SQL Plsql Document

8/20/2019 SQL Plsql Document

1/319

INTRODUCTION

SQL is divided into the following

Data Definition Language (DDL)

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

Data Retieval Language (DRL)

Tansa!tion Contol Language (TCL)

Data Contol Language (DCL)

DDL "" !eate# alte# dop# tun!ate# ena$e

DML "" inset# update# delete

DRL "" sele!t

TCL "" !o$$it# oll%a! savepoint

DCL "" gant# evo&e

CR'T' TL' S*NT+

Ceate ta%le ,table_name- (col1 datatype1, col2 datatype2 …coln datatypen).

'/0

SQL- !eate ta%le student (no nu$%e (1)# na$e va!ha (23)# $a&s nu$%e (4)).

INS'RT

This will %e used to inset the e!ods into ta%le5

6e have two $ethods to inset5

7 value $ethod

7 addess $ethod

a) USIN8 9LU' M'T:OD

S7nta/0

inset into ,table_name) values (value1, value2, value3 …. Valuen).

© Copy rights are reserved.

1


2/319

'/0

SQL- inset into student values (2# ;sudha;# 233).

SQL- inset into student values (1# ;sað# 133).

To inset a new e!od again 7ou have to t7pe entie inset !o$$and# if thee ae lot of

e!ods this will %e diffi!ult5

This will %e avoided %7 using addess $ethod5

%) USIN8 DDR'SS M'T:OD

S7nta/0

inset into ,table_name) values (&col1, &col2, &col3 …. &coln).

This will po$pt 7ou fo the values %ut fo eve7 inset 7ou have to use fowad slash5

'/0

SQL- inset into student values (agan

'nte value fo $a&s0 433

old 20 inset into student values(


3/319

inset into ,table_name)(col1, col2, col3 … Coln) values (value1, value2, value3

….

Valuen).

'/0

SQL- inset into student (no# na$e) values (4# ;Ra$esh;). SQL- inset into student (no# na$e) values (@# ;Madhu;).

d) INS'RTIN8 DT INTO SA'CIBI'D COLUMNS USIN8 DDR'SS M'T:OD

S7nta/0

inset into ,table_name)(col1, col2, col3 … coln) values (&col1, &col2 ….&coln);

This will po$pt 7ou fo the values %ut fo eve7 inset 7ou have to use fowad slash5

'/0

SQL- inset into student (no# na$e) values (


4/319

NO NM' MRFS

""" """""" """"""""

2 Sudha 233

1 Sa&eth 133 2 >agan 433

1 Naen @33

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

SQL- sele!t no# na$e# $a&s fo$ student.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """""" """"""""

2 Sudha 233

1 Sa&eth 133

2 >agan 433

1 Naen @33

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

SQL- sele!t no# na$e fo$ student.

NO NM'

""" """""""

2 Sudha 1 Sa&eth

2 >agan

1 Naen

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu


4


5/319

9isu

Rattu

CONDITIONL S'L'CTIONS ND OA'RTORS

6e have two !lauses used in this

6hee

Ode %7

USIN8 6:'R'

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,condition-.

the following ae the diffeent t7pes of opeatos used in whee !lause5

ith$eti! opeatos

Co$paison opeatos

Logi!al opeatos

ith$eti! opeatos "" highest pe!eden!e

G# "# E# ?

Co$paison opeatos

H# H# -# ,# -H# ,H# ,-

%etween# not %etween

in# not in

null# not null

li&e

Logi!al opeatos

nd

O "" lowest pe!eden!e

not

a) USIN8 H# -# ,# -H# ,H# H# ,-


5


6/319

'/0

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee no H 1.

NO NM' MRFS """ """"""" """""""""

1 Sa&eth 133

1 Naen @33

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee no , 1.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""""

2 Sudha 233

2 >agan 433

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee no - 1.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""""

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee no ,H 1.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""""

2 Sudha 233 1 Sa&eth 133

2 >agan 433

1 Naen @33

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee no -H 1.


6


7/319

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

1 Sa&eth 133

1 Naen @33 4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee no H 1.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""""

2 Sudha 233

2 >agan 433

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee no ,- 1.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""""

2 Sudha 233

2 >agan 433

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu Rattu

%) USIN8 ND

This will gives the output when all the !onditions %e!o$e tue5


7


8/319

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,condition1- and ,condition2- and 55

,conditionn-.

