SSWH3 The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical...
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Transcript of SSWH3 The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical...
SSWH3The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies
form 700 BCE to 400 CE.
GREECE GEOGRAPHY:
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1. Separate city-states
2. Mountainous & 2000 islands
3. Located: Balkan Peninsula
GREECE GEOGRAPHY:
• Mountains cover ¾
• shaped political life creating small independent communities
• travel by land difficult
• Results of Geographic Features
• Farming challenges and successes
• Imports
• Failure to Unite
GREECE GOVERNMENT:
• City-state: called a polis (consisted of major city and surrounding land)
• Built on two levels; top level was on a hill called an acropolis
• Male landowners held all political power
GOVERNMENT IN GREECE:
OLIGARCHY:
• Trade expanded, wealthy merchant class, farmer, and artisans challenged landowners
• Created an oligarchy: power is in the hands of a small, wealthy elite
DEMOCRACY:
• Discontent with the wealthy landowners created a democracy
• Government run by the people
• Only landowning men could participate in government and gain citizenship (limited)
• Women & slaves were excluded from politics
ATHENS: Click icon to add picture
• Government: Democracy
• Focus: arts, culture, education
• Women: must be guided by men; most important role in religion; took care of
household
• Education: girls received little/no education; boys went if they could
afford it
• Encouraged young men to explore music, reading, writing, poetry, public
speaking, athletics
SPARTA:
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• Government: Oligarchy
• Focus: extreme warrior society, focused strictly on training for war
• Women: expected to produce healthy sons (exercise); had to obey fathers & husbands;
had right to inherit property
• Education: Boys at age 7 began military training, had to leave home
• Became isolated from other Greeks; no travel or trade permitted
PELOPONNESIAN WAR:
• Athens vs Sparta
• Sparta threatened by Athens expansion
• Sparta strong army; Athens strong navy
• Sparta destroys Athens
• Page 129
PHILOSOPHERS: “LOVERS OF WISDOM”
• Greek thinkers that challenged the belief that events were caused by gods
• Used observation and reason to find causes of events
• Debated & questioned government and laws to rule human behavior
GREEK PHILOSOPHERS:
SOCRATES:• First great philosopher of
Greece• Socratic method: ask
questions & examine implications of answers
• Wanted people to question things.
• Put on trial for corrupting city’s youth, found guilty, and executed by poison.
GREEK PHILOSOPHERS:
PLATO:
• Socrates’ student• Emphasized reason• Distrusted & rejected
democracy (due to Socrates’ death)• taught ideal and
perfect society ruled by one person with ultimate authority
GREEK PHILOSOPHERS:
ARISTOTLE:
• Student of Plato
• Suspicious of democracy; believed in 1 strong leader
• Focused on reason for learning (school courses based on the works of Aristotle)
MACEDONIA:
• Took over Greek city states.
• Alexander the Great• Took over throne at 20 years old
• Conquered huge empire
• Died at 32 years old due to fever; does not name a successor
• Married a Persian woman
ALEXANDER’S LEGACY:
• Alexander's conquests led to cultural diffusion
• Hellenistic Culture (Mixture of Greek and Middle Eastern Culture)
• Alexandria, Egypt: center of Hellenistic world (between Europe & Asia)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQfBinQwPGs
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=HUZT7VYCU2Y
ROME GEOGRAPHY:
• Located: Italian Peninsula, Mediterranean Sea
• Easier to unify
• Fertile land
RISE OF THE REPUBLIC:
• Republic
• a government in which elected officials have power granted by voting citizens
• Republic would prevent any one person from gaining too much power
• Senate: made laws, controlled government; established a system of checks on government power
DECLINE OF REPUBLIC:
• Civil wars began in Rome
• Big issue: who should hold power—
1. Senate
2. Popular Political Leader
• Julius Caesar: military leader who began to rise to power during civil wars
RISE OF AN EMPIRE:
• Autocratic government led by one leader
• Caesar = Emperor
• Pax Romana
• Period of Roman Peace that lasts for 200 years
• Tax system, postal service, coins to make trade easier, vast trade networks (Roman Roads)
• Lots of cultural diffusion!
