SQL Server Basics Notes
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Transcript of SQL Server Basics Notes
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SQL SERVER
SQL is structured query language, which is computer language f
storing, manipulating and retrieving data stored in relation
database.
USE OF SQL:
1. ALLOWS USES !O A""ESS #A!A $% #&'S.(. ALLOWS USE !O #ES"$&E !)E #A!A.*.ALLOWS USES !O #E+$%E A%# 'A%$ULA!E !)E #A!A
#A!A&ASE.-. ALLOWS USES !O "EA!E A%# #O #A!A&ASES A%# !A&LES.ALLOWS USES !O "EA!E /$EW, S!OE# O"E#UES, A%
+U%"!$O%S $% A #A!A&ASE.
SQL CO!"#S
1. ##L 0#A!A #E+$%$!$O% LA%UAE23$! $S USE# !O "EA!E A%# 'O#$+4 !)E S!U"!UE O
#A!A&ASE O&5E"!S $% #A!A&ASE.
"EA!E
AL!E #O
!U%"A!E
(. #'L 0#A!A 'A%$ULA!$O% LA%UAE23$! $S USE# !O E!$E/E, S!OE, 'O#$+4, #ELE!E, $%SE! A%
U#A!E #A!A $% #A!A&ASE. SELE"!
$%SE! U#A!E
#ELE!E
*. #"L 0#A!A "O%!OL LA%UAE23
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$! $S USE# !O "EA!E OLES, E'$SS$O%S A%# E+EE%!$A
$%!E$!4 AS WELL AS $! $S USE# !O "O%!OL A""ESS !
#A!A&ASE &4 SE"U$% $!. A%!
E/O6E
-. !"L 0!A%SA"!$O% "O%!OL LA%UAE23$! $S USE# !O 'A%AE !A%SA"!$O%S $% #A!A&ASE. !)EE A
USE# !O 'A%AE !)E ")A%ES 'A#E &4 #'L S!A!E'E%!S,
ALSO ALLOWS S!A!E'E%!S !O &E OUE# !OE!)E $%!
LO$"AL !A%SA"!$O%S.
"O''$!
OLL&A"6
SA/EO$%!OE!$ES O+ !A%SA"!$O%S3
!A%SA"!$O%S )A/E !)E +OLLOW$% +OU S!A%#A
OE!$ES, USUALL4 E+EE# !O &4 !)E A"O%4' A"$#3
!$O%C%$&:E%SUES !)A! ALL OEA!$O%S W$!)$% !)E WO
U%$! AE "O'LE!E# SU""ESS+ULL47 O!)EW$SE, !)
!A%SA"!$O% $S A&O!E# A! !)E O$%! O+ +A$LUE, A%E/$OUS OEA!$O%S AE OLLE# &A"6 !O !)E$ +O'E
S!A!E.
CO"S%S$E"C&:E%SUES !)A! !)E #A!A&ASE OE
")A%ES S!A!ES UO% A SU""ESS+ULL4 "O''$!!E
!A%SA"!$O%.
%SOL!$%O":E%A&LES !A%SA"!$O%S !O OEA!$%#EE%#E%!L4 O+ A%# !A%SAE%! !O EA") O!)E.
#UR!'%L%$&:E%SUES !)A! !)E ESUL! O E++E"! O+
"O''$!!E# !A%SA"!$O% ES$S!S $% "ASE O+ A S4S!E
+A$LUE.
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$!'LE:
!)E #A!A $% #&'S $S S!OE# $% #A!A&ASE O&5E"!S "ALLE
!A&LES. !)E !A&LE $S A "OLLE"!$O% O+ ELA!E# #A!A E%!$E
A%# $! $S "O%S$S!S O+ "OLU'%S A%# OWS.
F%EL#:
E/E4 !A&LE $S &O6E% U $%!O S'ALLE E%!$ES "ALLE# +$EL#S.
SQL CO"S$R!%"$S1.%O! %ULL(. #E+AUL!*.U%$QUE-. $'A4 6E4. +OE$% 6E48.")E"69. $%#E:
##L CO!"#S:
1. "EA!E3 "EA!ES A %EW !A&LE, /$EW O+ !A&LE O O!)E
O&5E"!S $% #A!A&ASE.
QUE43CREATETABLESal(
ID INT NOTNULL,
NAME VARCHAR(20) NOTNULL,--USED TO CREATE A TABLE "SAL"
AGE INT NOTNULL,AMOUNT INT,PRIMARYKEY (ID)
);
OU!U!3 "O''A%#S "O'LE!E# SU""ESS+ULL4
(.AL!E3 'O#$+$ES A% E:$S!$% #A!A&ASE O&5E"! SU") AS
!A&LE.
