SSUSH6 A, B, C & E American Expansion and...
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SSUSH6 A, B, C & E American Expansion and Nationalism
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Transcript of SSUSH6 A, B, C & E American Expansion and...
SSUSH6 A, B, C & E
American Expansion and Nationalism
American Expansion and Nationalism
New Western Policies (1780’s)
• Confederation Congress needed a way to pay debts and finance operations.
• Solution: Sell lands it controlled west of the Appalachian Mountains.
• Land Ordinance of 1785 established method for surveying western lands.
• In 1787: Northwest Ordinance was passed to govern over new territories.
Territorial Governor, Secretary, &
three territorial Judges.
Territorial Legislature to be elected
after 5,000 males inhabited region.
Apply for statehood after 60,000
residents had settled in the region.
No Slavery or Indentured Servitude.
Same rights as other U.S. Citizens.
American Expansion and Nationalism
New Expansion (1800’s)
• President Thomas Jefferson promoted expansion to increase land ownership.
• He was concerned over France’s control of the Lower Mississippi Valley.
• He wanted to avoid the need for an alliance with the British.
• He sent Ambassador Robert Livingston to Paris to negotiate a deal.
• By 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte
was preparing to conquer Europe.
• French government was short of
funds needed for war.
• Napoleon offered to sell the
Louisiana Territory to the U.S.
• U.S. purchased the Louisiana
Territory for $15 million.
American Expansion and Nationalism
Exploring New lands (1800’s)
• President Thomas Jefferson
asked Congress to approve a
secret expedition into the new
Louisiana Territory.
• Meriwether Lewis and William
Clark were selected to lead it.
• The “Corps of Discovery” headed up the
Missouri River in May 1804.
• A Shoshone woman named Sacagawea
helped them as a guide & interpreter.
• They eventually found a passage through
the Rockies and to the Pacific Ocean.
American Expansion and Nationalism
Exploring New Lands (1800’s)
• Zebulon Pike conducted two key expeditions to map the
areas of the upper Mississippi and the Arkansas Rivers.
• In 1805 he was sent to locate the origins of the
Mississippi River by the Territorial Governor.
• In 1806 he was ordered to trace the origins of the
Arkansas and Red Rivers in the southern Louisiana
Territory. • He traveled to Colorado.
• Discovered Pike’s Peak.
• Mapped the Rio Grande.
• Described the Great
Plains & Rocky Mountains.
American Expansion and Nationalism
Rising International Tensions (1800’s)
• In Mid-1803, peace between Britain and
France fell apart due to Napoleon.
• President Thomas Jefferson declared U.S.
neutrality concerning the war.
• 21 Nov 1806: Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree forbidding the import of
British goods into any European ports (under penalty of confiscation).
• 11 Nov 1807: Great Britain responded by issuing the Orders of Council
forbidding any trade with France by any nation (with the same penalties).
• These two policies had a great economic impact on American Merchants
who were now subject to loosing their trade goods to both navies.
American Expansion and Nationalism
• Greater tensions occurred between the U.S. and Britain over the practice of
impressment by the British Navy.
• British shortages of Recruits.
• Poor pay and conditions in British Navy.
• British sailors deserted to serve on
U.S. ships.
• British stopped and searched U.S. ships
for possible deserters.
Rising International Tensions (1800’s)
Key Causes
End Result
• June 1807: British warship Leopard fired on the U.S. warship Chesapeake
when the U.S. commander refused to allow the British to search the ship.
American Expansion and Nationalism
• The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair enraged the American public and caused the
newspapers to call for war.
• Instead, President Thomas Jefferson asked Congress to pass the Embargo
Act of 1807.
• Unfortunately, the embargo hurt American merchants more than the British
or French, and was repealed by Congress in March 1809.
• Thomas Jefferson decided not to run
for President again in late 1808.
• James Madison, the Republican Party
Candidate was elected President.
Rising International Tensions (1800’s)
American Expansion and Nationalism
• President James Madison tried to use trade restrictions and negotiations
when dealing with the British and French.
• However, three congressmen became known as War Hawks because they
pressed for war against Britain:
Henry Clay from Kentucky
John C. Calhoun from South Carolina
Felix Grundy from Tennessee.
• British trade restrictions hurt Southern Planters and Western Farmers
who earned their income by shipping tobacco, wheat, rice, and cotton.
• Accusations that the British in Canada were arming Native Americans.
Rising International Tensions (1800’s)
Key Causes for War
American Expansion and Nationalism
The Native American Threat (1800’s)
• Shawnee leaders known as Tecumseh
and Tenskwatawa “the Prophet” were
united to protect their lands against
further white settlement.
• Indiana Territorial Governor, William Henry Harrison, led a military force
to the Indian village known as Prophetstown.
