SSS10 proceedings 86 · SSS10!Proceedings!of!the10th!International!SpaceSyntax!Symposium!...

SSS10 Proceedings of the 10th International Space Syntax Symposium

C Ugalde, C Fujita, C Bauermann & G Jobim Identifying city-‐regional structures in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

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086Identifying city-‐regional structures in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Claudio Mainieri de Ugalde Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul – PUC/RS, Fundação Estadual de Planejamento Metropolitano e Regional – METROPLAN [email protected] Camila Fujita PUCRS / Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul [email protected] Carlos Norberto Bauermann Fundação Estadual de Planejamento Metropolitano e Regional – METROPLAN [email protected] Gilda Maria Franco Jobim Fundação Estadual de Planejamento Metropolitano e Regional – METROPLAN [email protected]

Abstract

Presently, the idea that a region can be defined and delimited as part of a territory with similar characteristics which are, in some degree, different from other places, is being reviewed. Literature shows attempts of contemporary territory descriptions as consequence of complex, diffuse and contradictory realities of a globalized society, what suggests the necessity of discussing new concepts of region.

In the 70’s, nine metropolitan regions were delimited and institutionalized in Brazil, based mainly on criteria of population, conurbation, commuting and industrial activity. Ever since then, the number of metropolitan regions has increased up to more then forty, which were delimited based in different and subjective criteria, with negative consequences for public urban policy making and governance.

The conurbation criterion is considered a fundamental one for the identification of a metropolitan region. However, is it possible to find relevant global structures in non conurbated city-‐regional systems?

An exploratory study is proposed for the Metropolitan Region of Serra Gaúcha, recently institutionalized in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, where political reasons overcame technical delimitation criteria. The ongoing research uses geo-‐referenced data of different land uses, in thirteen municipalities, to be correlated to syntactic measures in order to find out patterns of land use and occupation representative of a contemporary territoriality in the southern part of the country. The present paper is a preliminary approach, restricted to four municipalities, towards the comprehension about spatial relations within agglomerated cities which are not in a conurbation stage.

Space syntax was taken as an appropriate theory and methodology for the investigation because it allowed to disaggregate space, from demographic census sectors (surfaces), into units (axial segments) to which data can be linked, supporting a much more accurate analysis. Municipalities were analyzed separately evidencing individual structures, and as a whole, where global accessibility and centrality revealed the city region structure and the degree of autonomy of the parts.



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The preliminary results showed interdependences between some land use locations and space properties and attributes in the municipal scale. However, in the regional scale, areas along some important accessible spaces were not intensively occupied yet, suggesting functional independence among cities.

The study case pointed new targets for the ongoing research, towards a new data set and the knowledge of routes adopted by suppliers, customers, partners and the distribution logistics for industrial and commercial enterprises. This way, space properties and characteristics can be better correlated with eventual new and different relations among cities not necessarily conurbated.

Keywords

Urban and regional planning, configurative analysis, space syntax.

1. Introduction

The phenomenon of metropolization, which emerged in Europe during the 19th century and in the 1920s in Brazil, requires a new perspective in urban and regional planning. Cities that used to be entirely contained within their municipalities started to constitute great agglomerations that surpass their political and administrative boundaries.

While in the United States and in European countries the metropolitan issue has been officially addressed from the 1950s, in Brazil, the Metropolitan Regions were instituted in 1973, reflecting an urban development national policy that was considering the expansion of multinational companies, whose process had their natural and necessary locus at the metropolis. The federated states did not have any autonomy for intervening in the decisions taken in federal level regarding programs or projects previewed for the metropolitan territory; this bestowed on the process a high degree of centralism and authoritarianism. The fact that the nine Metropolitan Regions instituted by the Complementary Law 14/73 match exclusively the state capitals can reinforce the idea that, in some cases, the political interests prevailed over the metropolitan issue (Moura and Firkowski, 2001).

