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Gkeroberogelak gin qay naykdandMNaMRsUvbNit Xun laghak; naykdandMNaMRsUvelak Kg; Ka naykdandMNaMRsUvelak CU CyFiriT naykdandMNaMRsUvelak ehog rtna naykdandMNaMRsUv

Gkpl;eyabl;EksRmYl1> k]tm etg eLA RksYgksikm rukaRbmaj; nigensaT2> k]tm Giut NUDI RksYgksikm rukaRbmaj; nigensaT3> k]tm sU xnbTIKuN GKnaykdanksikm4> elak Eb:n vuF GKnaykdanksikm5> elak m:ak; esOn naykdanpSBVpSayksikm6> elak CYg supl saklviTalyPUminksikm7> elak GIuv PIruN naykdandMNaMRsUv8> elak TI can;Na viTasanRsavRCav nigGPivDn_ksikmkm elak suxPun suPksalaCatiksikmERBkelob10> elak sy esg Ggkar FAO11> elak luy BisIriT Ggkar Oxfam12> elakRsI Ban suxa Ggkaresdak13> elak BU suvN GgkarERsExr14> elak nin criya KeRmag CAVAC15> elak pan TUc rcnaRkahVic naykdanpSBVpSayksikm16> tMNagmnIrksikmextcMnYn 13 RBEvg sVayerog taEkv kMBt kMBg;s

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Garmkfa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>01esckIepIm>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>03

EpkTI1 sBaaNTUeTAndMNaMRsUvI. brisan ndMNaMRsUv>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>05

1>1 sItuNPaB>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>05

1>2 BnW>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>051>3 sarFatuciBawm>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>061>4 Twk>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>06

II.II.ekSRtbrisandMNaMRsUvenAkm>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>072>2>11 ekSRtbrisanx>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>0722>2 ekSRtbrisanTMnabGaRsyTkePg>2 ekSRtbrisanTMnabGaRsyTwkePg>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>072>2>33ekSRtbrisanTwkeRCAekSRtbrisanTwkeRCA>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>082>4 ekSRtbrisanERsR)aMg2>4 ekSRtbrisanERsR)aMg>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>08

III.III.cMNat;fak;rbs;RsUv>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>09IV.IV. dMNak;kallUtlas;rbs;dMNaMRsUv>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>10

4>1 vKlUtlas; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>104>2 vKbegItpl >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>114>3 vKTMu >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>12

EpkTI2 bgMbeckeTsRbBlvb,km

dMNaMRsUvII kareRbIR)as;BUC nigRKab;BUC>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>141>1 kareFVIdMNuHsak>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>151>2 kareRCIsykRKab;eBjeTAsab>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>16

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IIII> karsabRKab;BUC >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>18IIIIII> karerobcMdIERs>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>20IVIV> kareRbIR)as;sMNab>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>21VV> viFIsaRsdaMduH>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>23 5>1 karsg>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>23

5>2 kardaM beRBaH>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>26VIVI> karRKb;RKgCICatidI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>286>1 cMNat;fak;dIsRmab;dMNaMRsUvenARbeTskm>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>28

6>2 kareRbIR)as;CI>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>30VIIVII> karRKb;RKgTwk>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>34VIIIVIII> karRKb;RKgsmasPaBcRg>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>36

8>1> esAcRg>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>378>2> CMgWelIdMNaMRsUv >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>39

8>3 stVkgRbBnbrisandMNaMRsUv >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>51k> RbePTstVcRgsMxan; nigviFankarkmat; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>51x> stVmanRbeyaCn_sMxan;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>61

IXIX> karRbmUlpl nigkarTukdak; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>70

3

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Garm kfa RsUvRsUv KWCadYgRBlwgnCnCatiExr Edl)ancak;cUlya:geRCAenAkgpt;KMnit GarmN_ nig)anpSarPab;ya:gCitsiTeTAnwgRbBNI nigTMMenomTmab;rbs;RbCaCatikm

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cmar lTPaB Tmab;

02

sresrnUvBakkaB edIm,IgayRsYlcgcaM nigykeTAGnuvt . elIsBIenHeTotenaH k)anelIkyk]TahrN_Cak;Esg nigdak;rUbPaBedIm,IbgajCUnGkGangayyl; nigcab;GarmN_eTotpg .

GKnaykdanksikmsUmsMEdgnUvkardwgKuN nigGMNrKuNy:agRCaleRCAbMput cMeBaHkarENnaMcglbgajrbs;k]tmbNit cn sarunrdmnIRksYgksikm rukaRbmaj; nigensaT nigfak;dwknaMTaMgGs;EdlEtg)andak;ecjnUvckvisyEvgqayRtwmRtUv sRmab;karGPivDvisyksikmRBmTaMgcat;taMgGnuvtkargarRbkbedayRbsiTPaB nigPaBskisiTikg

TisedACMrujkarGnuvtyuTsaRsctuekaNdMNak;kalTI2 rbs;raCrdaPi)al[TTYl)aneCaKCy .GKnaykdanksikm sUmEfgGMNrKuNcMeBaHral;KMnitpcepImcgRkg

erobcM rbs;RkumGkniBn nigkarpl;mtiEklmTaMgGs;BIRKb;sabnBak;BnTaMgkarerobcMtak;Etg nigxwmsarbeckeTsedIm,ICaplRbeyaCn_dl;exmrbuRtRKb;rUb.

GKnaykdanksikm manesckIsgwmya:gmutmaMfaesovePAbgMbeckeTsdMNaMRsUvenH nwgpl;nUvKMnitfI@ karGnuvtlnigeKalkarN_beckeTsCamUldansRmab;sabnBak;Bn nigksikrykeTAGnuvtkgkar

elIkkm

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esckepmesckIepIm RsUvCadMNaMes,gdsMxan;sRmab;RbCaCnkms (Systemof Rice Intensification) edIm,IpSBVpSaydl;ksikr[kan;EtTUlMTUlaykgeKalbMNgbegInplitPaBdMNaMRsUv . elIsBIenHeTot kmansabnrdv isykCn nigGgkarminEmnrdaPi)alCaeRcIn )ansikSaRsavRCav

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rkeXIjnUvbTdanbeckeTslCaeRcIn kgkarbegInplitPaBdMNaMRsUv.m: ageTot ksarbeckeTsplitkmdMNaMRsUvCaeRcIn RtUv)ancgRkgedIm,IeFVIkarbNHbN al nigpSBVpSaydl;ksikr . edaysarkicxitxMRbwgERbgrYmKaenH eFVI[plitkmdMNaMRsUvenAkm

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II>>brisSanndMNaMRsUvbrisSanndMNaMRsUv1>1 sItuNPaBkarsikSa)anBiniteXIjfa sItuNPaBsmRsbsRmab;dMNaMRsUv

KWERbRbYlBI 20-35 GgSaes. sItuNPaBman\TiBleTAelIdMNuHRKab;

km

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eFVIrs IsMeyaK nigkarRsUbyksarFatuciBawmrbs;bsRsUv. karcaMgBnWelIedImRsUv)anl eFVI[karlUtlas;rbs;RbBnbs nigkarRsUbyksarFatuciBawm)anlRbesIr. dUecH ebIpemXxVHBnW eFVI[TinplRsUvFak;cuHehIypyeTAvij RbsinebIBnWRBHGaTitekAxaMgeBkkCaktaGviCmandl;karlUtlas;rbs;dMNaMRsUv ehIykGaceFVI[edImRsUveLIgex ac nigTTYl)anTinplTabeTotpg.

1>3> sarFatuciBawm sarFatuciBawm mantYnaTIeFVI[dMNaMRsUvlUtlas;)anl niglUtlas;)anCaRbRktIenARKb;dMNak;kalnImYy CaBiessenAkgvKbegItpl. sarFatuciBawmsMxan;sRmab;dMNaMRsUv rYmmancMnYn 16 KWN, P,K, S, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, Cl, C, B, Cu, Mo, H, O. kgcMeNamsarFatuciBawmTaMg16 muxenH dMNaMRsUvRtUvkar N, P, KeRcInCageK ehIysarFatuciBawmTaMgenHmanlk;enATIpSarkgTRmg;CaCIKImI nigmankgCIFmCati . kareRbIR)as;sarFatuGasUtN eFVI[brimaNkr:UhVIlkgswkekIneLIg swklUtlas;lbegIn

cMnYnedImEbk eFVI[BnkkkYrrIkFM kYrmanEsgeRcIn nigRKab;eRcIn. cMENkkareRbIR)as;sarFatupUsVr P CYy[RbBnbslUtlas;)anl nigeFVI[RsUvEbkKum4> Twk dMNaMRsUvRtUvkarTwkCacaM)ac;sRmab;karlUtlas; nigbegItpleRBaHTwk CaGksRmYlkarbBansarFatuciBawmBIkgdIeTAdl;swk ehIyvaCaGk

dwknaMsarFatuEdlswksMeyaK)aneTAEpkepSgnrukCati. sMeNImdIsmRsbbMputsRmab;dMNaMRsUvkgdMNak;kalEbkKum

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II>ekRtbrisSandMNaMRsUvenAkmm kgrdUvvsSa ehIyRskGs;BIkgERsbnab;BIraMgePgkgryeBlRbEhl 10f

- ERskNal KWsMedAdl;ERsNaEdlmanTwkdk;CeRmACamFmBI 5 eTA30 s>m kgrdUvvsSa ehIyRskGs;BIkgERsbnab;BIraMgePgkgryeBlRbEhl 15 eTA 20f

- ERseRkam KWsMedAdl;ERsNaEdlmanTwkdk;CeRmACamFmBI5 eTA 50 s>m kgrdUvvsSa ehIyRskGs;BIkgERsbnab;BIraMgePgkgryeBlRbEhl 30f

- ERsedImrdUv KWsMedAdl;ERsNaEdlksikrmanRbPBTwkeRsacRsB)anmkBIRbLay b RsH bTwkeRkamdI bEnmnaedImrdUvvsSa

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sRmab;eFVIERsedImrdUvmg rYcbnab;mksgRsUvvsSamgeTot.CaTUeTA ERsedImrdUvvsSaenH GaceFVI)anEtenAdIERskNal nigdIERseRkamEtb:ueN aH BIeRBaHsanPaBCeRmATwkkgtMbn;enHGnuBaat[daMduHRsUvvsSakN al nigRsUvFn;bneTotedayminxVHTwknacugrdUv.