'/0 SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee no H 1 and $a&s -H 133.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""

1 Sa&eth 133

1 Naen @33

!) USIN8 OR

This will gives the output when eithe of the !onditions %e!o$e tue5

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,condition1- and ,condition2- o 55

,conditionn-.

'/0

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee no H 1 o $a&s -H 133.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

1 Sa&eth 133

2 >agan 433

1 Naen @33

d) USIN8 'T6''N

This will gives the output %ased on the !olu$n and its lowe %ound# uppe%ound5

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,col - %etween ,lower bound - and ,upper

bound -.


8


9/319

'/0

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee $a&s %etween 133 and @33.

NO NM' MRFS """ """"""" """""""""

1 Sa&eth 133

2 >agan 433

1 Naen @33

e) USIN8 NOT 'T6''N

This will gives the output %ased on the !olu$n whi!h values ae not in its lowe %ound#

uppe%ound5

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,col - not %etween ,lower bound - and ,upper

bound -.

'/0

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee $a&s not %etween 133 and @33.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

2 Sudha 233

f) USIN8 IN

This will gives the output %ased on the !olu$n and its list of values spe!ified5

S7nta/0 sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,col - in ( value1, value2, value3 … valuen).

'/0

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee no in (2# 1# 4).


9


10/319

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

2 Sudha 233

1 Sa&eth 133

2 >agan 433 1 Naen @33

4 Ra$esh

g) USIN8 NOT IN

This will gives the output %ased on the !olu$n whi!h values ae not in the list of

values spe!ified5

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,col - not in ( value1, value2, value3 … valuen).

'/0

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee no not in (2# 1# 4).

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

h) USIN8 NULL

This will gives the output %ased on the null values in the spe!ified !olu$n5

S7nta/0 sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,col - is null.

'/0

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee $a&s is null.


10


11/319

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu Rattu

i) USIN8 NOT NULL

This will gives the output %ased on the not null values in the spe!ified !olu$n5

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,col - is not null.

'/0

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee $a&s is not null.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

2 Sudha 233

1 Sa&eth 133

2 >agan 433

1 Naen @33

J) USIN8 LIF'

This will %e used to sea!h though the ows of data%ase !olu$n %ased on the patten

7ou spe!if75

S7nta/0

sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- whee ,col - li&e , pattern-.

'/0

i) This will give the ows whose $a&s ae 2335

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee $a&s li&e 233.


11


12/319

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

2 Sudha 233

ii) This will give the ows whose na$e stat with KS;5

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee na$e li&e =S=.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

2 Sudha 233

1 Sa&eth 133

iii) This will give the ows whose na$e ends with Kh;5

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee na$e li&e =h=.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

1 Sa&eth 133

4 Ra$esh

i9) This will give the ows whose na$e;s se!ond lette stat with Ka;5

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee na$e li&e =a=.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""

1 Sa&eth 133

2 >agan 433 1 Naen @33

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

Rattu


12


13/319

9) This will give the ows whose na$e;s thid lette stat with Kd;5

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee na$e li&e =d=.

NO NM' MRFS """ """"""" """""""""

2 Sudha 233

@ Madhu

9i) This will give the ows whose na$e;s se!ond lette stat with Kt; fo$ ending5

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee na$e li&e =t=.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

1 Sa&eth 133

Rattu

9ii) This will give the ows whose na$e;s thid lette stat with Ke; fo$ ending5

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee na$e li&e =e=.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

1 Sa&eth 133

4 Ra$esh

9iii) This will give the ows whose na$e !otains 1 a;s5

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student whee na$e li&e =a a =.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""""

2 >agan 433


13


14/319

E *ou have to spe!if7 the pattens in lie using undes!oe ( )5

USIN8 ORD'R *

This will %e used to odeing the !olu$ns data (as!ending o des!ending)5

S7nta/0

Sele!t E fo$ ,table_name- ode %7 ,col - des!.

7 default oa!le will use as!ending ode5

If 7ou want output in des!ending ode 7ou have to use de!c &e7wod afte the !olu$n5

'/0

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student ode %7 no.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

2 Sudha 233

2 >agan 433

1 Sa&eth 133

1 Naen @33

4 Ra$esh

@ Madhu

9isu

Rattu

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student ode %7 no des!.

