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SSC 360 :Integrative Social Sciences (Environment and Development Part)

Jaruwan ChontanawatTopic : Energy, Environment

and Development

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Energy, Environment and Development

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• The role of energy in development• Energy sources• Global energy situation and Energy

Consumption trend/forecast• Thailand energy situation• Energy conservation • Energy policy

Outline

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“Wherever I have traveled, when men haveneither coal nor wood nor turf, they live inmiserable hovels and have nothing comfortable about them. But when they have an adequate supply of fuel and the wit to use it wisely they are well supplied with necessaries and live comfortable lives”.

Benjamin Franklin circa 1780

The role of energy in development (1)

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The role of energy in development (2)

• Energy plays a crucial role for mankind. • Energy – not a need per se but essential to deliver adequate food,

shelter, water, healthcare, education…• Strong correlation between energy consumption and a number of

social indicators.• Energy and poverty alleviation.• Energy used to transform materials into useful goods and services –

correlation between quantity of usage and size of economy.• Inevitably, energy is a fundamental factor for economic development

of a nation. (Agriculture, industry, transportation, services, etc)• Energy – central to any discussion on SD (Sustainable

development) • Relationship between extraction, processing, use and environmental

quality

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Causal link between Energy and Economic growth:

‘Role of Energy on Demand side and Supply side’Supply side

Output = f (K, L, Energy,Materials)

Economic Activity:•Manufacturing•Agriculture•Construction•Transportation

Demand side

Energy:(Electricity, Petroleum, etc.)

Energy = f (Income, Price)

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Energy Environment

Pollution

Develop-ment

Economic Growth

Quality of life

Degradation

Low quality of life

• Energy-Economy-Environment

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Sustainability

social

EconomyEnvi.

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3 1) Only ‘social + Economy’ could lead to environment degradation

2) Only ‘Economy + Environment’ could lead to Social problem (gap between the rich and the poor)

3) Only ‘social + Environment’ could lead to poor economy

Concept :Social + Economy + Envi. = Standard

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• Energy is a scalar physical quantity that is a property of

objects and systems which is conserved by nature. • Energy is often defined as the ability to do work. • Work is the quantity of energy transferred from one system

to another. • Several different forms of energy, including kinetic,

potential, thermal, gravitational, sound energy, light energy, elastic, electromagnetic, chemical, nuclear, and mass have been defined to explain all known natural phenomena.

• Energy is used to transform materials into useful goods and services – correlation between quantity of usage and size of economy.

Energy : meaning?

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What do People Mean by “Fuels”and “Energy”?

•An English dictionary defines a fuel as any substance burned as a source of heat or power. The heat is derived from the combustion process in which carbon and hydrogen in the fuel substance combine with oxygen and release heat. •The provision of energy as heat or power in either mechanical or electrical form is the major reason for burning fuels. •The term energy, when used accurately in energy statistics, refers only to heat and power but it is loosely used by many persons to include the fuels.

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Source of Energy

Non-renewable energy• Fossil Fuels

– Crude oil– Natural gas– Coal

• Nuclear

Renewable energy• Biomass• Solar• Wind• Hydropower• Others eg.

Geothermal, wave

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Non-renewable energy

• Non-renewable energy is energy taken from "finite resources that will eventually dwindle, becoming too expensive or too environmentally damaging to retrieve“.

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Coal

• Coal exists as a mined solid.• Coal is a non-renewable fossil fuel formed in

ecosystems where plant remains were preserved by water and mud from oxidization and biodegradation, thus sequestering atmospheric carbon.

• Coal is a readily combustible black or brownish-black rock. It is composed primarily of carbon and hydrogenalong with small quantities of other elements, notably sulfur.

• It is the largest source of fuel for generation of electricity world-wide, as well as the largest world-wide source of carbon dioxide emissions

• Coal is extracted from the ground by coal mining, either underground mining or open pit mining (surface mining).

Coal train

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Natural Gas

• Natural gas is commonly also referred to just as gas. It is mostly methane, and most of the additional material is removed before use as a fuel.

Gas- LNG ship

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Petroleum

• Petroleum is a liquid, and forms the basis for heating oil, diesel fuel, and gasoline .

• Petroleum "rock oil" is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid found in rock formations in the Earth consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, plus other organic compounds.

An oil well near Texas

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Nuclear

• Nuclear energy fuel for fission is mined as Uraniumore.

• Nuclear Energy is energy due to the splitting (fission) or merging together (fusion) of the nuclei of atom(s).