2>2>33 kSRtbrisanTwkeRCAekSRtbrisanTwkeRCAKWsMedAdl;ERsNaEdlmanTwkdk;CeRmACamFmcab;BI 50 s>m GacrhUtdl;CeRmA 4 Em:Rt kgrdUvvsSaehIyRskGs;BIkgERsbnab;BIraMgePgkgryeBlcab;BI 40f eLIgeTA.2>4 ekSRtbrisanERsR)aMg2>4 ekSRtbrisanERsR)aMg KWCadIERsEdlmanRbPBTwkeRsacRsBTaMgRsugbPaKeRcInedayminBwgEpk elIrbbTwkePgeLIy. eyagtamsanPaBTwk ERsEdlsitkgekSRtbrisanERsR)aMgenH RtUv)anEbgEckCa 3 RbePTeTotKW - ERseRsacRsB KWsMedAdl;ERsTaMgLayNaEdlksikrdaMduH

dMNaMRsUvnardUvR)aMg edayeRbIR)as;TwksRmab;eRsacRsBBIRbBneRsacRsB bRbBnRbLay bTwkeRkamdIcab;BIsabrhUtdl;TMu

- ERsRbedjTwk KWsMedAdl;ERsenAtammat;bwg bGagTwkFMTaMgLayNaEdlksikrdaMduHdMNaMRsUvRbedjtamTwkRsk nardUvR)aMgedayeRbIR)as;Twk)anmkBIRbPBepSgeTot eRsacbEnmrhUtdl;TMu

- ERsmunTwkcUl KWsMedAdl;ERsenAtammat;bwg bGagTwkFMTaMgLayNaEdlksikrdaMduHdMNaMRsUv ehIyRbmUlpl[)anmuneBlTwkcUledayeRbIR)as;Twk)anmkBIRbPBepSgsRmab;eRsacRsBnaedImrdUv nigTwkePgbEnmrhUtdl;TMu.

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III . cMNatfakrbsRsUv dMNaMRsUv EdleKdaMduHbcb,nsitkgRKYsar Graminea sNanOryzanigmanBIrGMbUr KW Oryza sativa LRsUvGasIunigOryza glaberrima

RsUvGaRhVik.

RsUvGasIuRtUv)anEbgEckCa 3 RbePTsMxan; KW Oryza sativa ssp.Japonica, Oryza sativa ssp. Javanica nigOryza sativa ssp. Indica.

3>3>11Oryza sativa ssp. Japonica:Oryza sativa ssp. Japonica:KWCaRbePTRsUvEdleKdaMduHenAPaKxageCIgnRbeTscin kUer: nigCb:un ehIyvaRtUvkarsItuNPaBRtCak;Cag RbePTBIreTot. CaTUeTA RsUvRbePTenHmanedImTabswkRkas;nigRKab;xI b:uEnmanskanuBlTinplx23>2Oryza sativa ssp. Javanica:Oryza sativa ssp. Javanica:KWCaRbePTRsUvEdleKdaMduHPaKeRcInenA\NensIu. CaTUeTAvamanedImdgx33>3Oryza sativa ssp. Indica:Oryza sativa ssp. Indica:KWCaRbePTRsUvEdleKdaMduHenABaseBjBiPBelak ehIykCaRbePTRsUvEdlmandaMenAkgRbeTskm ERseRsacRsB 4>2> ERsRbedjTwk 4>3> ERsmunTwkcUl

2> ERsTMnabGaRsyTwkePg

1> ERsx1 ERselI 2>2 ERskNal 2>3 ERseRkam 3> ERsTwkCeRmA

2>4 ERsedImrdUvvsSa

RbPB viTasanRsavRCav nigGPivDn_ksikmkm

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swkEvg tUc esIg nigmanRKab;tUcRTEvg manRbEvgmFm.

IV. dMNakkallUtlasrbsdMNaMRsUvkaryl;dwgBIdMNak;kallUtlas;rbs;dMNaMRsUv mansarsMxan;

Nas; eRBaHksikrGacRKb;RKgdMNaMRsUvrbs;xn)anRtwmRtUvtamlkNbeckeTs nigGaceCosvag)annUvkar)at;bg;TinpledayktacRgepSg.vdCIvitrbs;dMNaMRsUvEckecjCa 3 vK KWvKlUtlas; vKbegItpl ni g

vKTMu. 4>1 vKlUtlas; vKlUtlas;rbs;RsUvmankarERbRbYlGaRsyelIRbePTBUC nigrdUvkaldaMduH. vKlUtlas;enHEckecjCa 4 dMNak;kal dUcxageRkam dMNak;kalduHBnkdMNak;kalduHBnk dMNak;kalenH cab;epImBIkardak;RKab;RsUvrhUtdl;RsUvduHBnk)answkTI1. dMNak;kalenHRtUvkarTwk nigkMedACacaM)ac;. dMNak;kalsMNabdMNak;kalsMNab dMNak;kalenH cab;epImBIsMNabduHswkTI1 dl;sMNabcab;epImEbkKum

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Kum< nigBntedImCaGkkMNt;Gayukalrbs;RsUv. dMNak;kalenH EtgEtCYbRbTHbBaadUcenAdMNak;kalEbkKum2 vKbegItpl vKbegItpl manryeBlRbmaN 35 f dUcKaRKb;BUCRsUvTaMgGs;. vKenH cab;epImBIRsUvkekItkYrrhUtdl;RsUvecjkYrecjp a Edl

EckecjCa 3 dMNak;kal dMNak;kalkekItkYrdMNak;kalkekItkYr dMNak;kalenH cab;epImBIkMNkMeNItkYr

rhUtdl;RsUvepIm. enAdMNak;kalenH RsUvRtUvkarTwk nigCICatiCacaM)ac;sRmab;CMrujkarlUtlas;kkYr[manRKab;eRcIn.

dMNak;kalepImdMNak;kalepIm cab;epImBIRsUvkekItkYrrhUtdl;RsUvcab;epImecjkYr. enAkgdMNak;kalenH ksikrKb,IEfrkSaTwkkgERs[manCaRbcaM. CaTUeTA vaCadMNak;kalEdlstVkNrcUlcitbMpajxaMgCageK.

dMNak;kalecjkYrecjpdMNak;kalecjkYrecjpaa dMNak;kalenH Kitcab;BIRsUvecjkYrputrhUtdl;paRsUveraylMGg. enAkgdMNak;kalenH RsUvCYbRbTHbBaakt acRg nigRtUvkarEfTaMRbhak;RbEhlnwgdMNak;kalepImEdr EtGVIEdlKYr[kt;smal;enaH KWcab;epImmanvtmanBBYkRswgCBak;TwkedaH.

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smalsmal; ksarxH )aneFVIkarEbgEckdMNak;kallUtlas;rbs;dMNaMRsUv enAkgvKbgbegItplenH edaybBaldMNak;kalkrekItkYrnigdMNak;kalepImCamYyKa ehIyEckdMNak;kalecjkYr nigdMNak;k

alecjpadac;edayELkBIKa .

4>3 vKTMuvKTMu manryeBl30f dUcKaRKb;BUCRsUvTaMgGs; . vKenHcab;

epImBIRsUvdak;TwkedaHrhUtdl;RsUvTMu edayEckecjCa 3 dMNak;kal KW dMNak;kaldak;TwkedaHdMNak;kaldak;TwkedaH dMNak;kalenH RtUv)ansMKal;edaysarRKab;RsUvcab;epImmanTwkedaHBNs rhUtdl;TwkedaHRsUvcab;epImkkCaemSA . CaFmta ebIeKRc)ac;RKab;RsUvedayd ehIysegteXIjmanTwkedaHRsUvrav Gacsmal;)anfa RsUvsitkgdMNak;kaldak;TwkedaHenAeLIy . enAdMNak;kalenH swkTg;Cy edIrtYnaTIy:agsMxan; ehIy

kar)at;bg;swkTg;Cy GaceFVI[b:HBal;dl;TinplpgEdr . kardak;RKab;RsUveBj bmineBj KWGaRsynwgdMNak;kalenH . kardak;RKab;min)anl GacbNalmkBIbBaaxVHTwk xVHCII xVHBnW nigktaepSgeTot.RKab;RsUvdak;TwkedaH KWgayTTYlrgnUvkarbMpajBIstVRswg ehIyvaGacb:HBal;y:agxaMgdl;Tinpl nigKuNPaBRKab; RbsinebIkarbMpajmansPaBFn;Fr.

5- dMNak;kalkekItkYr 6- dMNak;kalepIm 7-dMNak;kalecjkYrecjpa

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dMNak;kaldak;emSAdMNak;kaldak;emSA dMNak;kalenH RtUv)ansMKal;edayTwkedaHRsUv cab;epImkkrwgeTACaemSA rhUtdl;kkrwgTaMgRsug . CaTUeTA eKsegteXIjfa kgkYrnImYy RKab;RsUvminsitkgdMNak;kaldUcKaenaHeT eBalKW RKab;xHsitkgdMNak;kalecjpa xHdak;TwkedaH nigRKab;xHsitkgdMNak;kaldak;emSA . dMNak;kaldak;emSAenH kenACYbRbTHbBaaRswgCBak;TwkedaHpgEdr EtminFn;FrdUcdMNak;kaldak;TwkedaHeT.

dMNak;kalTdMNak;kalTMu dMNak;kalenH RtUv)ansMKal;edayeXIjedImRsUvkgERsTaMgmUlmanBNelOg bBNet at nigswkRsUvmanBNelOg

eRBaHCatibtgrbs;swkpakskm

PaBeFVIrs

IsMeyaK . sarFatuEdl bsedIm swkRsUbyk)anTaMgGs;enAdMNak;kalenH KWRtUvRbmUlpl;eTA[RKab;.