NO NM' MRFS """ """"""" """""""""

Rattu

9isu

@ Madhu

4 Ra$esh


14


15/319

1 Sa&eth 133

1 Naen @33

2 Sudha 233

2 >agan 433

USIN8 DML

USIN8 UADT'

This !an %e used to $odif7 the ta%le data5

S7nta/0

Update ,table_name- set ,col1- H value2# ,col2- H value1 whee ,condition-.

'/0

SQL- update student set $a&s H 33.

If 7ou ae not spe!if7ing an7 !ondition this will update entie ta%le5

SQL- update student set $a&s H 33 whee no H 1.

SQL- update student set $a&s H 33# na$e H =9enu= whee no H 2.

USIN8 D'L'T'

This !an %e used to delete the ta%le data te$poail75

S7nta/0

Delete ,table_name- whee ,condition-.

'/0

SQL- delete student.

If 7ou ae not spe!if7ing an7 !ondition this will delete entie ta%le5

SQL- delete student whee no H 1.


15


16/319

USIN8 DDL

USIN8 LT'R

This !an %e used to add o e$ove !olu$ns and to $odif7 the pe!ision of the datat7pe5

a) DDIN8 COLUMN

S7nta/0

alte ta%le ,table_name- add ,col datatype-.

'/0

SQL- alte ta%le student add sdo% date.

%) R'MO9IN8 COLUMN

S7nta/0

alte ta%le ,table_name- dop ,col datatype-.

'/0

SQL- alte ta%le student dop !olu$n sdo%.

!) INCR'SIN8 OR D'CR'SIN8 AR'CISION OB COLUMN

S7nta/0

alte ta%le ,table_name- $odif7 ,col datatype-.

'/0 SQL- alte ta%le student $odif7 $a&s nu$%e().

E To de!ease pe!ision the !olu$n should %e e$pt75

d) MFIN8 COLUMN UNUS'D


16


17/319

S7nta/0

alte ta%le ,table_name- set unused !olu$n ,col -.

'/0

SQL- alte ta%le student set unused !olu$n $a&s.

'ven though the !olu$n is unused still it will o!!up7 $e$o75

d) DROAAIN8 UNUS'D COLUMNS

S7nta/0

alte ta%le ,table_name- dop unused !olu$ns.

'/0

SQL- alte ta%le student dop unused !olu$ns.

E *ou !an not dop individual unused !olu$ns of a ta%le5

e) R'NMIN8 COLUMN

S7nta/0

alte ta%le ,table_name- ena$e !olu$n ,old_col_name- to ,new_col_name-.

'/0

SQL- alte ta%le student ena$e !olu$n $a&s to s$a&s.

USIN8 TRUNCT'

This !an %e used to delete the entie ta%le data pe$anentl75

S7nta/0

tun!ate ta%le ,table_name-.

'/0

SQL- tun!ate ta%le student.

USIN8 DROA


17


18/319

This will %e used to dop the data%ase o%Je!t.

S7nta/0

Dop ta%le ,table_name-.

'/0

SQL- dop ta%le student.

USIN8 R'NM'

This will %e used to ena$e the data%ase o%Je!t.

S7nta/0

ena$e ,old table_name- to ,new_table_name-.

'/0

SQL- ena$e student to stud.


18


19/319

USIN8 TCL

USIN8 COMMIT

This will %e used to save the wo&5

Co$$it is of two t7pes5

I$pli!it

'/pli!it

a) IMALICIT

This will %e issued %7 oa!le intenall7 in two situations5

6hen an7 DDL opeation is pefo$ed5

6hen 7ou ae e/iting fo$ SQL E ALUS5

%) '+ALICIT

This will %e issued %7 the use5

S7nta/0

Co$$it o !o$$it wo&.

E 6hen eve 7ou !o$$itted then the tansa!tion was !o$pleted5

USIN8 ROLLCF

This will undo the opeation5

This will %e applied in two $ethods5 Upto pevious !o$$it

Upto pevious oll%a!&

S7nta/0

Roll o oll wo&.


19


20/319

O

Roll%a!& o oll%a!& wo&.