Since that time, therefore, there has been a dissonance between spatiality and institutionality that has increased during the last two decades, even within a more democratic and decentralized political context. The conflict persists not only due to the institutionalization of new units but also due to the increase of the existing ones, with the inclusion of new municipalities without the support of any technical criteria, which results in four possible relationships between spatiality and institutionality:

a) The formal boundary of the Metropolitan Region is smaller than the spatiality of the phenomenon

b) The formal boundary of the Metropolitan Region is greater than the spatiality of the phenomenon

c) The Metropolitan Region is instituted without a spatiality of metropolitan features

d) The existence of a spatiality of metropolitan features and the inexistence of its respective institutionality.

Distortions continued to occur to the point that, until the year 2010, 46 Metropolitan Regions had been instituted in the country, many of them with precarious technical sustenance concerning the effective dependency relationships between the municipalities that composed them or the effective need for management of "common interest public positions", according to 1988's Brazilian Federal Constitution.



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If, on the one hand, in the 1970s, the technical criteria adopted for the delimitation of metropolitan areas corresponded basically to continuity of the territory occupation, commuting and economic active population working on industrial activities, on the other hand, the social and economic transformations that took place worldwide in the last decades, with reverberations in how territory was structured, attempt to review such criteria and restructure the productive process and the relationships between production and consumption of products and services. Consequently, people and merchandise flows need to be described, as well as the accessibility patterns that come from the changes in how the territory is occupied.

Considering the statements above, the recently instituted Metropolitan Region of Serra Gaúcha – RMSG suggests an investigation, since it constitutes a territory where the conurbation process has not been consolidated yet. However, a more fragmented occupation of the areas located between cities may be producing a spatial hierarchy where not only high movement roadways can be found, but also intra-‐urban ways and vicinal roads. The analysis of the relations between circuits of production, consumption, innovation and spatial units will provide the necessary basis for the intended discussion by verifying the possible correlations that exist between kinds of activities or company categories and spatial variables.

The goals of the research are:

a) To identify the global spatial structure of Região Metropolitana da Serra Gaúcha – RMSG from the emergence of patterns of accessibility, centrality, and distribution of uses and activities

b) To verify each municipality's degree of dependence upon spatial structures in relation to RMSG's global structure

c) To verify up to what degree RMSG's road accessibility conditions different movement scales and the spatial distribution of uses and activities

d) To analyze the possibilities of municipalities' urban expansion regarding natural conditions, particularly topography

e) To identify parameters that could be adopted for defining regional boundaries based on spatial analysis

f) To identify repercussions of the (post-‐Fordism) globalization process in RMSG's territory.

The hypothesis considered here is that, although the Northeast Urban Agglomeration's spatial structure has not been technically considered a Metropolitan Region due to social, economic, physical and territorial criteria formulated in the past, it shows a degree of dependence of its parts regarding the whole and reveals contemporary socioeconomic relations.

The intense formation of isolated nuclei between municipalities suggests the hypothesis that not only highways, but also sideways that connect municipalities develop an important role in spatial structure.

The present paper aims at bringing to discussion the theoretical and methodological outline of this ongoing research1, as well as the preliminary results of a spatial analysis made for four of the thirteen municipalities in RMSG (Figure 01).

1 The Research Project was approved and is supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Rio Grande do Sul – FAPERGS and Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul – PUC/RS in collaboration with Fundação Estadual de Planejamento Metropolitano e Regional – METROPLAN.



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Figure 01: Metropolitan Region of Serra Gaúcha composed by thirteen municipalities. Four of them were selected for the study case of the present paper. Source: METROPLAN

Space syntax, together with Geographic Information Systems, introduces new and important possibilities for refining the analysis of urban systems, since it offers the possibility of fragmenting space in smaller units (segmented axial lines) confronting spatial variables with many others, such as population, land use, densities, consumption, income, etc. This represents an innovation in spatial analysis techniques, in Brazil, towards public policies and governance.