8-dMNak;kaldak;TwkedaH

9-dMNak;kaldak;emSA 10-dMNak;kalTMu

3

RsUvCaRBHem

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bTdanbgMbeckeTsRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUv sresrCaBakkaB

manxageRkam

I> kareRbIR)as;BUC nigRKab;BUCeRbIR)as;BUCsuT eRCIserIsht;ct; manKuNPaBx

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nigensaT dUcxageRkam- eRbIBUCRsUvGIuEG GIuEGr66 (IR66) EsnBiedar nigClsar EdlCaBUC

RsUvRsalminRbkan;rdUv ehIypl;Tinplx

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ehIycab;yk100RKab; edaycdnTaMgRKab;;l nigminl edayGnuvt[)an3-5 sMNak.- dak;RKab;RsUvEdlrab;rYccUleTAkgEkv bcan cak;TwkcUlrhUtdl;licBIelIRKab;BUCkMBs;RbmaN 3 s>m kUrRKab;[)ansBVrYcRKb nigrkSaTukenAkEngmansuvtiPaB .- ryeBl3feRkay eyIgGacrab;cMnYnRKab;duH nigRKab;minduHehIycMnYnRKab;duHsrub KWCaGRtadMNuHRKab;BUC .

tamlTplndMNuHsak nigkMritRKab;BUCEdlcaM)ac;RtUveRbI eyIgGacKNnabrimaNRKab;BUCEdlsmRsb sRmab;ykeTAsab)any:aggay .

RKab;BUCminl nigdMNuHRKab; RKab;BUCl nigdMNuHRKab;

1>2 kareRCIsykRKab;eBjeTAsab1>2 kareRCIsykRKab;eBjeTAsab RbsinebIsegteXIjfaRKab;BUCmandMNuHTab edaysarmanlaysMdIeRcIn RKab;es

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edIm,IFana[)annUvRKab;BUCEdldak;RKab;eBjl sRmab;ykeTAsabeKGaceFVIkareRCIserIstamviFIsaRs eRbIR)as;l,ayTwkGMbil dUcxageRkam

- dak;sutman; bsutTaEdll cUlkgFugEdlmandak;Twk 2PaK3

- cak;GMbilmYycMnYncUleTAkgTwk rYckUr[rlayGs; nigbncak;rhUtdl;sutGENteLIgelIpTwk

-

cak;RKab;BUCcUlRbmaNBak;kNalFug rYckUr[sBV- ekoryksMdI RKab;esA nigRKab;RsUvNaEdlGENtecj- Rsg;ykRKab;EdllickgFugTukmYykEng ehIybneFVIkareRCIs

erIs bnrhUtGs;RKab;BUCEdlRtUvykeTAsab.- RtUvykRKab;BUCEdlRbLak;CatiGMbileTAlagTwk[satmunyk

eTARtaM ebImindUecHeT eFVI[b:HBal;dl;dMNuHRKab;.

cak;RsUvcUleTAkgTwk kUredIm,I[sMdIGENt Rsg;RKab;minlecj

dak;GMbilcUl sutGENteLIg

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karyl;dwgBIkareRbIR)as;RKab;BUC)anRtwmRtUv naM[ksikrecHkMNt;BIRbePT nigbrimaNBUCsRmab;eFVIplitkmeqIytbnwgtRmUvkarpal;xnnigTIpSar nigGackMNt;)annUvbrimaNRKab;BUCsmRsb nigRKab;BUCmanKuNPaBlsRmab;ykeTAsab EdleFVI[ksikrcMeNjeBlevla fvikanig TTYl)anTinplx

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IIII>>karsabRKab;BUCkarsabRKab;BUCsabelfaleKak dImanmemak sNabefaslsabelIfaleKak dImanmemak sMNabefasledIm,ITTYl)ansMNabefaslsRmab;ykeTAsg ksikrKYrGnuvt

tamviFIsaRsdUcxageRkam- bNHRKab;BUCCamun edayRckRKab;Edl)ansRmitsRmaMgkg)av bfg;RkNat;RtaMTwkryeBl 24 em:ag ehIyRsg;mkpab;

TaMg)av ryeBl 24 em: ag edayykcMebIgRKbBIelIedIm,IbegInkMedAsRmab;[RsUvBUCduH)anl . RtUvelIkRtLb;)avRsUvBIelIcuHeRkamkgryeBl 12 em:agmg nigeRsacTwkepSImticCaRbcaM- RtUverobcMfalsMNabedaybMpusdI[)anm:d half[)an7-10f sMGatesA nigBRgabdI[)anrabesI- eRbICIFmCati CIkMb:us EdlBukpuylkgbrimaNRbEhl 200K>k 1reTH sRmab;fal100 m2. CIFmCatienHRtUveRbICaCIRTab;

)atenAeBlerobcMdI edayBRgay[)ansBV- erobcMCafalsMNabeKak EdlmanTItaMgenAEk,rRbPBTwk manBnWfRKb;RKan; niggayRsYlkgkarkarBar. falGacelIkCargEdlmanTTwgBI 1/2-1/5 m nigbeNayGaRsyelIsanPaBdICak;Esg- dg;sIuetRKab;BUCsRmab;sab KWRbmaN 0/1 K>k 1 xaM sRmab;falTMhM 1 m2

- sRmab;sgelIdI 1 hikta RtUvkarfalsMNabTMhMBI 150-200 m2 nigRtUvkarRKab;BUCsuTKuNPaBlBI 10-15 K>k.

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karerobcMfaleKak karerobcMfaldab:uk

m: ageTot ksikrGacerobcMfalsMNabdab:uk edayykswkeckbRkNat;ekAsURkalBIeRkam bnab;mkykdIlayRcbl;CamYyCIlamkstVdak;BIelIkgkMras;RbmaN 5 s>m knHtwk rYcykRKab;RsUvEdl)anpab;eTAsabBIelI. edIm,I[RKab;RsUvcab;Cab;CamYydI RtUvykedImeckbbMBg;CrRbenolbgab;esIBIelIrg muneBleRsacTwk.

karGnuvttamviFIsaRsxagelI eFVI[sMNabduHlUtlas;l gay

RsYlEfTaM cMeNjBlkm

eBlevladk nigTTYl)ansMNabsuxPaBlsRmab;ykeTAsg.

IIIIII.karerobcMdERskarerobcMdIERsPr[Rbesr ekordI[esI ras[)anmdPr[RbesIr ekordI[esI ras;[)anm:d karerobcMdI man\TiBly:agxaMgelIkarlUtlas;rbs;dMNaMRsUv.karerobcMdI)anl KWeFVI[dIERspus nigmanrnxl;eRcInEdlGacCYysRmYldl;karlUtlas;rbs;RbBnbs begInCICatidItamrykarPrlb;esA nig

Kl;CRBaaMg gayRsYlkgkarRKb;RKgTwk niges

AcRg CaBiessGacsmab;BBYkpSit smab;BgdwkeDO nigstVlitpgEdr. CakarlRbesIr ksikrRtUvPrdas;dIERsenAeBlePgFak;esImlm. PredIm,Ismab;es A smab;Pak;garbgCMgW nigbMpajBg bdwkeDOstVlit ehIyeFVI[dIpusl manrnxl;ecjcUll EdlbglkxNlRbesIrsRmab;karlUtlas;rbs;dMNaMRsUv.

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CaTUeTA dIERssngRtUvPr[)ansBVl Pr[)anCMerABI 15-20 s>mPrBI2-3 dg ras;[)an 1 dg KYreRbIrnas;eFjekageLIgelI nigekorBRgabdI[)anrabesIl. sRmab;dIERsR)aMg bERsRbedjTwk karPrdIKYrGnuvtenAmuneBlTwklic ehIykarras; nigekorBRgabnwgRtUvGnuvtenAeBlTwkRsk . m:ageTot kgERssng ksikrKYreFVIcgrsRmab;bgrTwkecjcUl.

RtUvcgcaMfa karerobcMdImin)anl eBalKWPrminsBV ras;minm:dnigekorminesI eFVI[RsUvBi)akcak;bs eRBaHdIrwg nigesAduHeRcInedaysardITabx

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kareobcMdIkarPrdIelIkTI1 RtUvcab;epImenAeRkayeBlRcUtkat;P am eRBaHdI

enAmansMeNImsmRsb. eBlevla nkarPrelIkTI 2 GaceFVImuneBleRBaH bsg cMnYn 1-2 s)ah_ edIm,I[esArlYy. CeRmAnkarPrras;KWmankarERbRbYleTAtamRbePTdI dUcCaRbePTdIl,ayxSac; CeRmABI 8-12s>m nigdIl,ay\d CeRmABI 15-25 s>m.IV.IV. kareRbIR)assNabkareRbIR)as;sMNab

eRbsNabxI dkedayfmd mn)ak;rbseRbIsMNabxI dkedayfmd min)ak;rbYs karsgsMNabefas nigmansuxPaBl eFVI[sngqab;lUtlas;nigEbkKum

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sRmab;BUCRsUvRsalEdldaMduHenArdUvR)aMg nigedImrdUvvsSa dUcCaBUCGuIEGr66 Clsar nig EsnBiedarCaedIm ksikrKYrsgsMNabxI manGayuticCag 15 f. cMeBaHBUCRsUvkNaldUcCa parMdYl paremot parMedg nigpacnEsnsr CaedIm KYrsgsMNabGayuticCag 20 f. cMENkBUCRsUvFn;dUcCa raMgCy xa4 nigxa6 CaedIm KYrsgsMNabEdlmanGayuticCag 30f. bcb,nedaysarmankarERbRbYlFatuGakas edIm,IeKcputBIkarTuksMNabcas;hYsGayukalsg edayPaBraMgstksikrRtUvpas;

brTmab;BI {karsabsMNabrg;cadIsg mkCakarerobcMdIsgrg;casMNabvij}{karsabsMNabrg;caMdIsg mkCakarerobcMdIsgrg;caMsMNabvij}.b:uEnRtUvcgcaMfa cMeBaHBUCRsUvRbkan;rdUv minRtUvsabeLIgvijeT RbsinebIsegteXIjfa vKlUtlas; CitputehIyenaH. eRkABIenH edIm,IecosvagkarsabeLIgvij ksikrKYrsabbNak;KakgcenaHBI 1-2 s)ah_mg edayBicarNaeTAelIbrimaNRKab;BUC nigTMhMdIsRmab;sg. m:ageTot ksikrminRtUvyksMNabEdlBikar eBalKW dac;bseRcIn b)ak;edImykeTAsgeTeRBaHvaGaceFVI[dMNaMRsUvlUtlas;exSay.