E 6hile po!ess is going on# if suddenl7 powe goes then oa!le will oll%a!& the

tansa!tion5

USIN8 S9'AOINT

*ou !an use savepoints to oll%a!& potions of 7ou !uent set of tansa!tions5

S7nta/0

Savepoint , !avepoint_name-.

'/0

SQL- savepoint s2.

SQL- inset into student values(2# Ka;# 233).

SQL- savepoint s1.

SQL- inset into student values(1# K%;# 133).

SQL- savepoint s4.

SQL- inset into student values(4# K!;# 433).

SQL- savepoint s@.

SQL- inset into student values(@# Kd;# @33).

efoe oll%a!&

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student.

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """"""""""

2 a 233

1 % 133

4 ! 433 @ d @33

SQL- oll%a!& to savepoint s4.

O

SQL- oll%a!& to s4.


20


21/319

This will oll%a!& last two e!ods5


NO NM' MRFS """ """"""" """"""""""

2 a 233

1 % 133


21


22/319

USIN8 DCL

DCL !o$$ands ae used to ganting and evo&ing the pe$issions5

USIN8 8RNT

This is used to gant the pivileges to othe uses5

S7nta/0

8ant , privile"e!- on ,ob#ect_name- to ,u!er_name- with gant option.

'/0

SQL- gant sele!t on student to sudha. "" 7ou !an give individual pivilege

SQL- gant sele!t# inset on student to sudha. "" 7ou !an give set of pivileges

SQL- gant all on student to sudha. "" 7ou !an give all pivileges

The sudha use has to use dot $ethod to a!!ess the o%Je!t5

SQL- sele!t E fo$ sa&eth5student.

The sudha use !an not gant pe$ission on student ta%le to othe uses5 To get this

t7pe of option use the following5

SQL- gant all on student to sudha with gant option.

Now sudha use also gant pe$issions on student ta%le5

USIN8 R'9OF'

This is used to evo&e the pivileges fo$ the uses to whi!h 7ou ganted the pivileges5

S7nta/0 Revo&e , privile"e!- on ,ob#ect_name- fo$ ,u!er_name-.

'/0

SQL- evo&e sele!t on student fo$ sudha. "" 7ou !an evo&e individual pivilege

SQL- evo&e sele!t# inset on student fo$ sudha. "" 7ou !an evo&e set of pivileges


22


23/319

SQL- evo&e all on student fo$ sudha. "" 7ou !an evo&e all pivileges

USIN8 LIS'S

CR'T' 6IT: S'L'CT

6e !an !eate a ta%le using e/isting ta%le along with data5

S7nta/0

Ceate ta%le ,new_table_name- col1, col2, col3 ... coln as sele!t E fo$

,old_table_name-.

'/0

SQL- !eate ta%le student2 as sele!t E fo$ student.

Ceating ta%le with 7ou own !olu$n na$es5

SQL- !eate ta%le student1(sno# sna$e# s$a&s) as sele!t E fo$ student.

Ceating ta%le with spe!ified !olu$ns5

SQL- !eate ta%le student4 as sele!t no#na$e fo$ student.

Ceating ta%le with out ta%le data5

SQL- !eate ta%le student1(sno# sna$e# s$a&s) as sele!t E fo$ student whee 2 H 1.

In the a%ove whee !lause give an7 !ondition whi!h does not satisf75

INS'RT 6IT: S'L'CT

Using this we !an inset e/isting ta%le data to a anothe ta%le in a single tip5 ut the

ta%le stu!tue should %e sa$e5

S7nta/0

Inset into ,table1- sele!t E fo$ ,table2-.

'/0

SQL- inset into student2 sele!t E fo$ student.


23


24/319

Inseting data into spe!ified !olu$ns

SQL- inset into student2(no# na$e) sele!t no# na$e fo$ student.

COLUMN LIS'S

S7nta/0

$elect %or"inal_col %alia!_name 'rom %table na$e-.

'/0

SQL- sele!t no sno fo$ student.

o

SQL- sele!t no Psno fo$ student.

TL' LIS'S

If 7ou ae using ta%le aliases 7ou !an use dot $ethod to the !olu$ns5

S7nta/0

Sele!t ,alia!_name-5,col1-# ,alia!_name-5,col2- ,alia!_name-5,coln- fo$

,table_name- ,alia!_name-.