• Nuclear energy was first discovered by French physicist Henri Becquerel in 1896, when he found that photographic plates stored in the dark near uraniumwere blackened like X-ray plates, which had been just recently discovered at the time.

• The environmental concerns with nuclear power are that uranium is a finite source of energy, development of new plants cannot happen quickly enough to reduce CO2 emissions, nuclear energy is neither efficient nor effective in cutting CO2 emissions, and nuclear waste is a dangerous environmental hazard.

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Renewable energy

• Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources—such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat—which are renewable (naturally replenished).

• Renewable energy technologies range from solar power, wind power, hydroelectricity/micro hydro, biomass and biofuels for transportation.

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Solar energy

• Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun.

• Sunlight, or solar energy, can be used directly for heating and lighting homes and other buildings, for generating electricity,and for hot water heating, solar cooling,and a variety of commercial and industrial uses.

A row of solar panels

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Wind energy

• The sun's heat also drives the winds, whose energy is captured with wind turbines. Then, the winds and the sun's heat cause water to evaporate. When this water vapor turns into rain or snow and flows downhill into rivers or streams, its energy can be captured using hydropower.

Four wind turbines

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Biomass Energy

• Along with the rain and snow, sunlight causes plants to grow. The organic matter that makes up those plants is known as biomass. Biomass can be used to produce electricity, transportation fuels, or chemicals. The use of biomass for any of these purposes is called biomass energy.

A farmer inspecting his crop in a field

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• กาซชีวภาพ จากมูลสัตว เปนสวนผสมของ C2H4, HC, CO2

ใชผลิตกระแสไฟฟาและเชื้อเพลิง

• เอธานอล จากการหมัก เชน ออย มันสําปะหลัง ผสมเบนซินเรียก Gasohol

พลังงานชีวมวล

Gasohol•ลดมลพิษจากทอไอเสีย HC, CO 20-25%

•เผาไหมสมบูรณ

•ไมตองเสียคาปรับแตงรถยนต

Gasohol ผลดตีอประเทศ•ประหยัดการใชน้ํามัน ประหยัดเงิน

•ใชผลผลิตทางการเกษตรคุมคา

•ลดงบประมาณในการแทรกแซงสินคาเกษตร

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Hydrogen

• Hydrogen also can be found in many organic compounds, as well as water. It's the most abundant element on the Earth.

• But it doesn't occur naturally as a gas. It's always combined with other elements, such as with oxygen to make water.

• Once separated from another element, hydrogen can be burned as a fuel or converted into electricity.

A frame of hydrogen combustion and methane

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Geothermal energy

• Not all renewable energy resources come from the sun. Geothermal energy taps the Earth's internal heat for a variety of uses, including electric power production, and the heating and cooling of buildings. And the energy of the ocean's tides comes from the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun upon the Earth.

A hot spring

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Ocean energy

• The ocean can produce thermal energy from the sun's heat and mechanical energy from the tides and waves.

An ocean wave

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Hydropower energy

• Flowing water creates energy that can be captured and turned into electricity. This is called hydroelectric power or hydropower.

A dam that produce hydropower

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Global Energy Situation

• Consumption

• Trend

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Primary energy consumption

Global primary energy consumption grew by 2.4% in 2007, slower than in 2006 but just above the ten-year average of 2.2%

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Chart of regional consumption patterns of primary energy 2007 (Green-Oil, Grey-Coal, Red-Gas)

BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2007

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Primary energy consumption per capita

BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2007

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Global Energy consumption trend

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• Energy consumption is projected to grow by 57% between 2004 and 2030. The highest growth is projected for the developing countries.

• Fossil fuels will remain the dominant source of energy. In 2005 86% of primary energy production in the world came from burning fossil fuels. With the remaining non-fossil being hydro 6.3%, nuclear 6.0%, and other (geothermal, wind, solar, wood and waste) 0.9 %.

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Global demand grows by more than half over the next quarter of a century, with coal use rising most in absolute terms

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The Emerging Giants of World Energy

China & India will contribute more than 40% of the increase inglobal energy demand to 2030 on current trends

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Global CO2 emissions rise to 42 gigatonnes in 2030, 57% abovecurrent levels and double the 1990 level

Global CO2 Emissions and Climate Change

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World’s Top Five CO2 Emitters

China becomes the largest emitter in 2007 & India the3rd largest by 2015

36Around 60% of the global increase in emissions in 2005-2030comes from China & India

China & India in Global CO2 Emissions

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Concentration of Reserves2007 Oil Reserves stand at 1237.9 billion barrels

Reserves have grown 107.8 billion barrels since 2001 and 168.5 billion barrels, or 14%,over the last decade.

BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2007

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The total reserves stood at 177.4 trillion cubic metres at the year-end,an increase of 1.14 tcm relative to the end-2006 figure

2007 Natural gas Reserves

BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2007

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Thailand Energy Consumption and Trend

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The two main energy sectors are transportation and industry which combined together account for more than 70% of the total domestic energy demand

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Proportion of energy consumptionProportion of energy consumptionper GDPper GDP

(Source: EPPO,Ministry of Energy, Thailand)

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Energy Demands in ThailandEnergy Demands in Thailand

• In the year 2003, the energy consumption in Thailand was accounted to be 14.31% of GDP.

• Presently, Thailand imports fossil energy was accounted to be 12% of total amounts of import.

• 60% of total energy consumption in Thailand are imported.

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Change of Energy Growth Rate per GDP Change of Energy Growth Rate per GDP Growth RateGrowth Rate

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Remarks: Energy-Environment Issues

• The majority of global energy uses are non-renewable energy (fossil fuels) such as crude oil, natural gas, coal and nuclear.

• In Thailand, the energy uses are also mainly from fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas and coal.

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Fossil Fuels Reality• Fossil fuels are nonrenewable energy.• Fossil fuels derived from organic material deposited and buried under

heavy layers of sediment in the earth millions of years ago. Theresulting high levels of heat and pressure caused the remains tometamorphose, first into Kerogen and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons.

• Crude oil and gas constitute a type of fossil fuel known as ‘hydrocarbons because the molecules in these fuels are combinations of hydrogen and carbon atoms. The main component of natural gas is methane.

• Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with assorted other elements, including sulfur.

• When fossil fuels are burned (oxidised to carbon dioxide and water), they produce significant amounts of energy and release CO2.

• Fossil fuels are mainly used in the several economic sectors such as transportation, Industry, electricity plant.

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Fossil Fuels: The issues

• Non-renewable resources: they take millions of years to form and reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being formed.

• Security of supply:– Concentration of reserves– Concern about fossil fuel supplies is one of the causes of

regional and global conflicts.

• The production and use of fossil fuels raise environmental concerns– GHG emissions

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Energy conservation principle หลักการอนุรกัษพลังงาน

1. Avoid (งด-เลิก)

2. Reduce (ลด)

3. Reuse (ใชแลวใชอกี-ใชซ้าํ)

4. Recycle (การหมุนเวียนกลับมาใชใหม)

1A3R

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Energy conservation principle

1. Rethink : คิดใหม เริ่มที่ใจ ปรับที่ความคิด ทุกคนมีหนาที่ประหยัดพลงังาน

2. Reduce : ลด ใชพลังงานใหนอยลง

3. Reuse : ใชแลวใชอีก-ใชซ้ํา นําของเกามาใชใหม

4. Recycle : นําของเกามาใชใหมโดยผานกระบวนการ

5. Reform : ปรับเปลี่ยนพฤติกรรมการใช

www.pttplc.com

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Energy Policy Statement of the Government ofPrime Minister, to the National Assembly,

Monday 18 February B.E. 2551 (2008)• Energy Policy• 1. Establish energy security through acquisition of sufficient energy for the

country's development and the people's well-being by expediting more investment in the exploration and development of energy within the country, in joint development areas and from neighboring countries; as well as promoting energy cooperation with foreign countries.

• 2. Encourage the supervision of the energy sector so that energy prices are appropriate, fair and stimulate competition to invest in the energy industry, while maintaining high standards of quality, service and safety.

• 3. Develop and promote research in all forms of renewable energy as an alternative for the Thai people, in line with the principles of the sufficiency economy philosophy and sustainable development, as well as undertake studies to prepare readiness for deciding on the development of other alternative energy which utilizes high technology and locally compatible energy.

• 4. Seriously and continuously promote plans to conserve and save energy, as well as promote efficient use of energy in the manufacturing, services, and public sectors with appropriate incentives.

• 5. Promote development, production, and use of energy concurrently with environmental conservation. Promote development of clean energy, including giving importance to the management of greenhouse gases in order to help alleviate global warming.

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Thank you

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Acknowledgement

• Dr. Carole Nakhle, University of Surrey,UK• Dr. Yacob Mulugetta, University of Surrey,

UK• Assist.Prof. Dr. Chumnong Sorapipatana,

JGSEE, KMUTT, Thailand• Dr. Somnimit Puguem, Kasetsart

University,Thailand

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Questions

• What are the current energy problems on both global/regional and national levels in your view?

• What should we do?• What kind of government policies should

be introduced or implemented?