VV>> viFIsaRsdaMdHviFIsaRsdaMduHsgeRBaHCaCr cenaHsmKYr tamRbePTdIsgeRBaHCaCYr cenaHsmKYr tamRbePTdI5>1 karsg5>1 karsgkarsgRsUvtambeckeTs KYrGnuvttamkarENnaMdUcteTA

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- KYrsgCaCYredaysg 1-2 edImkg 1 Kum< kgkrNIsMNabefasl nigmanGayukalxI. enAkgERsTMnabBwgTwkeP g eRKaHraMgstEtgekItmanCajwkjab;EdleFVI[sMNabrbs;ksikrmanGayucas;Ex. kgkrNIKanCeRmIs ksikrGaceRbIR)as;sMNabenH)an EtKYrsg 3-5 edImKumm smRsbsRmab;dI

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minsUvmanCICati cenaHKum< 25 s>mx 25 s>m smRsbsRmab;dIsMbUrCICati. KYryl;dwgfa ktacMnYnedImEbkkgmYyKum

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5>2 kardaM b eRBaH tamFmta kareRbIR)as;viFIsaRseRBaH bdaMRKab; GaccMeNjkmaMgBlkm EdlGac[kardaMduHeFVIeTA)anelOn elIpdIFMkgryeBlxI ehIyksikrEdlmankmaMgBlkmtic GaceFVIERs)anTan;eBlevla. ma:geTotksikrmincaM)ac; erobcMfalsMNab nigcMNayeBlevlasRmab;dksg

eLIy ehIyksikrGaceRBaH bdaMelIdIst bdIesIm edaymincaM)ac;manTwkdk;enAERs.

TnwmnwgKuNsm,tienH kareFVIRsUvBeRgaHCYbRbTHbBaaCaeRcIndUcCaeRbIRKab;BUCeRcIn RtUvkarerobcMdI[)anrabesIl minGaceFVI)anenAERsCeRmAmanesAduHeRcIn manstVlit nigCMgWeRcIn CaedIm EdlRtUvcMNayfvikaEfTaMeRcIn.

viFIsaRseRBaH

viFIsaRseRBaHRsUvcm,gEdlksikrniymeRbIR)as;rYmman 3 KWviFIsaRseRBaHRsUvcm,gEdlksikrniymeRbIR)as;rYmman 3 KW1> eRBaHRKab;RsUvstelIdIst1> eRBaHRKab;RsUvstelIdIst eRkayBIerobcMdIrYcral; ksikrykRKab;RsUvsteTAeRBaHenAelIdIERsstK anTwk ehIyrg;caMTwkePgFak;.bu:EncMeBaHERsEdlmanRbBnFarasaRs bmanRbPBTwk ksikrGacbUmTwkbBalkgERsedIm,I[RKab;RsUvduH)anl.

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2> eRBaHRKab;RsUvEdlbNHrYcelIdIesIm2> eRBaHRKab;RsUvEdlbNHrYcelIdIesIm eRkayBIPrras;ekorBRgabdIrYc ksikrykRKab;BUCEdlduHBnk RtaMTwk12 em:ag nigpab; 24 em:ageTAeRBaHelIdIesImpukmanTwktic.3> eRBaHRKab;RsUvesImkgTwk3> eRBaHRKab;RsUvesImkgTwk ksikr)anerobcMdIrYcCaeRscmuneBlTwkeLIg ehIyenAeBlTwkRsk eTAvijenAsl;kMBs;RbmaN 20-30s>mksikrykRKab;BUCRsUvEdlesImeTAeRBaHelIERsEtmg. kareRBaHkgTwkenHGaccMeNjkarbBalTwk ehIyRsUvGacduHRbECgQHes A duHmunesAbu:EnGacmankarbMpajBnkRsUvedaysarRtI bstVkgTwkepSgeTot.

CaTUeTA ksikreRbIR)as;RKab;BUCRsUvy:ageRcInRbmaN 150-250 K>kkg 1 hikta ehIytMbn;xHrhUtdl; 300 K>k kg 1 hikta EdleFVI[Kat;xatbg;fvikaehIydMNaMRsUvduHminl nigTTYlTinplTab. kareRBaHRkas;enH eFVI[RsUvduHesak xVHxl;ecjcUl nigBnWfcUlmindl; RBmTaMgmanstV nigCMgWbMpajeRcIn ebIeRbobeFobnwgkardaMCaCYr ehIyesIgkgkMritRKab;BUC 60-80K>k kg 1 hikta.

edIm,ITTYl)anpll nigmanRbsiTPaBesdkic ksikrKYrGnuvtviFIsaRsdaMduHedayeRbIR)as;]bkrN_daMRKab;dUcxageRkam1> cMeBaHERsEdlmanRbBneRsacRsB1> cMeBaHERsEdlmanRbBneRsacRsB KYrGnuvtviFIsaRsdaedayeRbIKYrGnuvtviFIsaRsdaMedayeRbI]bkrN_daMRKab;CaCYrtamBIrrebob]bkrN_daMRKab;CaCYrtamBIrrebob

- daMRKab;duHBnk Ebkmat;cab elIdIERsesImpukmanTwktickgkMritRKab;BUC 60-80 K>k kgmYyhikta cMeBaHdIsMbUrCICatinig 80-100K>k kgmYyhikta cMeBaHdIminsUvsMbUrCICati.

eRkayBIGUsdaM)an 2-3 f RtUvbBalTwkedIm,IecosvagkarTuk[stnaM[RsUvduHminl

- daMRKab;stenAelIERsstKanTwk kgkMritRKab;BUCdUcxagelIehIyRtUvbBalTwkkgERskgkMritRbmaN 5 s>m bnab;BIGUsdaMrYcedIm,I[RKab;RsUvduH)anl.

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2> cMeBaHERsEdlKanRbBneRsacRsB rMBwgTwkePg2> cMeBaHERsEdlKanRbBneRsacRsB rMBwgTwkePgKYrGnuvtviFIsaRsdaMedayeRbI]bkrN_daMRKab;CaCYr kgkMrit 100-120K>k kgmYyhikta. ksikrRtUvykRKab;BUCRsUvsteTAdaM ehIyeRkayBIGUsdaMrYcRtUvras;lubRKab;edIm,IecosvagkareFVI[RKab;RsUvst nigminduHedayBnWfenAeBlePgRkFak; nig)at;bg;RKab;edaysarstVsIu.kgkrNIksikrenAEtmanbMNgeRbIR)as;viFIsaRseRBaHRKab;RsUv

edayd caM)ac;RtUvrkGkEdlmanCMnajGaceRBaHRKab;esIl ehIyesIgkgkMrit 80-120 K>k kgmYyhikta RsbtamRbePTdI. ksikrRtUvGnuvtkarRKb;RKgTwk nigras;lb;RKab;RsbtamlkxNnImYy dUcviFIsaRsdaMduHedayeRbI]bkrN_daMRKab;xagelIEdr .

karGUsdaMeday]bkrN_daMRKab;karGUsdaMeday]bkrN_daMRKab;VI.VI. karRKb;RKgCCatidkarRKb;RKgCICatidIRKbRKgCCati ykCFmCati CamldanRKwHRKb;RKgCICati ykCIFmCati CamUldanRKwH 6>1 cMNat;fak;dIsRmab;dMNaMRsUvenARbeTskm

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Rkum 1 dIRBExr (PREY KHMER SOIL)pdIdaMduH 10-12%kMNkMeNIt l,ab;CMnn;cas; bl,ab;sMNwk-CMnn; RsTab;elICaxSac;manCMerAeRCACag 50 s>mkareRbICI Guyer: 50-87.5kg/ha-edGaeb:17-25 kg/ha b:Utas 67 kg/ha (N

28-52- P

12-15-K

10-20-S

0-20)

Rkum 2 dIRbTHLag(PRATEAH LANG SOIL)pdIdaMduH 25-30%

kMNkMeNIt l,ab;CMnn;cas; bl,ab;sMNwk-CMnn; RsTab;elICaxSac;manCMerAticCag40 s>m RsTab;eRkamCadIl,ay b\dkareRbICI Guyer: 50-87.5kg/ha -edGaeb: 50-88kg/ha

b:Utas 50 kg/ha(N40-60

- P23-29

-K20-30

-S0-10

)

--

RsUbyksarFatuciBawm dUcCa GasUt pUsVr b:Utasm nigsarFatumYycMnYneTotBIkgdI. RbsinebIeyIgmin)anbMeBjbEnmsarFatuTaMgenaHdl;dIvijeTenaH naM[dIxatbg;CICatiCaRbcaM ehIyCalTpleFVI[dMNaMRsUvduHlUtlas;min)anl nigpl;Tinplkan;EtTab. dUecH karRKb;RKgCICatidI KWCaktasMxan;bMputkgplitkmdMNaMRsUv. kareRbIR)as;CIelIdMNaMRsUv mankarERbRbYleTAtamRbePTdI. EteTaHCay:agNakeday CaTUeTA

viFIsaRs RKb;RKgCICatidI minmanlkNxusKaenaHeT.enAkm

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Rkum 3 dILa)anesok (LABANSIEK SOIL)pdIdaMduH 1 %kMNkMeNIt tamcegHPM bkUnPM RsTab;elICadIRkhmkareRbICI -Guyer: 65kg/ha -edGaeb: 100 kg/ha

(N48-94

- P46-63

-K0-22

)

--

Rkum 4 dIGUrUg (ORUNG SOIL)

pdIdaMduH 1-2%

kMNkMeNIt l,ab;CMnn;cas; RsTab;elICa\d bl,ayCMerABI10-30 s>m RsTab;eRkamCadIxSac;

kareRbICI -Guyer: 117-134kg/ha -edGaeb: 67 kg/ha-b:Utas 34-50 Kg/ha(N

36-70- P

23-40-K

0-30-S

0-15)

--

Rkum 5 dIRkKr (KRAKOR SOIL)pdIdaMduH -15%kMNkMeNIt TMnablicTwkskmdIstBNRbepHPW betatPWRsTab;elI

CadI\d bl,ayCMerA 20-40 s>m

kareRbICI -Guyer:238-350 kg/ha

-edGaeb: 50-100 kg/ha

(N60-120

- P23-34

)

