SS2211 – 11 – Notes – Innovation and Change · PDF file10/10/2017 2 11.1...

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Unit 1 Social Studies 2211

September 2017

In this outcome we will:

• 11.1 explain the significance of innovations during the Paleolithic Period (pre c.

10 000 BCE)

• 11.2 explain the significance of innovations during the Neolithic Period (c. 10

000 BCE to between 4500 and 2000 BCE)

• 11.3 explain how the Neolithic Revolution led to the rise of civilization

• 11.4 explain the significance of select innovations from the Ancient, Pre-

Modern, and Modern Eras

Before we look at how we’ve changed, let’s look at where we started…

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrtCgaGSJlU&list=PLfPKzPoLH--fNB7U-

jbCnlC3t894w9xVr&index=2

11.0 INNOVATION AND CHANGE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrtCgaGSJlU&list=PLfPKzPoLH--fNB7U-jbCnlC3t894w9xVr&index=2

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11.1 INNOVATION AND CHANGEWhat is the difference between an innovation and an

invention?

An innovation is when an

existing object or method is

changed so that they are more

effective and/or efficient.

An invention is when an

entirely new object or

method is introduced.

Complete “Thinking about Invention and Innovation” activity.

11.1 DETERMINING SIGNIFICANCEHistorians try to determine how significant historical events are. To do this

they must consider the following three criteria:

Magnitude

• refers to the importance of the event or change

Scope

• refers to how wide the effects spread

Duration

• refers to how long the effects are experienced by society.

Karl Benz drives the first automobile, July 3, 1886

How would you describe the magnitude, scope,

and duration?

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MAGNITUDE

SCOPE

World

Production of

Automobiles

from 1950

percentage

share

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This map of the world shows travel

time to major cities, closer is lighter,

farther is darker. In essence it is a

map of the global road network.

DURATION

Tesla Model X electric

car drive across Canada

pulling a trailer.

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11.1 PERIODS IN HISTORYIn this unit, we will examine examples of invention and

innovations throughout history. We will keep in mind their

significance and how they affected the lives of people.

11.1 WHAT IS PREHISTORY?Use the videos and your text to make notes on the following:

1. Define the Paleolithic and Neolithic Eras by noting the years and defining

features (food, living arrangements, language/culture, etc.) of each

2. Identify some tactics Neolithic peoples used to make their lives better

and more predictable/secure

3. Identify some challenges brought on by those tactics/innovations

4. Connect some aspect of Neolithic life to modern life

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsIvCdBS_aI&index=2&list=PLPK47OCLWGbOusISYEVyM

W_1Qv7WMiN-r (Paleo and Neo Stuff under 8 min)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yocja_N5s1I&list=PLPK47OCLWGbOusISYEVyMW_1Qv7W

MiN-r&index=3 (John Greene in his Crash Course History debut under 11 min)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d8AN7n2sQOg&index=5&list=PLPK47OCLWGbOusISYEVy

MW_1Qv7WMiN-r (Hip Hughes on Neolithic Rev (10 min)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsIvCdBS_aI&index=2&list=PLPK47OCLWGbOusISYEVyMW_1Qv7WMiN-r

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yocja_N5s1I&list=PLPK47OCLWGbOusISYEVyMW_1Qv7WMiN-r&index=3

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d8AN7n2sQOg&index=5&list=PLPK47OCLWGbOusISYEVyMW_1Qv7WMiN-r

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Complete “Human Origins in Africa” activity

As you can see, humans are a relatively new addition to life on

Earth. Prehistory refers to the period before humans developed

writing systems. Because there are no written records from

prehistoric peoples, discovering how they lived can be difficult.

How do we know what life was like for prehistoric peoples?

Archaeologists examine excavated sites for evidence:

• Bones can reveal physical appearance, height, diet, disease,

and length of life.

• Artifacts (human-made objects) can reveal how people

dressed, worshipped, or the types of work they did.

11.1 HUMAN ORIGINS IN AFRICA

Anthropologists study artifacts to learn about

the culture of early humans. Culture refers to

a people’s unique way of life and involve

shared ways of doing things in common. What

components make up a people’s culture?

How is culture learned?


