SSUSH7 C , D, E & SSUSH8 C Jacksonian Democracy and a...
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SSUSH7 C , D, E & SSUSH8 C
Jacksonian Democracy and a Changing America
Jacksonian Democracy
The New President
• Many American’s admired Andrew Jackson as the
“People’s President.”
• Most remembered him as the tough frontiersman
known as “Old Hickory.”
• Others still thought of him as a “Military Hero” for his victories at the
Battle of New Orleans (1814) and his Capture of Spanish Florida (1818).
• He returned the people’s admiration for him by utilizing the Spoils System
(granting government jobs to loyal supporters).
• He also supported a change in the nomination of presidential candidates
from the Caucus System to the new National Nominating Conventions.
(Party Selection) (Selection by the People)
Jacksonian Crisis
• The Tariff of 1828 increased
Sectionalism in the U.S.
• Southerners called it the “Tariff of
Abominations” because it had few
industries.
• Many South Carolinians threatened
to Secede from the Union.
• Vice-President John C. Calhoun of
South Carolina suggested the idea
of Nullification to solve to dispute.
Jacksonian Democracy
Jacksonian Crisis
• Nullification was an idea that states had the right to
declare any Federal Law null and void (or not valid).
• The issue continued with the
Webster-Hayne debate of 1830.
• The debate focused between
“Defending the Union” and the
issue of “States Rights.”
• President Jackson echoed northern sentiments in 1832 by stating
“Our Federal Union – It Must be Preserved.”
Jacksonian Democracy
Jacksonian Crisis
• The war of words erupted into a full confrontation when Congress passed
the Tariff of 1832.
• Immediately, a special state convention in South
Carolina adopted an Ordinance of Nullification
declaring the tariffs unconstitutional.
• President Jackson considered the nullification to be
an act of treason by South Carolina.
• In 1833, Congress passed the Force Bill authorizing
the president to use the military to enforce the law.
Jacksonian Democracy
Policies Toward Native Americans
• The President intended to move all Native American’s to the Great Plains.
• Many Americans believed the Great Plains was an un-useable wasteland.
• Many Westerners believed the move would end the nation’s Indian conflicts.
• In 1830: Congress passed the
Indian Removal Act that targeted
the Five Civilized Tribes:
Cherokee (Georgia & Alabama)
Chickasaw (Mississippi)
Choctaw (Mississippi & Alabama)
Creek (Georgia & Alabama)
Seminole (Florida)
Jacksonian Democracy
Policies Toward Native Americans
• Most Native Americans resettled except for the
Cherokee of Georgia who hired lawyers to fight the
Federal Government.
• In 1832: The Supreme Court ordered state officials
to honor Cherokee property rights in Georgia.
• However, in 1835 the Cherokee signed
the Treaty of New Echota ceding all
their land in Georgia to the U.S.
• By 1838, the forced relocation of the
Cherokee resulted in over 4000 dead
along the well known “Trail of Tears”.
Jacksonian Democracy
Jackson and the National Bank
• The President and most Westerners considered the Second National Bank
as a Wealthy Class Monopoly.
• In 1832, when Congress tried
to extend the bank’s charter
for 20 years, the President
Vetoed the bill.
• In 1833, after being re-elected, the President withdrew all government
deposits from the National Bank and deposited them in State Banks.
• Although this put an end to the Bank of the United States, it left the
country in danger of inflation and other financial woes for years to come.
Jacksonian Democracy
A Changing America
Rivalries Over the Presidency
• By the mid-1830’s: The Whig Party rose in America to oppose President
Jackson’s forceful style of leadership.
• The Whigs believed in:
Larger Federal Government
Industrial & Commerical
Development
Strong Centralized Economy
• However, because the Whigs couldn’t decide on a
candidate, Martin Van Buren (a Democrat) was
elected president in 1836.
• President Martin Van Buren had to immediately deal with a crippling
economic crisis in the United States known as the Panic of 1837.
• Because he believed in limited federal government,
he did little to stop the nation’s banks and
businesses from failing
A Changing America
Rivalries Over the Presidency
• The Whigs saw an opportunity to nominate a
hero of the War of 1812 as their candidate
for President: William Henry Harrison
• However, when Harrison died of pneumonia (32 days after taking office),
Vice-President John Tyler became the 10th President of the U.S.
