Up
Experimental Observations on the operation of Dual Stack Services
Geoff Huston, APNIC Labs 1
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If working with one protocol has its problems …
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Then just how much damage can we do by joining two protocols?
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Dual Stack End-to-End Service Measurements
Examine IPv6 / IPv4 use from the perspective of a service delivery platform (web server)
– IPv6 is used by clients only when all the various IPv6 infrastructure components support IPv6, otherwise the client will fall back to IPv4 use
– Service metrics for IPv6 are reflective of end-to-end IPv6 capability
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MethodologyTest every web client with 3 different retrieval tasks of a 1x1 pixel image:
• V6 only• Dual-Stack• V4 Only
Take just one test result for each unique source address per 24 hours
Use server packet dump and and web logs as the basis of the analysis
Look at retrieval rates, failure behaviour and transaction times
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Access Combinations
V4 V6 Dual Node Type
✔ ✖ V4 V4-Only
✖ ✔ V6 V6-Only
✔ ✔ V6 V6-Preferred
✔ ✔ V4 V6-Capable (V4-Preferred)
✔ ✖ ✖ Dual-Stack Loss
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Test Host Type
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IPv6: “could” vs “will”
2%
4%
6%
8%
IPv6 Preferred
IPv6 Capable
May8
Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar
www.apnic.netMay
8%
10%
12%
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IPv6: “will” as seen by Google
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IPv6: “could” vs “will”
1%
2%
3%
5%
IPv6 Preferred
IPv6 Capable
Nov10
Dec Jan Feb
4%
Site “C”Mar MayApr
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Where are we with IPv6?
The ‘size’ of the IPv6 deployment in terms of end-to-end host IPv6 preference is around 0.3% of the total number of Internet end hosts at present
However, a further 4% of hosts can use IPv6, even though they prefer IPv4 in dual stack mode. These hosts generally use auto-tunnelled 6to4 for IPv6 access
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Why is there so much “hidden” IPv6 capability?
Why is the number of client hosts who are capable of performing an end-to-end IPv6 object retrieval 15 times greater than the number of client hosts who prefer to use IPv6 in a dual stack context?
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Native vs Tunnels
• Most hosts with unicast IPv6 generally prefer V6 in a dual stack scenario
• Hosts with 6to4 auto-tunnel capability appear to generally prefer V4 in a dual stack scenario
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Dual-Stack V6 Preferred by Address Type
V6 Unicast
6to4Teredo
0.1%
0.5%
0.3%
14Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar MayApr
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V6 Unicast
6to4
Teredo
15
1%
2%
3%
4%
Dual-Stack V4 Preferred by Address Type
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar MayApr
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Native vs Tunnels
• Older versions of dual stack software in hosts preferred IPv6 over IPv4 in all situations, including auto-tunnels– This resulted in very slow and erratic performance when
accessing some dual stack servers due to the local IPv6 failure timers
• For example, Windows XP takes 20 seconds to recover a connection if a 6to4 connection is not functioning correctly
• Recent OS releases have de-pref’ed auto-tunneled IPv6 below that of IPv4
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Performance Observations
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Performance and Tunnels
V6 Unicast
6to4
Teredo
+4 Secs
+2 Secs
-2 Secs
0 Sec
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-4 SecsNov Dec Jan Feb Mar MayApr
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Performance and Tunnels
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• Unicast IPv6 performance is on average equivalent to IPv4 performance for web object retrieval
• Auto-tunnel performance is on average considerably worse– Teredo is highly variable with 1 – 3 seconds of
additional delay per retrieval– 6to4 is more consistent with an average 1.2
seconds additional delay per retrieval
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Performance and Tunnels
Two causes of incremental delay:– Tunnel setup time
• Stateful Teredo tunnels require initial packet exchanges to set the tunnel up (min 1 x RTT)
– Tunnelling can extend the RTT delay• addition of tunnel relays between the source
and destination• This is exacerbated when the forward and
reverse paths are asymmteric20
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V4-OnlyNetworkV4-OnlyNetwork
Dual-StackNetwork
Dual-StackNetwork
6to4 Packet Path
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ClientDual-Stack
Server
192.88.99.1 Relay