Rkum 7 dIk,aleBaFi (KBAL PO SOIL)pdIdaMduH 13 %kMNkMeNIt l,ab;CMnn;fI dIstBNRbepHRsGab; eTARbepH

RsTab;elICadI\dkareRbICI -Guyer: 125-300 kg/ha -edGaeb: 100 kg/ha

-b:Utas 50 kg/ha

--

Rkum 6 dI)akan (BAKAN SOIL)pdIdaMduH 10-15%kMNkMeNIt l,ab;sMNwk-CMnn; bl,ab;CMnn;cas; RsTab;elICa

dIl,ay bdI\d TIkEngmanenARKb;tMbn;daMduHRsUvkareRbICI -Guyer: 113-138 kg/ha -edGaeb: 43-65 kg/ha

-b:Utas 33-50 kg/ha(N50-52

- P12-15

-K10-20

-S0-20

)

--

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Rkum 11 kMBg;esom (KAMPONG SIEM SOIL)pdIdaMduH 1-2 %kMNkMeNIt CMraleCIgPM dIstBNRbepHRkem:AeTAexA

RsTab;elICa\d 10-20 s>mkareRbICI -Guyer: 125-200 kg/ha -edGaeb: 37.5 kg/ha

--

Rkum 8 dIekonsVay (KIEN SVAY SOIL)pdIdaMduH - 2 %kMNkMeNIt l,ab;CMnn;TenRsTab;elICadIl,ay b\ddIsmRsb

sRmab;dMNaMRsUv bEn eQIhUbEpkareRbICI -Guyer: 125 kg/ha

Rkum 9 dITYlsMerag (TOUL SAMRONG SOIL)

pdIdaMduH 7-10 %

kMNkMeNIt l,ab;CMnn;cas; bl,ab;sMnwk-CMnn;dIstBNetatPW eTAetat bRbepHPWRsTab;elICal,ay b \d 10-20 s>m

kareRbICI -G uyer: 113-194 kg/ha-edGaeb: 50-75 kg/ha

--

Rkum 10 dIeKakRtb;(KOKTRAP SOIL)pdIdaMduH 5 %kMNkMeNIt l,ab;CMnn;cas; dIstBNRbepH eTARbepH

RsGab; RsTab;elICal,ay b\d GasIutxaMg

kareRbICI -Guyer: 67-125 kg/ha

-edGaeb: 50-61 kg/ha

-b:Utas 50 kg/ha

--

6>2 kareRbIIR)as;CIeTaHbICamanRbePTdIxusKay:agNakeday EtkarRKb;RKgCICati

dIminmanPaBxusKaenaHeTKW tRmUv[GnuvtviFankarcRmuHRKb;RKgCICatidI tamrykareRbIbrimaNCIRsbeTAnwgtRmUvkar nigvKlUtlas;rbs;dMNaM manCI

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FmCati nigCIKImI. CIFmCatirYmman CIkMb:us CIlamkstV kaksMNl;rukCatiCIkaksMNl;LCIv]sn nigCIRss;. CakarcaM)ac; ksikrRtUvmaneragsnSMCIkMb:usenAtampHnImYyEdlGacpSMBIlamk TwkenamstV kaksMNl;pH)ay nigkaksMNl;rukCati EdlenHCaeragcRkplitCIFmCatitamRKYsaredaycMNayTuntic b:uEnTTYl)anpleRcIn. CIFmCatiEdlTTYl)anBILCIv]sn KWmanKuNPaBl nig)ansmab;emeraKbgCMgW nigRKab;es A EdlGacqgraldaldl;dMNaMRsUv. dUecH RbCaksikrEdlmanlTPaB KYrykcitTukdak;kgkarsagsg;LCIv]sntamRKYsar BIeRBaHvapl;RbeyaCn_eRcIn KWGacsnSMCIFmCati)aneRcIn nigmanKuNPaBx

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rdUvR)aMg tamrykarbukdaMedaymincaM)ac;PrdI. BUCsENkEdldaMeRkay

eBlRbmUlplRsUv KYrCaBUCmanGayukalxI ehIyFn;RTaMnwgPaBraMgst.

m: ageTot Kl;CRBaaMgKWCaRbPBCIFmCatidsMxan;sRmab;RTRTg;CI

CatidI. ehtuenH ksikrminRtUvdutKl;CRBaaMgecaleT. Cakarl RtUvPr

lubKl;CRBaaMgeRkayeBlRbmUlplRsUvrYc. ksikrPaKeRcInmin)anPr

lubKl;CRBaaMgeRkayeBlRbmUlpleLIy KWTukrhUtdl;manePgFak;

enAEx ]sPa eTIbPrlub ehIyxHeTotdutKl;CRBaaMgecalEtmg. kareFVIEbbenH CRBaaMgmYycMENkFMRtUv)at;bg; Bukpuy ehIrtamxl; nig)at;

TaMgRsug kgkrNIePIgeqH bdutbMpajecal.

karsnSMCIFmCati

kareRbIR)as;CI

edIm,I[kareRbIR)as;CImanRbsiTPaBx

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dUcxageRkam

- eRbIR)as;RbePTCI[)anRtwmRtUv nigRsbtamtRmUvkarrbs;dMNaM

RsUv

- eBlevlasmRsbsRmab;)acCIbMb:n KWeFVIeLIgenAeBlRBwkRBlwm

frH KWeBlGs;TwksenSImenAelIswkRsUv niglacenAcenaH

BIem:ag 4-5 lac eBlGakasFatuRtCak;lm.

- RtUvsMGates

AkgERs[)ansatCamun ehIyR)akdfa enAkgERsmanTwksmlm

kareRbICIFmCatiCamUldan pl;GtRbeyaCn_dUcxageRkam- eFVI[dIFUr nigbegInsmtPaBcab;Twk nigrkSasarFatuciBawmkgdI

)anyUr- eFVI[dIsMbUrBBYkGtisuxumR)aN nigbegInsarFatumemakkgdI

RsTab;elI

- ksikrGackat;bnycMNayelIkarTijCIKImI- kat;bnykareRbIR)as;CIKImIEdleKeCOfa GaceFVI[b:HBal;dl;brisan CaBiesskarERbRbYlGakasFatu

- ksikrTTYl)anR)ak;cMNUlbEnm tamrykardaMdMNaMbgVil- dMNaMRsUvlUtlas;)anl pl;Tinplx

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lkxNCICatidI nigsanPaBlUtlas;rbs;dMNaMRsUv. KYrykkMritsarFatuciBawmEdl)anENnaMsRmab;dMNaMRsUv enAtMbn;TMnabrMBwgTwkePgrbs;viTas anRsavRCav nigGPivDn_ksikmkm> karRKb;RKgTwkpl;TwkRKb;RKan; tRmUvbnan; tamdMNak;kal TwkCaFnFancaM)ac;kgplitkmdMNaMRsUv. TwkedIrtYnaTIdsMxan;enA

kgdMeNIrlUtlas;rbs;dMNaMdUcCa eFVI[rukCatiFn;nwgkMedAtamrykarbMPaycMhayTwkecjBIpswk CaPak;garkgdMeNIrrsIsMeyaK RBmTaMgsRmbsRmYldl;karRsUb nigdwkCBansarFatuciBawm. m:ageTotkm

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karerobcMRbBnTwk nigCIkRsHEk,rERs

rbs;es AcRg. dUecH karRKb;RKgTwk KWCaktacMbg EdlksikrRtUvykcitTukdak;kgplitkmdMNaMRsUv RsbtamsuPasitExreBalfa eFVIERseFVIERsnwgTwkeFVswknwg)aynwgTwkeFVIswknwg)ay .

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edIm,IsgRsUvTMnabBwgTwkeP g nigRsUvR)aMgedayeRbIsMNabxI edImTabRsbtambeckeTs TwkkgERs KYrrkSakgkMrit 1-5 s>m. kgkrNImanRbBnbeBajbBalTwkRKb;RKan; enAkgdMNak;kalEbkKum< KYrrkSaTwkkgERskmm. enAkgGMLgeBlnvKlUtlas; ksikr

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KYrTukERs[stTwkkgryeBlBI 2-3f eTIbbBalTwkCafI sRmab;ERsEdlmanRbBneRsacRsBRtwmRtUv edIm,I[RbBnbsrbs;RsUvlUtlas;l nigEbkKummCaBiessenAcugrdUvvsSaCitGs;TwkeP g RsbtamdMbUnanrbs;Rkmg:uyktkFak;xl; tml;TwkenA ebIcg;)anRsUv eRscnUvRtwmEfktikFak;xl; tml;TwkenA ebIcg;)anRsUv eRscnUvRtwmEf . elIsBIenHeTAeTot sRmab;ERsTMnabBwgTwkePg EdlKanRbBneRsacRsB ksikrKYrCIkRsHTMhM 20m x 10m bRtUvCIkRbLayTTwg 1m CuMvijERs edIm,IpkTwksRmab;CYyseRgaHenAeBlCYbraMgstkgryeBlxI ehIyGacciBawmstV nigkarciBawmRtI bRbmUlRtIFmCati)aneTotpg.