JULIUS CAESAR: • Triumvirate
• Along with 2 others, Caesar had control of Senate
• Became a dictator
• Gave jobs to unemployed, land to poor, created new calendar
• The other members of the Senate feared he was getting too powerful, so they killed him.
• Started Civil War
OCTAVIAN:
• Ended the Civil War and took over the government
• Became the First Emperor of Rome
• Took the name Augustus Caesar
• Page 159
ROMAN CONTRIBUTIONS:
SCIENCE:
• Heliocentric theory (sun-centered solar system)
• Lever & pulley
• Hippocratic oath (ethical standards for doctors)
GENDER:
• Women no longer restricted to their homes
• Women learned to read and write
• Royal women held power, some were rulers, others worked outside of home
ROMAN CONTRIBUTIONS:
LAW:
• Judges interpret laws, make fair decisions
• innocent until proven guilty
• equal treatment under law
• Solid evidence must be presented to indict someone
SCIENCE:
• Built roads, bridges, harbors
• Roads still used after empire fell
• Aqueducts: structures that carry water into cities
• Applied geography to create maps
ROMAN LIFE:
• Most lived in countryside
• Slaves important
• First major empire to be economically dependent on slavery
• POWs and debtors
• Big difference between rich & poor
• “Western Culture”- Greco-Roman culture that spread Europe to America
• Latin basis of Romance Languages and half of English words
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE:
• Coliseum
• Arena w/ free entertainment
• Gladiators
• Arch
• Dome (Pantheon)
• Columns
ROMAN ART:
• Sculptures from the Greeks
• Frescoes
• Mosaics
GREEK RELIGION:
• Polytheistic
• Gods lived on Mount Olympus
• Zeus: king of the gods
• Honored gods with temples & festivals
(sacrifices, feasts, singing)
ROMAN RELIGION:
• Polytheistic
• Adopted from Greeks
• Jupiter: king of the gods
• Honored by festivals & building of temples
RISE OF CHRISTIANITY:
• Messiah
• Jewish belief that God would send someone to Earth to lead them to Heaven.
• Jesus of Nazareth
• Lived in the Middle East (part of Roman Empire-Jerusalem)
• Jew
• Thought by some to be the messiah
• Made enemies of Jewish and Roman leadership because he was so popular with the common people.
RISE OF CHRISTIANITY:
• Appeal:• embrace all people• personal relationship w/ God• promise of Heaven
• Christianity spread through empire easily due to Pax-Romana• Christians not liked by Romans b/c refused to worship Roman gods
SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY:
• Jesus put to death, Paul spreads word of Jesus & God (missionary)
• Liked by many because it accepted all people, especially the poor
• Used Roman roads to travel & spread the word of Jesus
• People willing to die for their beliefs attracted people
• 312 CE: Roman Emperor Constantine ends persecution of Christians b/c of vision
• 380 CE made official religion of Rome
DECLINE OF ROMAN EMPIRE
• Empire becomes weakened
over time
• Long-time factors: Fall of WesternRoman Empire
Weakened
Economy
Inflation
Increased Taxes
Poor Harve
sts
InvadingNorther
nTribes
Breakdown in
Military and CivilLoyalty
DECLINE OF ROMAN EMPIRE:SPLIT:
• To try to save the empire, it was split in the 3rd century to make it easier to rule
• Western Roman Empire• Capital at Rome
• Eastern Roman Empire• Capital at Constantinople
• Became known as Byzantine Empire later
FALL OF WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE:
• Huns
• One of the many nomadic tribes that led multiple raids into the W. Roman Empire
• Led by Attila the Hun
• Rome surrendered to the attacks in the 5th century