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2. Basic characteristics of metropolitan areas within globalized economy in Brazilian context

Ascher (Delgado, 2010) states that, in a first stage of the metropolization process, during the post-‐war period, the city-‐region was characterized by a traditional nucleus of population and activities' concentration and by a first ring of satellite cities, still in process of densification. Composed mainly by individual residences and some commerce associated to service rendering, a second ring would develop discontinuously throughout the expansion axes. Farther from these rings, and in predominantly rural areas, more rarefied nucleations of what he called "metropolitan metastasis" (p.15) were formed. The fusion of these cities-‐region, originating a greater, more discontinuous and complex structure was named 'metapolis' by the author. The metapolis is described as the model of post-‐industrial city that covers diversified, fragmented spaces, and heterogeneous, dense or diffuse zones with different growth dynamics (Figure 02).

Figure 02: Typologies evolution of western cities. Source: Delgado, 2010 p.3.

Rochefort (2002) highlights that the effects of economy globalization in cities are noticed not only in the functional sphere, but also in the inner organization of new metropolitan spaces. According to him, new communication and information techniques propitiate that the implantations be more distant from activity centers and residential urbanization zones. Tertiary companies do not require the same imperative locations of the factories during the industrial period; inhabitants have greater mobility due to transportation facilities and the increasing use of automobiles. The corporations in a globalized economy define centers somewhere in the globe, but these, on their turn, do not require a physical concentration of activities in one single place anymore. They are located in wider territories, where diversified spatial units are interconnected by networks and flows.

In Brazil, a production restructuring process, coming from the spreading of new microelectronic-‐based production technologies, started in the 1980s. This process corresponded to the transition from a technological standard based on the centralization of commands and production massification to a technological standard defined by flexibility, diversity and decentralization (Fochezatto, 2010). Therefore, the altered production procedures fostered strategic alliances between companies and institutions, expanding their internal and external interdependencies. They also motivated an increase in the range of productive segments and a reduction in the average size of the companies. The author emphasizes that the new technologies, together with improvements in energy and transportation infrastructures, have increased the spatial mobility of the productive



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capital, which is guided by more attractive location factors, propitiating a spatial deconcentration of economic activities. The trade openness with other countries has also made that regional economies could obtain new demands in the international market and diversify their production.

Soares (2010) records the reflection of that reality in Rio Grande do Sul by verifying a restructuring process of the RMPA simultaneously with the formation of new agglomerations. Urban agglomerations in Rio Grande do Sul are industrialized spaces where important local production systems and manufacturing workforce are located; these attributes work as factors that attract new industrial implantations. It should be noticed that, besides these concentrations, a diffuse industrialization between the metropolitan region and the urban agglomerations can be found. There, the manufacturing units spread together with the small urban nuclei, with production systems that are flexible and intensive in labor force.

"This industrialization is connected also to local production systems, particularly footwear and agro-‐industrial economy. We consider that, in the current stage of metropolization in Rio Grande do Sul, the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre is going through significant transformations that impact on surrounding urban-‐industrial agglomerations as well. Therefore, the urban agglomerations of Caxias do Sul, Lajeado-‐Estrela, and Santa Cruz do Sul also present important changes in their social-‐spatial structure. The expansion of the metropolitan area and of general conditions of production allows that the manufacturing units deconcentrate throughout metropolitan surroundings, while communication and information infrastructures permit that management activities be reinforced within the space of the metropolis. The city-‐region of Porto Alegre is still a virtuality; however, it constitutes an ongoing process in which we consider that the industrial capital shares its prominent role with the services sector" (Soares, 2010, p.14).

Based on recent literature, the brief description above of the spatiality of the phenomenon of a more extensive occupation of the territory, which also occurs in Rio Grande do Sul, suggests a deeper investigation to support regionalization policies more adequate to current reality.

Therefore, the emergence of a new territory brings interest due to its description. The study carried out by TUDelft researches (Wandl et al, 2012) regarding the territories located between urban and rural areas (Territories-‐in-‐Between) that become intermediate landscapes between both environments contributes with theory and methodology for the development of this present project. In these territories, new functions, uses and lifestyles arise as a result of the interaction between urban and rural elements. These cannot be explained as an intensification of the urban functions because they have specific spatial and programmatic features. According to the authors, terms and concepts like "suburbanization", "urban-‐rural relations", "sprawl" or "peri-‐urban" do not reflect the diversity and complexity of these territories. The key hypothesis formulated by the Dutch researchers is that the network features of the "territories-‐in-‐between" (TiB), in terms of active flows, influence their development and performance. They highlight that planners, designers and managers often do not have enough perception or discrimination about the reality of areas that not perfectly fit conventional categories.