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Early Hominid Discovery

Mary Leakey lead the search for evidence of early human life

in Laetoli (Tanzania) in East Africa. In 1978, they discovered

prehistoric human-like footprints preserved in volcanic ash.

These were left by creatures called australopithecines, a

type of early hominid (creatures that walk upright). These

footprints are believed to be 3,600,000 years old.

In 1974, anthropologist Donald Johanson discovered the

complete skeleton of an early female hominid in Ethiopia. She

was nicknamed “Lucy” and lived around 3.5. million years

ago.


Paleolithic Period

• Period from about 2.5 million years ago to 8,000 BCE.

• Also known as the “Old Stone Age”

• Much of this period is referred to as the Ice Age, due to advancing and retreating

glaciers.

• Characterized by the invention of tools, mastery of fire, development of language.

Hominid Development

Australopithecine

• Appeared 4 million years ago.

• Found in southern and east Africa

• First humanlike creatures.

• Could walk upright (helped with traveling great distances,

carrying food, children, etc.

• Had developed the opposable thumb, making manipulation

of small objects and tools easier.


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Homo habilis

• 2.5 million years ago

• Found in East Africa

• Name means “man of skill”

• First to make stone tools from lava rock to cut meat

and break bone.

Homo erectus

• 1.6 million years ago

• Found in Africa, Asia, and Europe. First hominids to migrate from Africa

• Name means “upright man”

• May have been a more intelligent species than homo habilis (spoken

language)

• Developed technology (ways of applying knowledge, tools and

inventions to meet needs)

• Became skillful hunters creating tools for digging, scraping, and cutting

• First to use fire


Archaic Humans (homo sapiens)

• Homo erectus developed into homo sapiens, which means “wise man”, and is

the name for the branch of hominid which would later develop into modern

humans.

• Includes homo heidelbergensis and Neanderthals (the former migrated out of

Africa approximately 350,000 years ago and evolved into Neanderthals in

Europe.

• Physically similar to homo erectus, but with larger brains

Neanderthals

• 200,000 to 30,000 BCE

• Found in Europe and Southwest Asia

• First to have ritual burials and religious beliefs

• Powerfully built (slanted brow, muscles, thick bone)

• Lived in caves or temporary shelters to survive harsh Ice Age conditions


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Early Modern Humans (Cro-Magnon)

• Homo heidelbergensis that remained in

Africa evolved into anatomically modern

humans around 200,000 BP. These new homo

sapiens sapiens would migrate to Europe

and Asia as recently as 60,000-40,000 BP.

• Skeletal remains show Early Modern Humans

are are identical to modern humans

• Made specialized tools for planned hunts

• Studied animal habits and stalked prey

• Superior hunting made survival easier

• Continued development of language and

cooperation, giving advantages over

Neanderthals, who would soon become

extinct

• Created cave paintings, musical instruments,

jewelry



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Hominid expansion


Think about it…

1. Which advance by a hominid group do you think

was the most significant? Explain.

2. Which skill do you think gave hominids the

most control of their environment – toolmaking,

use of fire, or language? Explain.

3. In your own words, write a paragraph that

summarizes the significance of the Paleolithic

Era in human development.

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Human life underwent incredible changes near the end of the

Paleolithic era due to technological innovations.

Tools for survival

• For much of the Paleolithic Age, humans were nomads -

highly mobile people with no fixed home, moving from

place to place foraging and searching for food. In other

words, they lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle.

• Stone, bone, and wood were used to create more than 100

different tools with specific purposes.

• e.g., Cro-Magnons increased their food supply by

developing new, specialized tools to make hunting

more efficient (e.g., spears), knives, fish hooks and

harpoons, bone needles, and chisels to make other

tools.

11.2 HUMANS TRY TO CONTROL NATURE

Artistic expressionOther aspects of prehistoric human life can

be seen through their art:

• cave paintings, animal sculptures, rock

engravings and paintings

• jewelry of sea shells, lion teeth, bear

claws

• polished beads from mammoth tusks

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Beginnings of Agriculture

C. 8000 BCE humans discovered that if they scattered seeds in some locations and returned

the next season, new crops would be growing there. This discovery – farming or agriculture

– meant people could now produce their own food rather than having to travel to gather it.