'/0

SQL- sele!t s5no# s5na$e fo$ student s.


24


25/319

USIN8 M'R8'

M'R8'

*ou !an use $ege !o$$and to pefo$ inset and update in a single !o$$and5

'/0

SQL- Mege into student2 s2

Using (sele!t EBo$ student1) s1

On(s25noHs15no)

6hen $at!hed then

Update set $a&s H s15$a&s

6hen not $at!hed then

Inset (s25no#s25na$e#s25$a&s)

9alues(s15no#s15na$e#s15$a&s).

In the a%ove the two ta%les ae with the sa$e stu!tue %ut we !an $ege diffeent

stu!tued ta%les also %ut the datat7pe of the !olu$ns should $at!h5

ssu$e that student2 has !olu$ns li&e no#na$e#$a&s and student1 has !olu$ns li&e no#

na$e# hno# !it75

SQL- Mege into student2 s2

Using (sele!t EBo$ student1) s1

On(s25noHs15no)

6hen $at!hed then

Update set $a&s H s15hno 6hen not $at!hed then

Inset (s25no#s25na$e#s25$a&s)

9alues(s15no#s15na$e#s15hno).


25


26/319

MULTIL' INS'RTS

6e have ta%le !alled D'AT with the following !olu$ns and data

D'ATNO DNM' LOC

"""""""" """""""" """"

23 a!!ounting new 7o&

13 esea!h dallas

43 sales Chi!ago

@3 opeations %oston

a) CR'T' STUD'NT TL'

SQL- Ceate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1)#na$e va!ha(1)#$a&s nu$%e(4)).

%) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: LL BI'LDS

SQL- Inset all

Into student values(2#;a;#233)

Into student values(1#;%;#133)

Into student values(4#;!;#433)

Sele!t Efo$ dept whee deptnoH23.

"" This insets 4 ows

!) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: SA'CIBI'D BI'LDS

SQL- inset all

Into student (no#na$e) values(@#;d;)

Into student(na$e#$a&s) values(;e;#@33)




26


27/319


d) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: DUALICT' RO6S

SQL- inset all

Into student values(2#;a;#233)

Into student values(1#;%;#133)


Sele!t Efo$ dept whee deptno - 23.

"" This insets ows %e!ause in the sele!t state$ent etieves 4 e!ods (4 insets fo

ea!h ow etieved)

e) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: CONDITIONS S'D

SQL- Inset all

6hen deptno - 23 then

Into student2 values(2#;a;#233)

6hen dna$e H KSL'S; then

Into student1 values(1#;%;#133)

6hen lo! H KN'6 *ORF; then Into student4 values(4#;!;#433)

Sele!t Efo$ dept whee deptno-23.

"" This insets @ ows %e!ause the fist !ondition satisfied 4 ti$es# se!ond !ondition

satisfied on!e and the last none5

f) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: CONDITIONS S'D ND 'LS'

SQL- Inset all

6hen deptno - 233 then


6hen dna$e H KS; then


6hen lo! H KN'6 *ORF; then


27


28/319

Into student4 values(4#;!;#433)

'lse

Into student values(@#;d;#@33)

Sele!t Efo$ dept whee deptno-23.

"" This insets 4 e!ods %e!ause the else satisfied 4 ti$es

g) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: CONDITIONS S'D ND BIRST

SQL- Inset fist

6hen deptno H 13 then


6hen dna$e H KR'S'RC:; then





"" This insets 2 e!od %e!ause the fist !lause avoid to !he!& the e$aining

!onditions on!e the !ondition is satisfied5

h) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: CONDITIONS S'D# BIRST ND 'LS'

SQL- Inset fist

6hen deptno H 43 then


6hen dna$e H KR; then




'lse

Into student values(@#;d;#@33)