CaTUeTAkarRKb;RKgTwk)anl mansarRbeyaCn_dUcxageRkamCaTUeTAkarRKb;RKgTwk)anl mansarRbeyaCn_dUcxageRkam- ksikrcMeNjfvikaEdlRtUvcMNaykgkareRsacRsB- kat;bnycMNayelIkareFVIesA- dMNaMlUtlas;)anl EbkKum

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VIIIVIII>> karRKb;RKgsmasPaBcRg viFancRmuH Gnuvt\texaH karBardMNaM smasPaBcRgsMxan;rbs;dMNaMRsUv rYmmanesAcRg stVcRgnigCMgWbMpajdMNaM. CaTUeTA edIm,IRKb;RKgsmasPaBcRgRbkbedayRbsiTPaB ksikrRtUvGnuvttamviFIsaRsdUcteTA

- RtUveRbIviFIsaRsdaMduHdUcCa kareRCIserIsBUCFn; karerobcMdI)anl

kardaMdMNaMRsbeBlKa nigdaMdMNaMqas;CaedIm- RtUvRtYtBinitvtmanstVbMpajdMNaMnigvtmanstVmanRbeyaCn_kgERs[)anCaRbcaMedIm,IEsVgyl;BItulPaB- RtUveRbIviFIsaRsemkanic edIm,IRKb;RKgkt acRg dUcCakarcab;edayd eRbIGnak; nigkareRbIGgb;- eRbIfaMpSMBIrukCatiCaedIm.kgkrNImankarpHraldalstVbMp ajdMNaM ehIyral;viFankar

xagelIminGacTb;sat;)an ksikrRtUveRbIviFankarKImIEdlCaCeRmIscugeRkay. kareRbIR)as;viFankarKImI RtUvGnuvteTAtambTdanbeckeTsRtwmRtUvedayeFVIkarBiPakSaCamunCamYyGkbeckeTsEdlmanCMnaj nigbTBiesaFn_c,as;las;. Tn wmnwgenaH ksikrRtUvKitKUrdl;suvtiPaBpal;xn RkumRKYsar GkCitxag stVBahn nigRbBnbrisanEdlTTYlrg\TiBlGaRkk;BIsarFatuKImI . 8>1> esAcRg

k> smaPaBcRg nigcMNat;fak;k> smaPaBcRg nigcMNat;fak; esAcRg KWCaRbePTrukCati TaMgLayNaEdlduHenAkgERs ehIyRbkYtRbECgdl;karlUtlas;rbs;dMNaMRsUv. esAcRgEckecjCa3RbePT KWBBYkesAswktUc esAswkFM nigBBYkkk;. kgcMeNamesATaMg3RbePTxagelI BBYkesAswktUcdeNImCICatiBIRsUvxaMgCageK.

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BBYkesAswktUc BBYkesAkk;BBYkesAswkFM

esAcRgman\TiBl GviCmandl;dMNaMRsUv dUcCaRbECgRsUbyksarFatuciBawm BnWRBHGaTit xl;Gakas nigTwk RBmTaMgeFVICaCRmkdl;stVlitcRg nigCMgWbMpajdMNaMRsUvEfmeTot. dUecHebIcg;eFVIERsTTYl)anTinplx viFankarRKb;RKgesAcRgx> viFankarRKb;RKgesAcRg

edIm,IRKb;RKgesAcgRbkbedayRbsiTPaB ksikrKYrGnuvttamviFIsaRsdUcxageRkam- RtUvPrdas;dI enAeBlmansMeNImRKb;RKan;-RtUvsMGatRKab;BUCRsUv[)ansat

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kareRbIR)as;]bkrN_eFVIesA

Gs;RKab;esAcRg- erobcMdIERs[)ansat nigrabesI- eFVIesAbMpusdI y:agtic[)an 2

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TIbEtduHtic nigenAtUceTIbCakarRbesIr.

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8>2> CMgWelIdMNaMRsUv k> sBaaNTUeTAndMNaRsUvk> sBaaNTUeTAndMNaMRsUvCMgW KWCadMeNIrminRbRktImYyEdleFVI[rukCatimanrbYs bCadMeNIr

minRbRktInRbtikmKImICIv EdleFVI[mandMeNIrkarxusFmta. CMgWRtUv)ankt;smal;edayeraKsBa a nigdMeNIrbERmbRmYlnkarlUtlas;rbs;rukCati. manPak;garCaeRcInEdlCaPak;gareTal bPak;garcRmuHbgCMgWeTAelIdMNaMRsUv. Pak;garbgCMgWTaMgenaH GacCaPak;garmanCIvit nigPak;garKanCIvit. Pak;garmanCIvitEdlbgCMgWqg ehAfa :emeraK : EdlrYmman)ak;etrI pSit vIrus nigeNm:atUdCaedIm. Pak;garKanCIvit KWbgCaCMgWminqgEdlrYm mankarelIs bxVHsarFatuciBawm karBulsarFatuKImI nigkarrgrbYsedayemkanicCaedIm. CMgWEdlbgedayPak;garmanCIvitekIteLIgedaybgMkta3 EdlehAfalkNRtIekaNCMgW KWPak;garbgCMgW emeraKlkxNGakasFatu nigCRmk. CMgWmYyGacekIteLIgxaMgka)an luHRtaEtemeraKsahav CMrkqab;TTYlrgCMgW nigGakasFatuGMeNaypl. dUecH

edIm,ITb;sat;karkekItCMgWFn;FrelIdMNaMRsUv ksikrRtUvmanviFankareFVIy:agNakat;bnyPaBGMeNaypldl;bgMTaMgbIenH.

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x> viFankarTb;sat; nigkmat;CMgWRsUvx> viFankarTb;sat; nigkmat;CMgWRsUv CaTUeTA CMgWEdlmankarlUtlas;yWt gayRsYlRKb;RKgCagCMgWEdllUtlas;qab;rhs ehIyCakarlM)akNas; kgkarRKb;RKgCMgWEdlmankarqgraldalelOn. munnwgseRmcciteRbIviFankarkmat;NamYyksikrKb,IvaytmGMBIRbsiTPaBesdkic nig\TiBlelIRbBnbrisandMNaMRsUv. xageRkamenHKWCaviFankarbgar nigviFankarkmat;sMxan;eTA

tamRbePTnCMgWviFankarbgar nigkmat;CMgWbgeLIgedayBBYkpSitviFankarbgar nigkmat;CMgWbgeLIgedayBBYkpSit- RtUverobcMdI[)anl Prras;[sBVl nighaldI[s t edIm,I

smab;pSit- eRbIR)as;BUCRsUvEdlFn;RTaMnwgCMgW nigRKab;BUCEdlminekItCMgW- smab;emeraKpSitelIRKab;BUC muneBlykeTAdaM edayhalnwg

kMedAf bRtaMTwkekA]N

- RbmUlecal nigdutbMpajkaksMNl;rukCatiEdlekItCMgW- kmat;esA nigrukCatiEdlCaCRmkrbs;CMgW nigPak;garcmg- ecosvagkareRbIR)as;CIGasUt nigfaMCMrujkarlUtlas;elIskMrit- eRbIR)as;faMsmab;pSitRtwmRtUvtambeckeTs- eFVIGnamyERs eRkayeBlRbmUlpl.

viFankarbgar nigkmat;CMgWbgeLIgeday)ak;etrIviFankarbgar nigkmat;CMgWbgeLIgeday)ak;etrI viFankarPaKeRcInkgkarkmat;CMgWbgeday)ak;etrI KWGnuvtedaykareRbIR)as;BUCRsUvFn;nwg)ak;etrI kareRbIR)as;RKab;BUCEdlminmanpkCMgW

nig eRbIR)as;viFankarepSgeTotrYmman kardaMdMNaMqas; kareFVIGnamyERs EdlmanlkNRbhak;RbEhlKa nigviFankarkmat;CMgWpSitEdr. viFankarbgar nigkmat;CMgWbgeLIgedayvIrusviFankarbgar nigkmat;CMgWbgeLIgedayvIrus mkdl;bcb,n eKenAminTan;rkeXIjfaMKImINamYyEdleRbImanRbsiTPaB elICMgWEdlbgeLIgedayBBYkvIrus enAeLIyeT. xageRkamenH KWCaviFankarbgar nigkmat;edayRbeyal

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- eRbIR)as;BUCRsUvEdlFn;RTaMnwgCMgW- eRbIR)as;RKab;BUCEdlminmanpkCMgWvIrus- kMcat;Pak;garcmgCaBiessBBYkmmac nigstVsIuRsUvEdlman

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CMgWvIrus. K> RbePTCMgWsMxan;elIdMNaRsUvK> RbePTCMgWsMxan;elIdMNaMRsUv CMgWelIdMNaMRsUvsMxan; EdlelIkmkbgajCUnrYmmanCMgWGucetat )as; rlYyRsTbswk rlakRsTbswk RseBanswk qtswk etOesAetOrYjswk Tg;eRKa kgVHGasUt kgVHpUsVr kgVHm:Utasm nigBulCatiEdk.

CMgWGucetatCMgWenH bgeLIgedayemeraKpSuiteQaH Helminthosporium oryzae.

vabgCasamGucBNetatdUcRKab;lenAelIswk nigenAelIRKab;. CMgWenHekIteLIgcMeBaHERsxSt;CICatiGasUtNnigERsEdlKanTwk. b:uEnCMgWenHmin)anbg[mankar)at;bg;TinplRsUvFn;FreT.

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rbs;dMNaMRsUv- RKb;RKgTwkkgERs[)anlRbesIr Edly:agehacNas; rkSa

dIERs[esImCanic edIm,I[RsUvmanlTPaBRsUbykCICatiBIkgdI nigGacEbkKum

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viFankarviFankarTb;sat;Tb;sat; nigkmat;CMgW)as;mandUcxageRkamnigkmat;CMgW)as;mandUcxageRkam- eRbIR)as;BUCFn;; EdlGacTb;Tl;nwgkarratt,atrbs;pSiteRBaH

vamanRbsiTPaBesdkicx

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viFankarviFankarTb;sat;Tb;sat; nigkMcat;CMgWrlYyRsTbskmandUcxageRkamnigkMcat;CMgWrlYyRsTbswkmandUcxageRkam- lcenaHKum< bdg;sIuetedImRsUv[)ansmrmedayeFVIy:agNakMu[

ekokKa bENneBk eRBaHvaeFVI[CMgWgaykekIt nigraldal- eRbIR)as;CIb:Utasm enAdMNak;kalEbkKum< edIm,IeFVI[Calika

edIm nigswkRsUvrwg- eRbIR)as;kal;smsulpat nigsgsI eday)aj;elIswkenA

dMNak;kalEbkKumm rYcrIkFMrhUtdl;RbEvg 2-3 s>m nig rlaycUlKaEtmg. EKmnsamrlak nigBNGac[eKdwgBIcMNucepSgKansamrlak. kglkxNmansMeNImsmRsb tYswkEdlb:HnwgedIm ekItCMgWkRtUvqgemeraKpgEdr. eraKsBaaTaMgenH CaTUeTAelceLIgya:gc,as;enAdMNak;kalRsUvecjpa nigRsUvTMu. kgkrNIkarratt,atFn;Fr vaeFVI[kardak;bMeBjRKab;rbs;RsUvfycuH.

sBaa nigeraKsBaanCMgW rlakRsTbswk

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viFankarviFankarTb;sat;Tb;sat; nigkmat;CMgWrlakRsTbskmandUcxageRkamnigkmat;CMgWrlakRsTbswkmandUcxageRkam- lcenaHKum< bdg;sIuetedImRsUv[)ansmrm edayeFVIy:agNakMu

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kar)aj;CICMrujkarlUtlas;eRcIn

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edIm,Ikat;bnykarqgCMgW- kgkrNImanekItCMgWeRcIn eRbIR)as;faMsMlab;pSitedayBiPakSa

CamYyGkkeTs.