This new idea would lead to the Neolithic Revolution (sometimes called the first

agricultural revolution) and is one of the greatest breakthroughs in human history.

Complete “Humans Try to Control Nature” worksheet

11.2 THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

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Causes of the First Agricultural Revolution

Though it is unclear exactly why people in many different regions began to develop

agriculture around the same time, a change in climate is thought to be a key factor.

• Increasing temperatures provided longer growing seasons and made soil more

productive.

• Supplies of grain resulted in a population boom due to the steady supply of food it

offered (compare unpredictability of hunting).


Mapping the shift

towards agriculture


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Early Farming Methods

Slash-and-burn farming was used by some groups to

increase farming yields.

• Vegetation was cut and burned to clear a field

• Ashes increased fertility of soil

• Crops were planted for 1-2 years then rotated to

another piece of land

• After a few years they would return to the initial site

and repeat processDomestication involves the taming of animals like

horses, dogs, goats and pigs.

• May have developed from driving herds of

animals into natural enclosures (ravines or

gorges)

• Man-made enclosures would make taming easier

• Provided steady source of protein, but increased

spread of disease.


Agriculture Spreads

Jarmo, located near the Zagros Mountains in NE Iraq,

is said to be the birthplace of agriculture

• Agricultural settlement from 9,000 years ago

• Wheat, barley, goats, pigs, sheep, horses

Within a few thousand years, people in many other

regions, especially in fertile river valleys, turned to

farming

Africa (Nile river)

wheat, barley

China (Huang He River)

millet, wild rice

Mexico and Central America

corn, beans, squash


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Catal Huyuk

This settlement, in what is now Turkey, is the best example of an

early Neolithic village. Here a fully settled agricultural existence

was established.

Complete the activity “Neolithic Life: Catal Huyuk” and keep it

in your folder.


Video – Stories from the Stone Age: The First Farmers.

https://youtu.be/nTgIPVi1yPs


https://youtu.be/nTgIPVi1yPs

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Agriculture Causes Change

People began dwelling in larger, more organized communities, such as farming villages

and towns. From some of these settlements, cities gradually emerged, forming the

backdrop of a more complex way of life—civilization.

The change from a nomadic hunting-gathering way of life to settled village life took a long

time. Likewise, the change from village life to city life was a gradual process that

spanned several generations.

11.3 CIVILIZATION

Effects of Agriculture

Economic Changes

• Ancient people build irrigation systems to increase food production

• Food surpluses free some people to develop new skills and jobs

• Craftspeople make cloth, other objects; traders profit from exchange of goods

• Invention of wheel and sail enable traders to travel longer distances

Social Changes

• A more complex and prosperous economy affected the social structure of village life

• social classes with varying wealth, power, and influence began to emerge

• slavery would develop as some people controlled land and work

• Religion becomes more organized

• Farming peoples worshiped the many gods and goddesses who they believed

had power over the rain, wind, and other forces of nature

11.3 CIVILIZATION

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Civilization Develops

Most historians believe that one of the

first civilizations arose in Sumer, located

in Mesopotamia, (part of modern Iraq).

A civilization is often defined as a

complex culture with five

characteristics:

1. advanced cities

2. specialized workers

3. complex institutions

4. record keeping

5. advanced technology

Complete Civilization in

Sumer Graphic Organizer

and Case Study

11.3 CIVILIZATION

What innovations come to mind for the following topics?

• Transportation

• Infrastructure

• Warfare

• Communications

• Health Care

These five categories will form the basis of our next several

classes as we explore some ancient, medieval, and modern

innovations, which have greatly impacted the human

experience.

Complete “Selected Innovations of the Ancient,

Medieval, and Modern Eras”.

11.4 HISTORICAL INNOVATIONS

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Phoenician boats (Transportation)

• After 1100 B.C.E the Phoenicians emerged to dominate

trade in and around the eastern Mediterranean (in what is

now Syria, Lebanon, and northern Israel).

• Phoenicia was located in a great spot for trade because it

lay along well-traveled routes between Egypt and Asia.

• However, the Phoenicians did more than just trade with

merchants who happened to pass through their region.

• The Phoenicians became expert sailors and went looking

for opportunities to increase their wealth.