Bringing these issues into a Brazilian case could represent both an advance for the acknowledgment and description of such territories and an important contribution for the formulation of public policies.

3. Importance and possibilities of regional delineations of territory and its governance

Abrantes (2007) notices a political intention towards the framing and consequent delimitation of metropolitan regions, since they are extremely important territories in the spatial and socioeconomic organization of Europe nowadays, and they contribute significantly for competitiveness and social cohesion strategies. It is widely known that most of the population and added-‐value activities are located in these territories. Abrantes considers that the delimitation of areas undergoing metropolization processes functions mainly for territorial ordainment purposes, and the search for proper delimitation methodologies propitiates cohesive territories from the physical, economic and social point of view; thus the need of linking the regionalization as a fact to



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the regionalization as a tool. The rupture between both actions generates difficulties both for the identification and interpretation of phenomena and for the planning and management of urban agglomerations.

Since 1966, IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) conducts researches to identify relations between Brazilian cities and what it called Regions of Influence of the Cities (REGIC). According to IPARDES (2009), the importance of the results of these studies lies in the fact that the organization of the urban network, its centralities, and the influential areas of the centers are crucial for state planning and decision-‐making concerning the allocation of investments on production economic activities, private and collective consumption, and the implantation of services in territorial basis. They are equally important to provide tools that develop knowledge about current social relationships and spatial patterns that arise from them, providing references for assessing how the population can have access to services. All the researches were organized based on the definition of a list of goods and services that – once measured the volume and the origin of the demand – indicated the differences between central locations and offered conditions so that the centers' hierarchical scale could be established. These studies were developed beginning with questionnaires that investigated consumer flows searching for goods and services. The new hierarchy of urban centers, as well as the delimitation of the influential regions associated to each one of them, was completed by a broad set of secondary data. According to IBGE (2008, p.8), "the introduction of new technologies and changes in technical networks, the deepening of globalization in Brazilian economy, and the advance of the occupation border imprinted remarkable changes in territory, indicating the opportunity for updating the framework of cities' regions of influence." These changes, together with the advance of technical and territorial division of labor, have stimulated the organization in networks -‐ production and distribution, service rendering, political and economic management -‐ whose nodes are conformed by cities. IBGE's researchers indicate the presence of two kinds of urban systems side by side: the system of central localities, with regions formed around the centers; and the reticular system, in which the city works as a node of a worldwide network.

Viana (2008) calls the attention for the fact that choices about analysis categories aiming regional delimitations are choices about world visions and about a specific political and intellectual practice, in a certain historical period. The region category had changes in its content along sciences history trying to keep up with the transformations of the world reality. According to the author, with the advent of global relations among places, the concept of region, initially linked to a group of continuous and homogeneous places, started to incorporate a more relational sense with diversity, inequality, and complementarity. She argues that globalization makes, unmake and remake spatial differences. Different uses, fluxes and networks that unify places, make them particular or not particular. Therefore, region starts to be a more complex cut on the therritorial dynamics and requires a permanent revision of its concept faced to the new vectors of modernization and to he new possibilities of the territory use (Souza, 1995).

Paiva et al (2010) criticizes regionalization criteria adopted in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. According to the author, there is a large number of theoretical and practical studies about regionalization alternatives according to climate, topographic, political and administrative aspects, etc. He argues that scientific processes of regionalization, based on statistical indicators and tests, requires new forms of measurement, giving the example of the false means related to modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP).

Ribeiro (2012) proposes a methodology that evaluates the insertion nature of each municipality into the regional dynamics through statistical analysis using population density, economic, functional, urbanization degree, jobs and mobility indicators. As a result, cities were then grouped according to levels of integration to the dynamics of the metropolization process. In the case of Serra Gaúcha Metropolitan Region, the municipalities of Caxias do Sul and Bento Gonçalves showed a high degree of integration although not having common borders.