• 11 Nov 1811: The Battle of Tippecanoe cost
the Americans one quarter of their troops.
• Most of the Native Americans fled to
Canada with Tecumseh.
American Expansion and Nationalism
The War of 1812
• In early June 1812, President James Madison gave into pressure and asked
Congress to declare war on Britain.
• Early plans to attack the British in Canada failed due to several reasons:
Republicans closed the Bank of the U.S. and stopped government loans.
British Naval superiority on Lake Erie forced Americans to surrender.
State Militia Forces refused to cross into Canada to fight the British.
• However, the nation was unprepared
for war with only 7,000 troops and
six ships in the army and navy.
• Also, most Americans in the New
England states refused to support
what they called Mr. Madison’s War.
American Expansion and Nationalism
• 10 Sep 1813: U.S. Commodore Oliver Perry
led a four hour fight during the Battle of
Lake Erie that finally gave the Americans
control of the great lake region.
• 22 Jan 1813: British and Indian forces
ambushed Americans at the River Raisin
Massacre, killing at least 397 soldiers.
The War of 1812
• 6 Jun 1813: American troops invading Canada
from Niagara Falls were stopped by British
Troops and Militia at the Battle of Stony Creek.
American Expansion and Nationalism
• In 1814: The collapse of Napoleon’s Empire allowed the British to send more
troops and ships to deal with the United States.
• 11 Sept 1814: The U.S. Navy
defeated the British during the
Battle of Lake Champlain.
• Causing the British to retreat
back to Montreal
The War of 1812
• British sailed into Chesapeake Bay.
• British troops entered Washington.
• British set fire to the White House
and the Nation’s Capital.
August 1814
American Expansion and Nationalism
• 13-14 Sept 1814: American cannons at Fort
McHenry in Baltimore Harbor successfully
prevented British attempts to invade the city.
• 20 Sept 1814: Francis Scott Key published a
poem called the “Defense of Fort McHenry,”
which became known as the Star Spangled
Banner.
24 Dec 1814: Treaty of Ghent
• John Quincy Adams and
Henry Clay negotiated the
official end to the war.
The War of 1812
American Expansion and Nationalism
• The Battle of New Orleans was the
last major battle of the War of 1812.
• Stopped the British from gaining
control of the Louisiana Territory.
• The battle made Major General
Andrew Jackson a National Hero.
• The U.S. Senate ratified the Treaty of Ghent
allowing President James Madison to officially
declare the end of the War of 1812.
The War of 1812
8 Jan 1815
16 Feb 1815
American Expansion and Nationalism
War Continues Against the Native Americans
• Creek Indians of the Upper Creek Towns,
known as “Red Sticks,” were backed by the
British and the Spanish in Florida.
• They attacked their southern neighbors
who made treaties with the Americans.
• 27 Jul 1813: Alabama Militia ambushed Creeks returning from Florida
with ammunition and supplies.
• 30 Aug 1813: Creek “Red Sticks” attacked and massacred all the people
at Fort Mims (in modern day Alabama).
• 27 Mar 1814: Andrew Jackson led a mixed force of 2,600 Americans &
500 Indians to defeat the Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.
The Creek War (1813 – 1814)
American Expansion and Nationalism
War Continues Against the Native Americans
• Late 1816: American settlers and squatters began encroaching on
Seminole lands along the Georgia border with Spanish Florida.
• 22 Nov 1817: Brigadier General Edmund P. Gaines led a militia force of
250 soldiers to attack a village along the Flint River known as Fowltown.
The First Seminole War (1816 – 1818)
• 29 Nov 1817: Seminoles massacred
soldiers delivering supplies to Ft.
Scott along the Apalachicola River.
• March 1818: Major General Andrew
Jackson invaded Spanish Florida to
destroy Seminole villages & towns.
American Expansion and Nationalism
Birth of American Nationalism
• The success of the War of 1812 and the Creek War created a sense of
national pride that became known as the Era of Good Feelings.
• By 1818, this wave of nationalism in the United States under President
James Monroe promoted continued continental and global expansion.
• In 1819: As a result of Major General
Andrew Jackson’s invasion of Florida,
negotiations to annex the region began.
• 22 Feb 1819: The Adams-Onis Treaty
was signed by Secretary of State
(John Quincy Adams) and the Spanish
Minister (Luis de Onis).
American Expansion and Nationalism
• In 1821: Russia announced the expansion of its empire
from Alaska to the Oregon border with the U.S.
• In 1822: the Quadruple Alliance in Europe raised the
possibility of supporting Spain’s efforts to regain
control of their lost territories in the Americas.
• 2 Dec 1823: The Presidential
Proclamation known as the
Monroe Doctrine was issued.
• It declared further colonization
of the Americas by European
powers to be “Off Limits.”
Birth of American Nationalism