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elIswk mansamrlakBNelOgeTABNs dUcsamCaMTwkenAtamEKmtYswk. s amrlakenH GacekItmanenAelIEKmswkm ag bTaMgsgxag b

enAkEngepSgntYswkEdlrgkarbMp aj nigGacraldaleBjtYswkTaMg

mUl. )ak;etrIGaceRCotcUlenAeBlswk edIm nigbs manrgrbYs CaBiess

enAeBldksMNab eBlsg nigeBlmankarbMpajrbs;stVcRg.

RbPBrbs;)ak;etrIenH KWmanenAkgcMebIg Kl;CBaaMg RsUvduHmYrEdl

manpkemeraK RKab;RsUv nigesAcRgEdlCaCRmkrbs;va. )ak;etrI Gacqg

tamryTwksenSIm TwkeRsacRsB TwkeP g TwkCMnn; nigxl;bk;xaMg.kareRbIkMritCIGasUtx

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sBaa nigeraKsBaanCMgWRseBanswk

viFankarTb;sat; nigkmatCMgWRseBanskmandUcxageRkamviFankarTb;sat; nigkmatCMgWRseBanswkmandUcxageRkam- eRbIR)as;BUCFn; EdlGacTb;Tl;nwgkarratt,atrbs;CMgW- eFVIGnamyERs dUcCakmat;ecalnUvesAcRg cMebIg nigRsUvduHmYr

EdlCaCRmknCMgW- rkSaTwkrak;enAelIfalsMNab edayeFVIcgrbeNaHTwkenAeBl

manePgFak;xaMg- PrdIhal[)anstl eRkayeBlRbmUlplRsUvrYcedIm,Ismab;

emeraK- eRbIR)as;CI[mantulPaB CaBiessCI GasUt- RtUvlcenaHKum< bdg;sIuetedIm[)ansmrm edayecosvagsg

ekokeBk beRBaHRKab;Rkas;eBk.

CMgWqtswkCMgWenHbgeLIgeday)ak;etrI EdlCaFmtamanEtenAelItYswk

b:ueN aH. eraKsBaaelceLIgCasamrlaktUcmansPaBfaenAcenaH

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srsEv:nnswk. eBlCMgWvivteLIg eXIjsamrlakenHrIkFM ehIyERbCaBNetat nigraldalBaseBjsrsEv:n EdlGacbNal[swkRsUvgab;. )ak;etrIGaccUleTAkgedImRsUv)antamrysamrbYs btamryRbehagekasika. cMNucsmal;Biessrbs;CMgWenH KWvtmandMNk; bRKab;GgaMrbs;)ak;etrI nwgelcecjeLIgenAelIpswk. ePgFak; xl;bk;CaktaCYydl;karqgraldalrbs;CMgWenH.

sBaa nigeraKsBaaCMgWqtswkviFankarviFankarTb;sat;Tb;sat; nigkmat;CMgWqtskmandUcxageRkamnigkmat;CMgWqtswkmandUcxageRkam- eRbIR)as;BUCFn; EdlGacTb;Tl;nwgkarbMpajrbs;CMgW- eRbIR)as;TwkekA edIm,IsMGatRKab;BYC nigsmab;emeraK munnwg

ykeTAdaMduH- eRbIR)as;CI[mantulPaB edayeCosvagkareRbIR)as;CIGasUteRcIn

- lcenaHKum< bdg;sIuetedIm[)ansmRsbedayeCosvagkardaMduHjwkeBk- PrhaldIbnab;BIRbmUlplRsUvrYc edIm,Ismab;emeraK- eFVIGnamyERs dUcCa kmat;ecalnUvRsUvduHmYr nigKl;ciRBaaMg

edIm,IbMpajRbPBCMgW

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- eFVIcgrbeNaHTwk CaBiessenAdMNak;kalsMNab.

CMgWWetOesACMgWenH bgeLIgedayBBYkvIrus. edImEdlekItCMgWmanlkNRkin

xaMg EbkKum

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RsUveLIgrmYlrYj. eKGacsegteXIjEKmswkRsUvmansPaBreqjrquj b mansPaBdac;rEhkenAmuneBlswkcab;epImla. CaTUeTA enAelIpswkrYj mansPaB)at;bg;CatiBNbtg KWswkERbeTACaBNelOgbBNelOgetat.

karekItCMgWetOrYjswk eFVI[srsEv:nenAelIswkeLIge)a:g manBNelOgRBElt bBNseTABNetatcas;manRbEvg 1-10 m>m TTwg0/2-1m>m ehIye)a:gputBIpswk 0/1-1m>m. enAcugdMNak;kallUt

las; swkRsUvmanlkNxI nigrmYlxUcRTg;RTay ehIyRsUvEdlmanswkTg;CyrYj ecjpayWt nigecjkYrmineBjlkN. CMgWWetOrYjswkeFVI[TinplRsUv)at;bg;ya:gxaMg. vIrusRtUv)ancmgedaysarstVmmacetat. viFankarviFankarTb;sat;Tb;sat; nigkmat;CMgWetOrYjskmandUcxageRkamnigkmat;CMgWetOrYjswkmandUcxageRkam

sBaa nigeraKsBaaCMgWetOrYjswk

- eRbIR)as;BUCEdlFn;nwgPak;garbgeraK nigPak;garcmgeraK

- eRbIR)as;CI[mantulPaB edayeCosvagkareRbIR)as;;CIGasUteRcInEdlnaM[Tak;TajstVmmacetat

- dkedImRsUvEdlekItCMgWBIkgERsrYcbMpajecal

- eRbIR)as;viFankarcRmuH edIm,IRKb;RKgstVmmacetatEdlCaPak;garcmgCMgW.

CMgWTg;eRKaCMgWTg;eRKa bgeLIgedayvIrus ehIyBBYkmmacCBak;swk KWCaPak;garcmgEdlk genaHmmacexov KWCaPak;garcmgxaMgCageK. karcmgemeraK KWekIteLIgbnab;BIkarcucCBak;swkRsUvEdlekItCMgWrYc stVliteTAcucCBak;swkRsUvnedImRsUvepSg. edImRsUvekItCMgW mansPaBRkin cMnYn

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sBaa nigeraKsBaanCMgW Tg;eRKa

edImEbkmankarfycuH ehIyRsTbswk nigtYswkrYjxI. tYswkxIEdlminTan;rlaRtUv)anekabCab; edayRsTbswkxageRkA nigswkrmYl bmUrtic.swkERbBNBIbtgeTAelOgxI elOgTwkRkUc nigelOgetat edayepImBIcugswkcas;. swkRsUvxI PaKeRcInmanBNcRmuH bmanqtBNbtgeskeTAqts RbEvgxusKa RsbnwgsrsEv:nswk. edImRsUvekItCMgW PaKeRcInenArs;rhUtdl;TMu EtvaBnareBlecjpa nigBnareBlTMu. CaFmta kYrRsUvmanTMhMtUc manRKab;es

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KWeFVI[swkERbCaBNelOg bbtgRBElt km

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xatGasUt nigpUsVrkgeBlEtmYy eFVI[swkmanBNbtgsV ay nigedImRsUvmanlkNravsc. kgVHCatipUsVrGacekItmanenAelIdIGasIutxaMg dIsulpatGasIut nigenAelIdIGal;kaLaMg. pUsVreRcInmanenAelIdIEdllicTwkCagdIst.

dMNaMRsUvkgVHsarFatupUsVr

edIm,ITb;sat; nigRKb;RKgbBaakgVHsarFatupUsVr Km,IeRbIR)as;CIFmCatiRTab;)at[)anRKb;RKan; RKb;RKgTwkkgERs[)anlRbesIrEdly:agehacNas;rkSadIERs[esImCanic nigeRbIR)as;CI ed Ga eb: RTab;)atbbMb:neRkaydaMryeBl 15 f bEnm[)anRKb;RKan;.

CMgWkgVHsarFatub:Utasmminman\TiBleTAelIkarEbkKum

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RsUvmanBNbtgcas; ehIyEKmswkmanBNelOget at bmansamrlakenAxagcugswkcas;. kgkrNIxVHsarFatub:UtasmxaMg RsUvmancugswkBNelOget at. karERbBN KWcab;BIcugswkrhUtdl;Kl;swk.eraKsBaanCMgWxVHsarFatub:Utasm KWRsedogKanwgCMgWTg;eRKaEdr EtxusKaRtg;fa CMgWTg;eRKaekItenAelIEpktUcnERs bekItEtKum

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karBulCatiEdkeFVI[TinplRsUvTab.

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rkSaTwkkgERsdk;CaRbcaM CaBiess enAelIRbePTdIEdlmankMhab;CatiEdkx

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nigkat;bnykarplitCatiemtanenAkgdI .