11.4 ANCIENT INNOVATIONS

▪ Reputation for being

remarkable shipbuilders and

seafarers

▪ They explored and colonized

areas in around the

Mediterranean sea, Strait of

Gibraltar and even Britain

(according to some historians).

▪ Historians call them the

“carriers of civilization”

because they spread Middle

East civilization (remember

Mesopotamia) around the

Mediterranean.


▪ The Phoenicians established a range of colonies or

settlements around the Mediterranean, which would

serve as ports of trade. Trade would spread products,

aspects of culture, and ideas from one place to

another.

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▪ They became known for finely crafted bronze and

silver goods, as well as glass. These goods and aspects

of civilization (religion, ways of governing, etc.) spread

throughout the southwestern Mediterranean as a result

of their travel.

▪ The superior design of their sail boats made trade

safer and more effective.


▪ An amphora was a

ceramic vase used to

carry such goods as olive

oil, grapes, wine, or grain.

They were commonly

used for marine trade,

hence their usefulness to

the Phoenicians.

A few innovations in

shipbuilding made

Phoenician boats well

designed for marine trade:

▪ Boats were built to be

wide with a round

bottom, providing more

storage space. They also

had strong sails and oars

for efficient travel.

▪ Wicker fences along the

outer edge of the deck

prevented goods from

falling overboard.

▪ Cedar logs, a valuable

trade item, was towed

behind the boat to save

on cargo space.

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▪ The most sought after Phoenician trade good was a red-purple dye that became the

standard adornment of royalty from Mesopotamia, through Egypt, and up through

the Roman Empire. It was created from snails and was so expensive, only the wealthiest

could afford it.

▪ Competition between the city-state, the skill of the sailors who transported the goods (and

their well made ships), and the high art attained by the craftsmen in manufacture of the

goods made this possible.


▪ As merchants, the Phoenicians needed a

way of recording transactions clearly

and quickly so they developed a writing

system that used symbols to represent

sounds.

▪ The Phoenician system was phonetic—

that is, one sign was used for one sound.

In this sense, they created the first

alphabet.

▪ As they traveled around the

Mediterranean, the Phoenicians

introduced this writing system to their

trading partners.


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Roman Aqueducts (Infrastructure)

▪ What is the significance of water management in our society? (Think about issues we face,

how would our differ without adequate water supplies?)

▪ Water management was also a concern for the Ancient Romans.

▪ They used aqueducts as a means to transport water from one place to another.


▪ An aqueduct is a water supply or navigable channel constructed to convey

water. The name comes from the Latin for “water” (aqua) and “to lead” (ducere)

▪ In modern engineering, the term is used for any system of pipes, ditches, canals,

tunnels, and other structures used for this purpose. In a more restricted use,

aqueduct (occasionally water bridge) applies to any bridge or viaduct that

transports water - instead of a path, road or railway - across a gap.


▪ Video - Engineering an Empire

(https://youtu.be/jGN-KDH1A34)

https://youtu.be/jGN-KDH1A34

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What would Rome and the Roman Empire have been like without the

aqueducts?

▪ The Romans could not have built cities as big as they did without aqueducts—and some of

their cities wouldn't have existed at all.

▪ With water from aqueducts, the Romans could have their baths, their fountains, and their

drinking water. Without imported water, their society would not have been a bath culture.

▪ The city would not been as clean without sewers—took aqueduct overflow and flushed the

refuse into the river, which damaged the river, but kept the city of Rome clean.

▪ With a population of 1 million at its peak, local rivers, wells, and springs would have

become contaminated very easily….all major cities need reliable sources of water to

sustain their populations.


The Stirrup (Warfare)

▪ A flat-based loop or ring hung from either side of a horse's saddle to support

the rider's foot in mounting and riding.

▪ Simple yet innovative and revolutionary.

What would be an issue

with riding?

The solution

11.4 MEDIEVAL INNOVATIONS

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• Prior to stirrups, horses had two primary functions in

battle: pulling chariots, or serving as light cavalry to

chase down routing (fleeing) enemy soldiers. Many

mounted warriors dismounted before battle, using

horses to help with travel and positioning.

• Riding without stirrups was exceedingly difficult

requiring an extraordinarily skilled horseman to ride, let

alone shoot, throw, or strike effectively at the same time.

