Square Kilometre Array: Strategic Overview · SKA Concept • A large radio telescope for...

Square Kilometre Array: Strategic Overview

Philip Diamond SKA Director-General 20th March 2013

Great Observatories for the coming decades

ALMA mm/sub-‐mm

JWST infra-‐red

E-‐ELT op9cal

SKA radio

SKA Concept •  A large radio telescope for transformational science:

–  up to 1 million m2 antenna collecting area distributed over a distance of 3000+ km;

–  operating at frequencies from 70 MHz (wavelength = 3+m) to 10GHz (~3 cm) with two or more detector technologies;

–  connected to a signal processor and high performance computing system by a massive optical fibre network.

•  Providing –  50 x sensitivity of current world’s best radio interferometers, and –  up to 1 million x survey speed

•  Construction will proceed in two phases (SKA1 & SKA2) •  SKA1 cost ~400 M€ (2013) •  SKA1+2 cost ~1.7 B€ (2013) •  Operations costs being studied.

under review

SKA2 Key Science Drivers

•  ORIGINS –  Neutral Hydrogen in the Universe from the

Epoch of Re-ionisation to now •  When did the first stars and galaxies form? •  How did galaxies evolve? •  Dark Energy, Dark Matter

–  Astro-biology

•  FUNDAMENTAL FORCES –  Pulsars, General Relativity and gravitational

waves –  Origin and evolution of cosmic magnetism

•  TRANSIENTS (new phenomenon)

Science with the Square Kilometre Array (2004, eds. C. Carilli & S. Rawlings, New Astron. Rev., 48)

SKA1 Key Science Drivers

•  ORIGINS –  Neutral Hydrogen in the Universe from the

Epoch of Re-ionisation to now •  When did the first stars and galaxies form? •  How did galaxies evolve? •  Dark Energy, Dark Matter

•  FUNDAMENTAL FORCES –  Pulsars, General Relativity and gravitational

waves Science with the Square Kilometre Array (2004, eds. C. Carilli & S. Rawlings, New Astron. Rev., 48)

SKA across the world

SKA Members and Governance

Australia (DIISRTE) Canada (NRC-Herzberg) China (MOST) Germany (BMBF) Italy (INAF) Netherlands (NWO) New Zealand (MED) South Africa (DST) Sweden (Chalmers) UK (STFC) India (DAE) •  UK Company Limited by Guarantee •  (Expedient solution to enable SKA project to proceed;

long-term governance structure under review)

SKA Members and Governance

Science Working Group

Milestones and momentum

•  Formation of SKA Organisation •  Selection of Jodrell Bank as SKA HQ


•  Formation of SKA Organisation •  Selection of Jodrell Bank as SKA HQ •  Site Selection (May 2012): SKA to be constructed on

sites of ASKAP and MeerKAT precursors •  Appointment of Director-General •  Confirmation of pre-construction funding (>120M€) •  Release of Request for Proposals for participation in

design process. •  Approval of principles for SKA Hosting Agreements •  Recruitment underway



sites of ASKAP and MeerKAT precursors



sites of ASKAP and MeerKAT precursors

Southern Africa Australia





ASKAP

MeerKAT

SKA Phase 1 (SKA1)

Australia Southern Africa

SKA1_MID 254 Dishes including: 64 x MeerKAT dishes 190 x SKA dishes

SKA1_LOW 50 x Low Frequency Aperture

Array Sta9ons

SKA1_SURVEY 96 Dishes including:

36 x ASKAP 60 x SKA dishes

SKA Phase 2 (SKA2)

Australia Southern Africa

SKA2_MID 2500 Dishes

SKA2_AA 250 x Mid Frequency

Aperture Array Sta9ons

SKA2_LOW 250 x Low Frequency

Aperture Array Sta9ons

What are we going to build?