America’s Changing Culture
• Between 1815 – 1860 the U.S. experienced a massive influx of immigrants
• Immigrants came to America for several different reasons:
Violence & Political Turmoil at home.
Escape Starvation and Poverty.
Opportunity for a Fresh Start in life.
Availability of Land and Jobs.
New found sense of Freedom & Liberty.
• The largest wave of immigrants came from Ireland (almost 2 Million)
• The second largest group of immigrants came from Germany (1.5 Million).
A Changing America
America’s Changing Culture
• Unfortunately, some immigrants encountered Discrimination in America
• American hostilities toward foreigners
became known as Nativism.
• Many American’s who were anti-Catholic
discriminated against the Irish.
• Several secret Nativist Groups formed on the pledge never to allow
Catholics or Immigrants to obtain political office.
A Changing America
• Since membership was secret, and they were obligated to say nothing if
questioned, the new American Party became known as the “Know-Nothings.”
America’s Changing Culture
• The Second Great Awakening was a religious movement that began around
1790, gained momentum in the early 1800’s, and rose rapidly after 1820.
• It began in Kentucky among the
frontier farmers and spread
quickly to the rest of the nation
• The new religious revival was
based on several key beliefs:
Rejection of Calvinist views
that only a few were chosen
Readmit God and Christ into
your daily lives
A Changing America
Purify Society in preparation for
the second coming of Christ
America’s Changing Culture
• Several Religious Denomination grew rapidly
as various Missionaries and Circuit Riders held
Revivalist styled Camp Meetings.
• The greatest number of new converts were
female and young people under the age of 25.
• The most well known new religious denomination to form during this period
was the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
• It was founded in the 1820’s by Joseph Smith.
A Changing America
• Known more commonly as Mormons, they would
eventually migrate to Utah with Brigham Young.
America’s Changing Culture
• Optimism created by the Second Great Awakening also influenced some
of America’s greatest Poets and Authors:
• Many of these writers adopted two key tenets of the period:
Washington
Irving
(1819)
A Changing America
James
Fenimore
Cooper
(1826)
Nathaniel
Hawthorn
(1850)
Herman
Melville
(1851)
Edgar Allen
Poe
(1842)
The power of one’s feelings over reasoning, known as Romanticism.
Man’s ability to overcome all odds, known as Transcendentalism.
America’s Changing Culture
• The Second Great Awakening also inspired many new Reform Movements
that became responsible for establishing many Benevolent Societies.
• In 1826: Presbyterian Minister Lyman Beecher helped
establish the American Temperance Society.
• The society initially advocated the voluntary abstinence
of all alcoholic beverages and later promoted prohibition.
• 1841-1853: Activist Dorthea Dix worked tirelessly to
effect changes in both Prisons and Insane Asylums.
A Changing America
• Her efforts helped pave the way for new Hospitals
for the insane and Rehabilitation programs in prisons.
America’s Changing Culture
• Many reformers also believed that the United States could only survive
if the nation was made up of well educated and informed citizens.
• 1837: Massachusetts Senator Horace Mann pressed for
public education by promoting a bill that created the first
State Board of Education.
• 1837-1848: He spent 12 years improving teacher salaries,
building 50 high schools, and “Normal Schools” for teachers.
• 1814: Emma Willard founded a girl’s
boarding school in Vermont.
• 1837: Mary Lyon opened the first
Female Seminary in Massachusetts.
A Changing America
America’s Changing Culture
• The influences of the Second Great Awakening also effected American’s
ideas of the traditional family and the role of women in raising children.
• Many felt the women was the family’s moral compass.
• 1841: Catharine Beecher (daughter of Lyman Beecher)
wrote A Treaties on Domestic Economy that gave women
instruction on childcare, cooking, and health issues.
• However, some women argued that they also had a responsibility to be
politically involved in the greater moral crusades of society.
A Changing America
• 1845: Margaret Fuller wrote Women in the Nineteenth
Century that is considered the first Feminist book to
promote women’s rights in America.
America’s Changing Culture
• 1848: Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth
Cady Stanton were Women’s
Rights Activists who organized
the first women’s movement.
19-20 July 1848: Seneca Falls Convention
A Changing America
• First Women’s Right’s Convention in the
World.
• First Presentation of the “Declaration of
Sentiments and Resolutions” on Women’s
Rights in the United States.
• First mention of Women’s Voting Rights