2002::/16 Relay
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V4-OnlyNetworkV4-OnlyNetwork
Dual-StackNetwork
Dual-StackNetwork
Partial Mitigation of 6to4 Packet Path
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ClientDual-Stack
Server 2002::/16
Relay
192.88.99.1 Relay
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6to4 Performance
Setup Time
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Tunnel RTT Cost
6to4 Performance
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6to4 Relative Performance
6to4 adds an average of 1.2 seconds to the object retrieval time– note this is one-way (as the server has a local 6to4 relay for the response
traffic, so the 6to4 response path is the same as the V4 path)– that’s a very long transit time if this is just added transit time – There may be a congestion load delay added in here– But the level of 6to4 traffic is very low, so congestion overload is unlikely
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Teredo vs 6to4
What we see:– 4% of hosts use 6to4 (native V4, auto-tunnel)– 0.1% of hosts use Teredo (NAT V4, auto-tunnel)
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Exposing Teredo
But why so little Teredo?– Windows Vista and Windows 7 gethostbyname() will not query for a
AAAA record if the only local IPv6 interface is Teredo– Can we expose latent Teredo capability?
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Exposing Teredo
Use an IPv6 literal as the object URL:http://[2401:2000:6660::f003]/1x1.png
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Exposing Teredo
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Exposing Teredo
Use an IPv6 literal as the object URL:http://[2401:2000:6660::f003]/1x1.png
– In the context of the experimental setup it was observed that ~30% of the client base successfully fetched this IPv6 URL using Teredo!
– Conversely, 70% of the clients did not manage a successful object retrieval of this URL
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Performance and Tunnels
Teredo adds a further performance penalty in the form of state setup between the Teredo relay and the client
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Teredo PerformanceTunnel Setup Time
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Tunnel RTT Cost
Teredo Performance
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Teredo Relative Performance
Teredo adds an average of 1 - 3 seconds to the object retrieval time– Teredo setup takes between 0.6 second to 3 seconds– Average RTT cost of Teredo is 300ms– Object retrieval takes ~3 RTT intervals to complete– Total time cost is some 2 seconds on average
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IPv6 Performance
• Unicast IPv6 appears to be as fast as IPv4 for object retrieval
• Auto-tunnelling IPv6 attracts major performance overheads– these are strongly context dependent– widespread deployment of 6to4 relays and Teredo relays
and servers would mitigate this, to some extent– Dual Stack servers may want to consider using local 6to4
relays to improve reverse path performance for auto-tunnelling clients
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Failure Observations
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Dual Stack Failure
How many clients retrieve the V4 only object but DON’T retrieve the Dual Stack objects?i.e. how many clients exhibit “Dual Stack Failure”?
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Dual Stack Failure Rate
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0.2%
0.4%
0.6%
0.8%
Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar MayApr
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Dual Stack Failure
This rate of 0.7% of clients is the rate of failure of IPv4 clients to retrieve a dual stack object
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Dual Stack Failure
This rate of 0.7% of clients is the rate of failure of IPv4 clients to retrieve a dual stack object
But this is not a reliable metric of underlying protocol communication failure
– This is the rate of failure of the client to retrieve a dual stack object from within a javascript code object
– The client may:• Not execute the javascript at all• User reset of the retrieval before completion• In addition to the failure to fallback to IPv4 retrieval
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Connection FailureTo attempt to look more precisely for some instances of connection failure, lets looking for connections that fail after the initial TCP SYN
Note that this approach does not detect failure of the initial SYN packet, so the results are a lower bound of total connection failure rates
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Client
Server
SYN
SYN + ACK
ACK
X Response fails
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Connection Failure
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IPv6 Connection Failure
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Is Teredo really THAT good?