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[swkTaMgmUlERbCaBNs. eraKsBaaenH ekIteLIg tMbUgenAelIswkTI1 nigbnab;mkswkTI2 nigcugeRkayekItenAelIbNlEdleFVI[edImRsUvTaMgmUlgab;Etmg. cMeBaHkarlUtlas;rbs;edImvijKWmansPaBRkinnigminsUvEbkKum

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8>3 stVkgRbBnbrisandMNaMRsUv k> RbePTstcRgsMxan; nigviFankarkcatk> RbePTstVcRgsMxan; nigviFankarkMcat;

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stVRTIb RTIb CastVlittUcBNexA bMpajdMNaMRsUvenAkgvKlUtlas;CaBiess bMpajelIsMNab. swkEdlrgkarsIubMpajrmUr st ERbCaBNetat nigbNal[dMNaMRsUvgab; RbsinebIkarbMpajmansPaBFn;Fr. swkRsUvrmUr eFVI[mansMeNIm nigkarBarRTIbBIBBYkeRbdaTr. RTIbekItmaneRcIn enAeBlmanGakasFatuekAhYtEhgxaMg ehIyERsKanTwk.viFIsaRssMxan; edIm,IRKb;RKgRTIbman

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kUn emcMNas; nigsambMpajrbs;RTIb

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mmacetat mmacetatCastVlitEdlbMpajdMNaMRsUvy:agFn;Fr enAextmYycMnYnkgRbeTskm

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Bg kUn emeBjvy nigkarbMpajrbs;mmacetat

dgvbMBg;kat;swk

PaKeRcIndgvbMBg;kat;swk bMpajdMNaMRsUvenAkgvKlUtlas; CaBiessERs bcMENknERsEdlmanTwkdk;Cab;. dgvbMBg;kat;swk kat;swkRsUveFVICabMBg;bENtelIpTwk. dgvenHsIuekasykCalikabtgBIswkRsUvedaybnSl;TukEtCalikaswkesIg ehIyvanwgERbCaBNsenAeBlst. karbMpajmanPaBxaMgka enAeBlRsUvsitenAkgdMNak;kalsMNabrhUtdl;dMNak;kalEbkKum

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- eRbIfaMpSMBIrukCatiEdleFVIBI swkesA bNleBRC rMedg vlir kMe)ar.l.

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dgv emGMe)A nigsambMpajrbs;dgvbMBg;kat;swk

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edIm,IRKb;RKgdgvsIrUgedIm ksikrKYreRbIviFIsaRs dUcxageRkamedIm,IRKb;RKgdgvsIurUgedIm ksikrKYreRbIviFIsaRs dUcxageRkam- eRbIBUCRsUvGayukalxI nigeRbIBUCFn;nwgdgvsuIrUgedIm- Prlb;Kl;CRBaaMgP am eRkayeBlRbmUlplRsUvedIm,Ismab;

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RbePTepSg nemGMe)AdgvsIurUgedIm

sMbukBg dgv nigsambMpajrbs;dgvsIurUgedIm

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Bg dgv sambMpaj nigemGMe)Arbs;dgvmUrswk

dgvmUrswk dgvmUrswk eRcInbMpajRsUvenAvKlUtlas; nigvKbegItpl CaBiess elIRsUvEdldaMeRkammb; nigelIRsUvEdllUtlas;l manswkeRcIn nigxI. dgvmUrswk sIuekasykCalikabtg rbs;swk edaymUreFVICaCRmk ehIyvaGacbnbMpajswkRsUvrhUtdl;R)aMsnwk BIdMNak;kaldgvrhUtdl; ekItCadwkeDO. dgvmUrswklak;xnenAkgsMbuk ehIyCaFmtavamansRtUvFmCatieRcIn. enAkglkxNFmta dgvmUrswkminbgkarbMpaj

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segIcexA segIcex A CaRbePTstVlitbMpajdMNaMRsUvTaMgenAvKlUtlas;nig vKbegItplrhUtdl;RsUvdak;TwkedaH. stVeBjvy nigkUntUcCBak;ykrukrs enAelIedImRsUvEdleFVI[edImRsUvsVitRseBan nigERbCaBNelOg. segIcex A minbMpajRsUvmYymuxenaHeT EtvaksIues A nigdMNaMeBatpgEdr CaBiessenArdUvEdlKandaMduHRsUv. segIcexABgCakBa MEdlmanBgRbmaNBI40-60. segIcemmYyk,alGacBg)an

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beNj.

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RswgCBak;TwkedaH RswgCBak;TwkedaH bMpajdMNaMenAdMNak;kaldak;TwkedaH edayCBak;ykCatiTwkedaHEdleFVI[RsUvdak;RKab;mineBj bskkgkrNIFn;Fr.stVRswgmankineqHxaMg EdlkinenH CYykarBarxnvaBIsRtUvFmCati nigTak;TajRswgEdlmanGMbUrdUcKa pgEdr.viFIsaRsRKb;RKgRswgCBak;TwkdaHmandUcxageRkamviFIsaRsRKb;RKgRswgCBak;TwkdaHmandUcxageRkam

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faMCk; nigRKab;Esg CaedIm.

Bg nigstVRswgeBjvy

sambMpajrbs;RswgCBak;TwkedaH

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xgBNmas xgBNmas)anqgcUlmkRbeTskm

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edayKitCamFmkUnmYyelIk)an6k,al jI3k,al nigeQal3k,al.stVkNrGacekItkUn)anCamFm 3-4 dg kgmYyqaM ehIyvaGacekItkUn)anCamFm BI 6-8 k,al kg 1elIk. stVkNrjIeRkayBIekIt)anryeBjCag 2Ex kayCastVeBjvyGacbnBUC)an. kNrjI Gaccab;epImbgat; eRkayBIekItkUnPam ehIyryeBlepImrbs;vamancMnYn 21f.

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viFIsaRsRKb;RKgkNrrYmmanviFIsaRsRKb;RKgkNrrYmman- dak;bMBg;bsSI bTueyaEk,rPWERsedIm,IRbmUlkNr pHsMNak;kNr.- eRbIGgb;cab;kNr- eRbIekAsU)asic eFVICar)aMgCuMvijERs- dak;nuybMBul- EfrkSastVeRbdaTrmYycMnYn dUcCa Bs;fan; TITuy ExgRsak.l.- RtUvbMpajCRmk nigkMcat;kNrCashKmn_ tamrykarerobcMTiva

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cMNIy:agskmkgERs ehIycMNIsMxan;rbs;va KWdgvmUrswk kUndgvEsgdgv)ak;xg nigkUnmmac. CaerOy eKEtgRbTHeXIj xtdIenAkgsMbukdgvmUrswk. CamFmxtdI 1k,al GacsIudgv)anBI 3-5 k,alf edaybnSl;TukEtsMbkk,al.

GeNIkmas

kUn nigemGeNIkmassIubMpajkUnstVmmac BBYkdgvemGMe)A nig cCaGahar. vaedIrtYnaTICaeRbdaTr cab;stVcRgsIutaMgBIdMNak;kalkUndgv rhUtdl;emcMNas;. GeNIkmasenAdMNak;kaldgv GacsIucMNI)aneRcInCagemcMNas; EdlmFm vaGacsIummac)an BI5-10k,alf .

xtdIKUfTal xtdIKUfRsYc

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kNbGg;EtnEvgkNbGg;EtnEvgcUlcitsIuBgkUnRswg emGMe)A dgv nigkUnBBYk

mmacCaGahar. kNbenH GacsIuBgemGMe)AdgvsIurUgedIm)an 3-4sMbukf.

cRgwtknl cRgwtknl cUlcitsIuBg CaBiessBgemGMe)A dgvsIurUgedIm dgvmUrswk dgvhVg dgvruy kUnmmac nigBgRswgpgEdr. Rs

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va. CarYm stVBIgBagCaRbePTeRbdaTrmYyy:agsMxan; ehIyvacab;cMNI)anRKb;TIkEng TaMgenAEpkKl; dgedIm nigswk. BIgBagsIucMNIminerIseT ehIycMNIsMxan;rbs;va rYmmandUcCa mmacRKb;RbePT emGMe)A ruydgv nigstVlitepSg EdlCab;sMNaj;rbs;va cMeBaHBIgBagsMNaj;.BIgBag 1k,al GacsIucMNI)anBI 2-15 k,alf GaRsyeTAtamRbePTBIgBag nigRbePTcMNI.

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RswgeKak

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stVknyBIr cUlcitrs;enAkg

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knMruyknMruyCaRbePTeRbdaTreCIgGakas. vasIuBBYkemGMe)Anigmmac.

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stVmanRbeyaCn_kgTwk stVenAkgTwkesIrTaMgGs;CastVmanRbeyaCn_dUcCaRswgTwkRKb;RbePT knaTUk kenHLg; RtI nigkEgb.l. CaFmtastVkgTwksIustVlitepSgEdlFak;cUleTAkgTwk CaGahar. dUecHsRmab;ERsmanTwkeRcIn bERsmanRbBneRsacRsBRtwmRtUv manlkNgayRsYlkgkarRKb;RKgstVcRgbMpajdMNaM eRBaHeyIgGacCYyeFVIGnraKmn_edayBnic beKaHedImRsUv[Fak;stVliteTAkgTwk.

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BYk):ar:asIut

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m:al;):ar:asIutelI BgemGMe)AdgvsIurUgedIm

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ruyk,alFM ):ar:asIutelIstVmmac nigelIdgvEPkqa

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kareRbIR)as;faMBul b:HBal;dl;esdkic suxPaB nigbrisan

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IX> karRbmUlpl nigkarTukdak;RcUtRsUvEdlTMu smtsmrm Tukdak;RtwmRtUvedIm,Iecosvagkar)at;bg;pl cMnucsMxan; KWksikrRtUvRcUtkat;[Tan;

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cMeBaHplitkmBUCRsUvsRmab;eRbICalkNRKYsar ksikrRtUveRCIserIsERs bEpkNamYynERsEdlledIm,IEfTaM nigsRmitsRmaMgTuk sRmab;eFVIBUC. karsRmaMgBUCRsUv ksikrKYrGnuelamtamviFIsaRs dUcmanerobrab;xageRkam

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edImx

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ksareyag1> viTasanRsavRCav nigGPivDn_ksikmkm viTasanRsavRCav nigGPivDn_ksikmkmCEDAC, 2005/ RbBnRbBlvb,kmdMNaMRsUvtameKalkarN_FmCati/

km kmviFIIPM,1998/ stVsMxan;kgRbBnbrisandMNaMRsUv/ RksYg

ksikm rukaRbmaj; nigensaT.7> kmviFI IPM 1998, stVcRg nigstVmanRbeyaCn_enAkgRbBnbrisan

dMNaMRsUv/ RksYgksikm rukaRbmaj; nigensaT.8> naykdanekSRtsaRs nigGgkarsIudes 1997/ plitkmdMNaMRsUv/

RksYgksikm

rukaRbmaj; nigensaT.9> gin qay 1997/ kickarBardMNaM saklviTalyPUminksikm.10> bNit PIeFIr v:ay/ elaktUm:as; GUbWtYr nig elak Pav suvuTI / 1997

dIeRbIR)as;sRmab;plitkmdMNaMRsUvenAkm IRRI, 1987,bBaanana GMBIdMNaMRsUv karENnaMnGt sBaaNkm

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