Ramos and Silva (2003) proposes a methodology for the delimitation of a metropolitan area expansion in the northeast of Portugal, based on the social and economic evolution of Metropolitan Region of Porto, observed between 1991 and 2001. Techniques of Exploratory Spatial Data Analyses



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– ESDA allow the identification of specific local characteristics that can be used in a dynamic modeling of relevant variables for the study region. Using Moran Scatterplot (Anselin, 1996), the researches delimited regions from uniform zones regarding to the analyzed variable.

Manzato and Silva (2007) shows the conceptual structure of a methodology for the definition of homogeneous urban regions based on combination of road infrastructure and population supply using two techniques of spatial analysis: spatial statistics and spatial modeling. The proposal is presented through different spatial models which together try to evaluate interrelations between land use and transportation provision. The methodology is based on the combination of two indicators: population density and road network, which combined with Moran Index and Cellular Automata.

4. Space syntax and the identification of urban and regional structures based on spatial disaggregation

It can be noticed that the possibilities of regional cut adopted so far in Brazil take the municipality or census sector as spatial unities for the expression of results. It is necessary to link significant variables to spatial unities deriving from the effective territory occupation so that the influence of the built environment on accessibility and movement, land use, densities, locations, etc. can be identified.

Space syntax provides important theory and methodology necessary to disaggregate generic surfaces or parts of the territory into axial lines, representative of public spaces permeable to movement of pedestrian and vehicles in cities and regions (Hillier and Hanson, 1984; Hillier et al, 1993; Hillier, 1996). Axial lines capture local properties of space, such as connectivity and global ones, such as integration, once it is inserted in a spatial configuration. These axial lines can be broken into segments, to which any variable can be linked and, consequently, correlations can be tested between syntactic measures and urban/regional phenomena.

Rigatti and Ugalde (2007) investigated, based on space syntax, the structure of the metropolitan conurbation. The first part of the study was the individual analysis of each municipality, identifying common and different aspects among them, including the role of each one in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre. Spatial typologies were identified mostly in consequence of their grid’s connections and less for their internal characteristics. They verified how it was possible, during the conurbation process, the maintenance of the identity, particularities and autonomy of some its parts and loss of these characteristics in others. The comparison was made based on the syntactic measures of global integration of each municipality with the global integration of the whole configuration, in different topological radius. Conclusions indicated that when conurbation is effective, syntactical measures are more robust than the ones belonging to each city separately.

Cemasi and Psarra (2012) argue that the way cities grow on their peripheries reveals a caotic pattern of occupation. In fact, this vision is influenced by the old urbanization and perception models, that put these areas in an appropriate focus of analysis. According to the authors, the necessity of a new approach is reinforced by the presence of new territorial identities in Italy, which requires other models that take in consideration new landscapes representative of post industrial urban situations. Supported by space syntax and with reference to Landscape Urbanism, they examine the cities of Bologna and Modena in different scales and discuss the localization evolution of commerce, service as well as housing and the emergence of new centralities.

Tavares (2013) studied the role of the high speed transportation network as an element that structures urban centralities on peripheries of traditional cities. Based on space syntax to analyze relations between movement and activities in Taveiro and Coimbra region, in Portugal. He found out a functional decentralization process along a highway that links the two cities, where diversified equipments of production, consumption and distribution, configuring a process called neoagglomerations.



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Figure 03: – Two municipalities in conurbation of the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre. Global integration modifications. Source: Rigatti and Ugalde (2007).

5. The study case

Four out of thirteen municipalities included in the Metropolitan Region of Serra Gaúcha -‐ MRSG were selected for a preliminary approach and spatial analysis of the city-‐region: Bento Gonçalves, Carlos Barbosa, Farroupilha and Garibaldi (Figure 01) with 107,218; 25,192; 63,635 and 30,689 people respectively, in 2010.

The agglomeration of cities included MRSG have a very dynamic economy with a strong metal-‐mechanics industrial sector, beverage sector, with emphasis on production of wine, and tourism sector.