QUER&:QUE$ES ELA!E# !O AL!E
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() ALTERTABLESal ADDEMAIL VARCHAR(!0);-- ADDS EMAIL COLUMN
OU!U!3
0(2 ALTERTABLESal DROPCOLUMNEMAIL; -- REMOVES EMAIL COLUMNOU!U!3
0*2 ALTER TABLE Sal ALTER COLUMN AGE LOAT; -- CHANGI
DATATYPE ROM INT TO LOATOU!U!3
(#) ALTERTABLESal ALTERCOLUMNAMOUNT INTNOTNULL;-- $OALLO$ NULL VALUES IN AMOUNT COLUMN
(!) ALTERTABLESal ALTERCOLUMNAMOUNT INTNULL;-- $ILL ALLNULL VALUES IN AMOUNT COLUMN
082 ALTERTABLESal ADDCONSTRAINTUNI%UE UK (AMOUNT);-- ADDI
UNI%UE CONSTRAINT
092 ALTER TABLE Sal DROP CONSTRAINT UK;-- REMOVING UNI%
CONSTRAINT
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0;2 ALTER TABLE Sal ADD CONSTRAINT PK PRIMARY KEY(ID);
ADDING PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT
0
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&U! $! WOUL# E'O/E "O'LE!E !A&LE S!U"!UE +O' !)
#A!A&ASE A%# 4OU WOUL# %EE# !O E="EA!E !)$S !A&
O%"E AA$% $+ 4OU W$S) 4OU S!OE SO'E #A!A.
QUER&:
TRUNCATETABLESK;-- REMOVES TABLE DATA,BUT KEEPS SCHEMA A
IELDS
OU!U!3
#L CO!"#S:
/)SELEC$: SQL SELEC$S!A!E'E%! $S USE# !O +E!") !)E #A!
+O' A #A!A&ASE !A&LE W)$") E!U%S #A!A $% !)E +O' O
ESUL! !A&LE. !)ESE ESUL! !A&LES AE "ALLE# ESUL!=SE!S
QUER&: QUER%ES REL!$E# $O SELEC$
0/1 SELECTROMSal;-- DISPLAYS $HOLE TABLE DATA
OU!U!3
021 SELECTROMSal $HEREID *;-- TO SELECTPARTICULAR RO$ DATA
OUTPUT'
0(1 SELECTROMSal $HEREID * ANDAGE *2!;USING AND OPERATOR
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OUTPUT'
(#) SELECTROMSal $HEREID * ORAGE *2+;--
USING OR OPERATOR
OUTPUT'
(!) SELECTNAME ROMSal;-- TO SELECT PARTICULARCOLUMN DATA
OUTPUT'
031 SELECTNAME,AGE ROMSal $HEREID *2;-- TOSELECT PARTICULAR COLOUMN BY USING CONDITION
OUTPUT'
2)%"SER$: !)E SQL %"SER$ %"$OS!A!E'E%! $S USE# !O A#
%EW OWS O+ #A!A !O A !A&LE $% !)E #A!A&ASE.
QUER&:INSERTINTOSal(ID,NAME,AGE,AMOUNT)
VALUES
(,RAESH,2!,!000),(2,RAKESH,2+,2+000),
(.,SANGAMESH,2.,.2000),
(#,VARUN,2!,2/000),
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(!,PRAVEEN,2#,.!000);
OR
INSERTINTOSalVALUES
(,RAESH,2!,!000),
(2,RAKESH,2+,2+000),(.,SANGAMESH,2.,.2000),
(#,VARUN,2!,2/000),(!,PRAVEEN,2#,.!000);
*. U*#!$E: !)E SQL U*#!$EQUE4 $S USE# !O 'O#$+4 !)
E:$S!$% E"O#S $% A !A&LE. 4OU "A% USE W)EE "LAUS
W$!) U#A!E QUE4 !O U#A!E SELE"!E# OWS O!)EW$S
ALL !)E OWS WOUL# &E A++E"!E#.
QUER&: QUER%ES REL!$E# $O U*#!$E
+E +%LL SEE O+ +E C!" U*#!$E #!$! US%". $
FOLLO+%". $!'LE #!$!)
() UPDATEPERSON SETNAME *SATTI$HEREID *!;
-- UPDATED THE DATA OR ID *!
OUTPUT'
(2) UPDATEPERSON SETSALARY *!000;-- UPDATED
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SALARY COLUMN TO !000 SINCE $E ARE ALLO$ING DUPLICA
VALUES
OUTPUT'
-. #ELE$E: !)E SQL #ELE$EQUE4 $S USE# !O #ELE!E !)