SKA is driving development of new science & technical soluFons

•  Dishes, feeds, receivers (N=2500) •  Low and mid aperture arrays (N=250, n>1,000,000) •  Signal transport (10 petabit/s) •  Signal processing (exa-‐MACs) •  SoTware engineering and algorithm development •  High performance compuFng (exa-‐flop capability) •  Data storage (exa-‐byte capacity) •  (Distributed) power requirements (50 -‐100 MW)

INDUSTRY ENGAGEMENT IS CENTRAL TO THE SKA

Design process

•  Design of SKA to be undertaken in global consortia, which act as contractors to the central office.

•  A necessary process to ensure ‘juste retour’ in the design process.

•  SKA Office will run system engineering, receive and review designs from consortia, monitor progress, analyse Earned Value.

•  Request for Proposals was issued 12th March to identify consortia. SKA Board will approve consortia following recommendation from the office.

•  SKA Office has issued a baseline conceptual design as part of Request for Proposals to serve as starting point for design, based on previous work and CoDRs.

Work Packages •  Led by SKA Office

•  Management •  Science •  System Design and system engineering •  Maintenance & Support and OperaFons

•  Carried out by Work Package ConsorFa •  Dish Array •  Aperture Arrays •  Signal and Data Transport (including synchronisaFon and Fming) •  Central Signal Processor •  Science Data Processor •  Telescope Manager •  Infrastructure, including power •  Assembly, IntegraFon and VerificaFon

•  Advanced InstrumentaFon Programmes (to be integrated with Dish & AA WPs) •  Mid Frequency Aperture Array •  Wide Band Single Pixel Feeds

RfP

Baseline design: summary

Parameter SKA1-‐low SKA1-‐survey SKA1-‐mid

Science focus HI for EoR Deep line & conFnuum surveys

Pulsars Local HI

Receptors ~250,000 log-‐periodics

60 15m SKA1 dishes + 36 ASKAP dishes. SKA1: capable 20GHz Equipped for 1/ 3 PAFs

190 15m SKA1 dishes + 64 MeerKAT dishes. SKA1: capable 20GHz Equipped for 3/5 bands

ConfiguraFon Majority < 1km 3 spiral arms 45km max baseline

Core < 2km 3 spiral arms 50km max baseline

Core ~1km Random to ~3km 3 spiral arms to 200km max baseline

Frequency range 50MHz – 350 MHz 650MHz – 1670MHz 350MHz – 3050MHz in 3 bands

Instantaneous bw 250 MHz 500 MHz Up to 1000 MHz

Field of view 20deg2 18deg2 N/A

Comparisons

JVLA GMRT LOFAR MeerKAT ASKAP SKA1_low SKA1_surv SKA1_mid

Ae/Tsys 265 250 61 321 65 1000 235 1630

FoV 0.25 0.13 14 0.86 39 27 25 0.7

Survey Speed

1.8 x 104 8.3 x 103 5.2 x 104 8.9 x 104 1.6 x 105 2.7 x 107 3.5 x 106 1.8 x 106

Cont. sensiFvity

3.9 6.1 266.6 3.2 28.9 2.1 6.2 0.72

SEFD 10.4 11.0 45.2 8.6 42.5 2.8 11.7 1.7

Timeline (under review)

•  2013 – 2016: pre-construction, detailed design

–  March 2013: Request for Proposals –  June 2013: Responses –  July 2013: Evaluation –  July – Nov 2013: Consortia begin work –  June – Sept 2014: SRR/PDR –  June 2016: CDR

•  2014 – 2015/16: partners seek SKA1 funding •  2017: tender for and procure construction •  2018 – 2021: construction of SKA1 •  2019/20: early science begins •  2022 – 2025: construction of SKA2

•  SKA operational for 50 years.

Key risks

•  Pre-construction: –  Recruitment of qualified staff (timescales, visas) –  Complexity of in-kind resourcing, international consortia –  Development of Hosting Agreements –  Evolution of the legal entity –  Timescale for delivery of design –  Ability to deliver a viable design

•  SKA1 construction –  Science capability vs cost –  Funding commitments –  Complexity of procurement –  Integration of precursor instruments.

Thank-you for your attention

Philip Diamond [email protected]

www.skatelescope.org

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