The cities are settled in the mountains in sites where declivity allows urban occupation. In those sites, the urban grid was developed in a more regular way with high connectivity. On the other parts of the territory the slope did not allow intensive occupation and the connectivity between streets and roads was low, following a pattern like strings of segments.

Table 01: Gross Product of the Agglomeration of municipalities of MRSG (partial). Source: IBGE Census 2000 e 2010

1st Sector (Agriculture) 2nd Sector (Industry) 3rd Setor (Comm. and Serv.) Total2010 2010 2010 2010

Bento Gonçalves 64.016,00 1.045.859,00 1.570.342,00 2.680.217,00Carlos Barbosa 46.103,00 373.161,00 327.167,00 746.431,00Caxias do Sul 162.265,00 6.099.212,00 7.048.634,00 13.310.111,00Farroupilha 64.510,00 513.287,00 800.642,00 1.378.439,00Flores da Chunha 53.845,00 235.281,00 278.883,00 568.009,00Garibaldi 42.561,00 444.390,00 409.428,00 896.379,00M. Belo Sul 19.059,00 21.174,00 24.570,00 64.803,00Nova Pádua 23.300,00 5.440,00 22.870,00 51.610,00Santa Tereza 10.906,00 3.350,00 11.679,00 25.935,00São Marcos 27.154,00 133.068,00 195.357,00 355.579,00Total AUNE 513.719,00 8.874.222,00 10.689.572,00 20.077.513,00Total RMPA 635.363,00 30.152.327,00 62.855.700,00 93.643.390,00

GROSS PRODUCT (in thousands of R$)Municipalities



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Firstly, it is necessary to examine, individually the spatial distribution of integration in each municipality, for its specific structure identification. Then, in a second moment, the spatial distribution of integration in the whole city-‐region must be verified, so that the degree of autonomy of each part in relation to the global system can be evaluated. Finally, a considerable set of land use data was obtained to overlay the configuration, allowing an overview of possible relationships between syntactic measures and basic urban activities of commerce and services, industry and housing. For that purpose, approximately 52,000 geo-‐referenced water consumption measure points were provided by the State Sanitation Company (CORSAN-‐RS). The number of units linked to each point also permits a preliminary analysis of activity densities.

Global space integration of the agglomeration

Figure 04 shows the spatial distribution of integration (Rn) in the global configuration corresponding to the four municipalities. It can be easily seen that not only the cities themselves concentrate global integration, but also strings of segments which correspond to different kinds of roads within the agglomeration. Four of them, BR-‐453, BR-‐470, RS-‐444 and RS-‐313 (Morro do Macaco Road), call attention due to their higher values of integration. The BR-‐453 high degree of accessibility or integration, for example, can be explained by the topologic and geometrical closeness to the larger cities, Farroupilha and Bento Gonçalves, and by its high connection with the street network of Farroupilha. Garibaldi and Carlos Barbosa turned out to be not so integrated to the whole system, partially because of their de-‐centred position in relation to BR-‐470.

It also can be observed that there is a larger number of roads in the northern part of the configuration. Low declivities allowed a more intensive occupation of the territory. Some of those pre-‐existing roads are taken as touristic routes like Caminho de Pedra Road. Special attention shall be payed to touristic clusters because those might be one clue of globalization. This theme will be more explored in the ongoing research.

Figure 04: Angular global integration of the agglomeration processed by depthmap (Varoudis, 2012).



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Local autonomy

Figure 05 also shows the integration (Rn) distribution of each municipality up to the limits of their boundaries and how it modifies when enclosed in global configuration. It can be seen that Carlos Barbosa and Garibaldi that their internal centralities loose importance at the global scale. Part of this space segregation has to do with highways crossing street networks or not, which seems to be the case of those cities. Topologically further then Farroupilha and Bento Gonçalves from the configuration and less connected to it, Carlos Barbosa and Garibaldi seem to loose their autonomy when embedded in the system as a whole.