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Teredo Connection FailureTeredo uses an initial ICMPv6 exchange to assist in the Teredo Server / Relay state setup
Note that this approach does not detect failure of the initial ICMPv6 echo request , so the results are a lower bound of total connection failure rates
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Client
Server
SYN
SYN + ACK
ACK
XSYN fails
ICMPv6Echo Req
ICMPv6 Echo Resp
X XICMP fails
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No.
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IPv6 Connection Failure using V6 Literal
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IPv6 Connection Failure
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• Some 2%-5% of IPv6 unicast connections fail!– This rate is better than IPv6 auto-tunnels, but is still 20x the
rate of IPv4 connection failure
• Some 12% - 20% of 6to4 connections fail!– This is a very high failure rate!– The failure is most likely a protocol 41 filter close to the client
that prevents incoming 6to4 packets reaching the client
• Some 40% of Teredo connections fail!– This is an amazingly high failure rate!– Is STUN just broken? And/or …?
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Can we improve Dual Stack Performance?
We need to understand how client systems behave in a dual stack environment in order to understand how we can improve the situation
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Serialization
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Client
DNS Web Server
AAAA Query A Query
AAAA ResponseA Response
V6 SYN
V6 SYN+ACK
V6 ACK
DNS Phase TCP Connection Phase
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Serialization and Failure
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Client
DNS Web Server
AAAA Query A Query
AAAA ResponseA Response
V6 SYNs V4 SYN
V4 SYN+ACK
V4 ACK
V6 TCP SYN Timeout
DNS Phase TCP Connection Phase
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Serialization and Failure
In response to poor performance associated with auto-tunnelling many OS stacks have responded by altering the local protocol preference table to depref 6to4 BELOW V4, and to try and not use Teredo at all!
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Can we improve Dual Stack Performance?
Yes!
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Parallelization
• In response to an open() call from the application, set off two independent streams (V4 and V6) and perform in parallel:– DNS query– TCP SYN exchange
• ACK the first TCP SYN+ACK to be received, and present this back to the application as the “working” TCP connection
• RST the other54
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Web ServerDNS
Parallelization
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Client
DNS Web Server
AAAA Query
A Query
AAAA Response
A Response
V6 SYN
V6 SYN+ACK
V4 SYN
V6 SYN+ACK
V6 ACK …
V4 RST
Protocol section point
V4 thread
V6 thread
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Parallelization
Trade offs:+ Faster client experience-Higher client state overhead-Higher server SYN load for dual stack servers
“Happy Eyeballs: Trending Towards Success with Dual-Stack Hosts” draft-wing-v6ops-happy-eyeballs-ipv6-01
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Conclusions
What can we say about the performance and robustness of a Dual Stack network environment as a result of these observations?
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For an Online Service…
Converting a service to operate as a Dual Stack service is a viable option in today’s environment
But:– a small fraction of existing clients will experience a
much slower service– a very small fraction of existing clients will fail to
connect to the dual stack service at all58
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What about IPv6-Only Services?
Is an IPv6-only service a viable option today?
Not really.– Only ~4% of the existing client base would successfully
connect to an IPv6-only service– And many would experience poor performance relative to
IPv4 services
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What about Dual Stack Transition?
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What about Dual Stack Transition?
End-host auto-tunnelling is not a solution!
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What about Dual Stack Transition?
End-host auto-tunnelling is not a solution!– Auto-tunnelling appears to encounter many more
performance and reliability problems than it solves in terms of IPv6 connectivity
– Auto-tunnelling is not proving to be a useful mainstream transition tool for IPv6
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What about Dual Stack Transition?
If we want this transition to operate in a manner where IPv6 operates at least as well as IPv4 then end hosts really need to be connected to a IPv6 Unicast service delivered from their service provider
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Thank You
Questions?
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