• Originating in central Asia around 1000 BCE, the stirrup

innovation created the mounted horsemen, which would

dominate the battlefield for the next 2000 years.


• The stirrup allowed horsemen to travel faster over

greater distances while carrying weapons such as spears,

swords, or shields.

• Later the horse soldiers from North of China, the

Mongols, led by leaders such as Genghis Khan, would

conquer much of the known world, relying on these

advantages provided by the stirrup.

• Between 600 and 700 CE, steppe warriors from what is

today Russia introduced the stirrup to Europe.

• Resisting Viking and mounted warriors from the East, the

nobility of Europe began to fight on horseback as

medieval knights.


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Combining the best ideas of the enemy with their own, they integrated mounted warriors,

stirrups, saddles and lances into a new fighting system that was co-dependent on the

economic structure of the society. The result was medieval mounted knights and feudalism.

• Feudalism was a social and political structure in which a vassal held land (and with it

wealth) from a king or great lord in exchange for military service. Ownership of land

was necessary to support numbers of horses to be used in battle.

• The stirrup gave mounted horse warriors greater effectiveness and importance in

warfare, which would be reflected in their social position.

Dr. Lynn White Jr. in his book Medieval Technology and Social Change states:Few inventions have been so simple as the stirrup, but few have had so catalytic an influence on history.

The requirements of the new mode of warfare which it made possible found expression in a new form of

western European society dominated by an aristocracy of warriors endowed with land so that they might

fight in a new and highly specialized way…. The Man on Horseback, as we have known him during the

past millennium, was made possible by the stirrup….

The simple invention of the stirrup changed the social and political make up of Western

Europe.


The Printing Press (Communications)

• Prior to the invention of the printing press in 1450s,

bookmaking entailed copying all the words and

illustrations by hand (hence the name manuscript).

• Often the copying had been done onto parchment,

animal skin that had been scraped until it was clean,

smooth, and thin.

• The labour that went into creating them made each

book very expensive (buying a book was like

buying a car in today’s money).


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• When the German blacksmith Johannes

Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1452, he

forever changed the lives of people in Europe and,

eventually, all over the world.

• Because Gutenberg's press could produce books

quickly and with relatively little effort,

bookmaking became much less expensive,

allowing more people to buy reading material.

• Video (https://youtu.be/XZN_X6gPjEc)


https://youtu.be/XZN_X6gPjEc

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The Printing Press Changes people’s lives

• Printing makes information widely available

• Illiterate people benefit by having books read to them in their own language

• Published accounts of maps and charts lead to more discoveries

• Published legal proceedings and documents makes right clearer to people

• Increased literacy led to greater rates of education and the eventual

challenging of the established order and existing ideas

• Political structures and religious practices are questioned


Smallpox Vaccine (Health Care)

• Smallpox is a viral infection and highly contagious.

• It forms blisters on the human body. It is a disease that

requires close human contact to replicate and survive.

• The total incubation period lasts 12 days, at which point

the patient will either have died or survived. The

mortality rate is alarming and survivors suffered

horrible disfigurement.

• Due to animal domestication and living into close

proximity to animals, many diseases cross over to

human hosts including smallpox.

• Over time many humans exposed to smallpox

developed immunity. The same was not true for Native

Americans who died in huge numbers after the

introduction of Smallpox by Europeans.

11.4 EARLY MODERN INNOVATIONS

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Edward Jenner• Edward Jenner was an English country doctor in the late 1700s. In his

practice, smallpox was one of the most common and worst problems he

encountered.

• In 1788, a smallpox epidemic occurred where Jenner practiced

medicine and he noticed that the cattle farmers were not the ones

dying from smallpox.

• Jenner theorized that cowpox (a much milder but similar disease to

smallpox) was somehow protecting the farmers.

• Jenner extracted cowpox fluid and exposed a local boy who developed

cowpox. He then exposed the boy to smallpox who remained healthy.

• Jenner achieved his goal of smallpox protection through observation,

trial and error and without knowledge of viruses.

• His breakthrough led to the advent of modern vaccinations.

• Once a global scourge and responsible for as many as 300-500 million

deaths in the 20th century alone, the last recorded death by smallpox

was in 1978.

11.4 EARLY MODERN INNOVATIONS

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