E:$S!$% E"O#S +O' A !A&LE. 4OU "A% USE W)E
"LAUSE W$!) #ELE!E QUE4 !O #ELE!E SELE"!E# OWO!)EW$SE ALL !)E E"O#S WOUL# &E #ELE!E#.
QUER&:
012 DELETEROMPERSON $HEREID *!;-- DELETES THE
ENTIRE RO$
OUTPUT'
021 DELETEROMPERSON;-- DELETES THE ENTIRE TABLE
KEEPS THE SCHEMA, STRUCTURE AND IELDS
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OUTPUT'
#CL CO!"#S
/).R!"$: SQL A%! $S A "O''A%# USE# !O O/$#EA""ESS O $/$LEES O% !)E #A!A&ASE O&5E"!S !O !)EUSES.
$E S&"$!4 FOR $E .R!"$ CO!"# %S:
A%!$/$LEE>%A'E
O%O&5E"!>%A'E
!O ?USE>%A'E@U&L$" @OLE>%A'E
BW$!) A%! O!$O%C7
*R%V%LE.E5"!E$S !)E A""ESS $)! O
$/$LEE A%!E# !O !)E USE. SO'E O+ !)E
A""ESS $)!S AE ALL, E:E"U!E, A%# SELE"!.
O'6EC$5"!E$S !)E %A'E O+ A #A!A&ASE O&5E"!
L$6E !A&LE, /$EW, S!OE# O" A%# SEQUE%"E.
USER5"!E $S !)E %A'E O+ !)E USE !O W)O'
A% A""ESS $)! $S &E$% A%!E#.
USER5"!E $S !)E %A'E O+ !)E USE !O W)O'
A% A""ESS $)! $S &E$% A%!E#.
*U'L%C$S USE# !O A%! A""ESS $)!S !O ALL
USES.
ROLESAE A SE! O+ $/$LEES OUE#
!OE!)E.
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+%$ .R!"$ O*$%O"= ALLOWS A USE !O A%!
A""ESS $)!S !O O!)E USES.(. REVO-E: !)E E/O6E "O''A%# E'O/ES USE A""ESS
$)!S O $/$LEES !O !)E #A!A&ASE O&5E"!S.
!)E S4%!A: +O !)E E/O6E "O''A%# $S3
E/O6E $/$LEE>%A'EO%O&5E"!>%A'E
+O'?USE>%A'E@U&L$"@OLE>%A'E
$CL CO!"#S:
1. CO%$:!)E "O''$! "O''A%# $S !)E !A%SA"!$O%A
"O''A%# USE# !O SA/E ")A%ES $%/O6E# &4 A !A%SA"!$O
!O !)E #A!A&ASE. !)E "O''$! "O''A%# SA/ES A!A%SA"!$O%S !O !)E #A!A&ASE S$%"E !)E LAS! "O''$! O
OLL&A"6 "O''A%#.
QUER&:
() BEGINTRANDELETEROMTBLPERSON $HEREID *2;-- IT $ILL DELETE THE
RO$ AND INALI1ESS YOUR PERMISSION BY COMMIT COMMAND
COMMIT;
OUTPUT'
(. ROLL'!C-:!)E OLL&A"6 "O''A%# $S !)E !A%SA"!$O%A
"O''A%# USE# !O U%#O !A%SA"!$O%S !)A! )A/E %O
ALEA#4 &EE% SA/E# !O !)E #A!A&ASE. !)E OLL&A"
"O''A%# "A% O%L4 &E USE# !O U%#O !A%SA"!$O%S S$%"
!)E LAS! "O''$! O OLL&A"6 "O''A%# WAS $SSUE#.
QUER&:
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() BEGINTRAN
DELETEROMTBLPERSON $HEREID *;-- IT $ILL DELETE THE
RO$ AND GETS IT BACK BY USING ROLLBACK COMMANDROLLBACK;
OUTPUT'
*. S!VE*O%"$:A SA/EO$%! $S A O$%! $% A !A%SA"!$O% W)E4OU "A% OLL !)E !A%SA"!$O% &A"6 !O A "E!A$% O$%W$!)OU! OLL$% &A"6 !)E E%!$E !A%SA"!$O%.
QUER&:() BEGINTRANSACTIONT;-- BEGINNING O TRANSACTION
SAVETRANSACTIONS;-- BEGINNING O SAVEPOINTINSERTINTOTBLGENDER VALUES(#,MALE);
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION S; -- ROLLBACKING THE DATA AGAUSING SAVE POINT
OUTPUT'
S4%!A:3
BEGINTRANSACTIONTRANSACTIONNAME;
SAVETRANTRANSACTIONSAVEPOINTNAME;
--ENTER %UERIES HERE YOU $ANT TO E3ECUTEROLLBACKTRANSACTIONSAVEPOINTNAME