On the other hand, Bento Gonçalves seems to be not so connected to highways either, but the size of the city combined with the high internal connectivity of its street grid makes the urban structure more robust and autonomous in relation to the whole. Farroupilha also has this last characteristic which combined to the fact that the Highway BR-‐453 is a real part of the urban tissue, what reinforces its importance and autonomy in the agglomeration.

Figure 05: Angular integration changes from local to global scale. Segmented analysis processed by depthmap (Varoudis, 2012).

Land use and regional structure

The provided 52,000 geo-‐referenced water consumption measure points correspond to the three basic land use categories: residential, commercial / services and industrial.

Commonly, residences are spread all over the cities and the agglomeration in study is not an exception. But through a selection by query in ArcGIS, buildings with more than one housing unity had their distribution plotted, showing correspondence to the most integrated segments of the configuration and suggesting that population density has a tendency to correlate with accessibility



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(Figure 06). An important aspect, is that large and distant condominiums, which is a contemporary way of living, were not detected in the study area.

Figure 06: Accessibility structure in the agglomeration with dense residential location (dots in grey). Geo-‐referenced data processed by depthmap (Varoudis, 2012) and ArcGIS.

The same procedure was done for commercial and services land use and it also can be clearly seen that, in a general sense, they tend to be located on highly accessible streets. The next steps of the research will be to identify different types of commerce and services and try to correlate with specific locations and space local and global properties. (Figure 07).

Figure 07: Accessibility structure in the agglomeration with dense residential location (dots in blue). Geo-‐referenced data processed by depthmap (Varoudis, 2012) and ArcGIS.

The industrial activity location, in Figure 08, seems not to follow a clear pattern of distribution. It was expected that industries would tend to be along main roads and highways, at least the big ones. However, there are a few spots representing water supply for industries on those public spaces of



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movement. On one hand, the hypothesis that more distant industries don’t use public water service, but extract water from the underground, should be investigated, because this fact will interfere in the on going research. On the other hand, the overall distribution of industries makes sense considering the fact that the economy of those cities is diversified and based on small enterprises too.

Figure 08: Accessibility structure in the agglomeration with industrial location (dots in black crosses). Geo-‐referenced data processed by depthmap (Varoudis, 2012) and ArcGIS.

6. Final considerations

Identifying and delimiting real metropolitan regions and not simple agglomeration of cities is a problem in Brazil. Politicians representatives of dispersal municipalities try to approve laws creating regional entities, when, in most situations, there are weak relations among cities, generating unnecessary costs and dispersion of efforts. The case of the Metropolitan Region of Serra Gaúcha was analyzed by the State Metropolitan Planning Agency in 2013 under traditional criteria. The results were negative, it means, the municipalities should be maintained as an urban agglomeration status. Besides a still weak conurbation process, the indicators of trips from one city to another, for working or studying reasons were insufficient, suggesting their autonomy.

In the present preliminary analysis of only four municipalities, it can be noticed that, under the spatial point of view, there will be always a global structure of a regional system. The spatial integration of the whole will depend on the relative position of the space unities and their connectivity. Typical land uses and high densities, in fact, correlate with accessibility, as space syntax has already proved.

The functional integration, faced new contemporary processes, will be better investigated for the State of Rio Grande do Sul, with focus on MRSG. The supply of electric energy shall be a better indicator for the identification of more dispersal land uses and data shall be more disaggregate in order to identify types of residence, commerce, service and industry. Special attention shall be paid to the routes adopted by suppliers, customers, partners and the distribution logistics for industrial and commercial enterprises. This way, space properties and characteristics can be better correlated with eventual new and different relations among cities not necessarily conurbated.

For the time being, in spatial terms, it can be said that there is a strong relation between Farroupilha and Bento Gonçalves, what suggests that municipal boundaries should be taken only for administrative matters, since the global spacial structure potentially supports commercial, service



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and industrial uses. Specifically regarding to BR-‐453, land uses are only partially regulated by jurisdiction. However, within the cities, jurisdiction recognizes potentialities mostly for service and commercial uses.

Acknowledgements

Special thanks to Geographers Juliana da Silva Rodrigues and Julia Fagundes for support in ArcGIS.

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