"" This insets 2 e!od %e!ause the else !lause satisfied on!e


28


29/319

i) MULTI INS'RT 6IT: MULTIL' TL'S

SQL- Inset all






EE *ou !an use $ulti ta%les with spe!ified fields# with dupli!ate ows# with !onditions#

with fist and else !lauses5


29


30/319

BUNCTIONS

Bun!tions !an %e !ategoied as follows5

Single ow fun!tions

8oup fun!tions

SIN8L' RO6 BUNCTIONS

Single ow fun!tions !an %e !ategoied into five5 These will %e applied fo ea!h ow and

podu!es individual output fo ea!h ow5

Nu$ei! fun!tions

Sting fun!tions

Date fun!tions

Mis!ellaneous fun!tions

Convesion fun!tions

NUM'RIC BUNCTIONS

%s

Sign

St

Mod

Nvl

Aowe

'/p

Ln

Log

Ceil

Bloo

Round


30


31/319

Tun&

itand

8eatest

Least

Coales!e

a) S

%solute value is the $easue of the $agnitude of value5

%solute value is alwa7s a positive nu$%e5

S7nta/0 a%s (value)

'/0 SQL- sele!t a%s()# a%s(")# a%s(3)# a%s(null) fo$ dual.

S() S(") S(3) S(NULL)

"""""""""" """""""""" """""""""" """""""""""""

3

%) SI8N

Sign gives the sign of a value5

S7nta/0 sign (value)

'/0

SQL- sele!t sign()# sign(")# sign(3)# sign(null) fo$ dual.

SI8N() SI8N(") SI8N(3) SI8N(NULL)

"""""""""" """""""""" """""""""" """"""""""""""

2 "2 3

!) SQRT

This will give the suae oot of the given value5


31


32/319

S7nta/0 st (value) "" hee value $ust %e positive5

'/0

SQL- sele!t st(@)# st(3)# st(null)# st(2) fo$ dual. SQRT(@) SQRT(3) SQRT(NULL) SQRT(2)

"""""""""" """""""""" """"""""""""""" """"""""""

1 3 2

d) MOD

This will give the e$ainde5

S7nta/0 $od (value, divi!or )

'/0

SQL- sele!t $od(V#@)# $od(2#)# $od(null#null)# $od(3#3)# $od("V#@) fo$ dual.

MOD(V#@) MOD(2#) MOD(NULL#NULL) MOD(3#3) MOD("V#@)

"""""""""""" """""""""" """"""""""""""""""""" """"""""""" """""""""""""

4 2 3 "4

e) N9L

This will su%stitutes the spe!ified value in the pla!e of null values5

S7nta/0 nvl (null_col, replacement_value)

'/0

SQL- sele!t E fo$ student. "" hee fo 4d ow $a&s value is null

NO NM' MRFS

""" """"""" """""""""

2 a 233

1 % 133

4 !


32


33/319

SQL- sele!t no# na$e# nvl($a&s#433) fo$ student.

NO NM' N9L(MRFS#433)

""" """"""" """"""""""""""""""""" 2 a 233

1 % 133

4 ! 433

SQL- sele!t nvl(2#1)# nvl(1#4)# nvl(@#4)# nvl(#@) fo$ dual.

N9L(2#1) N9L(1#4) N9L(@#4) N9L(#@)

"""""""""" """""""""" """""""""" """"""""""

2 1 @

SQL- sele!t nvl(3#3)# nvl(2#2)# nvl(null#null)# nvl(@#@) fo$ dual.

N9L(3#3) N9L(2#2) N9L(null#null) N9L(@#@)

"""""""""" """""""""" """"""""""""""""" """"""""""

3 2 @

f) AO6'R

Aowe is the a%ilit7 to aise a value to a given e/ponent5

S7nta/0 powe (value, eponent )

'/0

SQL- sele!t powe(1#)# powe(3#3)# powe(2#2)# powe(null#null)# powe(1#")

fo$ dual.

AO6'R(1#) AO6'R(3#3) AO6'R(2#2) AO6'R(NULL#NULL) AO6'R(1#")

"""""""""""""" """""""""""""" """"" """"""""" """"""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""

41 2 2 53421


33


34/319

g) '+A

This will aise e value to the give powe5

S7nta/0 e/p (value) '/0

SQL- sele!t e/p(2)# e/p(1)# e/p(3)# e/p(null)# e/p("1) fo$ dual.

'+A(2) '+A(1) '+A(3) '+A(NULL) '+A("1)

"""""""" """"""""" """""""" """"""""""""" """"""""""

15V2W1W2W4 V54W32 2 524441W4

h) LN

This is %ased on natual o %ase e logaith$5

S7nta/0 ln (value) "" hee value $ust %e geate than eo whi!h is positive onl75

'/0

SQL- sele!t ln(2)# ln(1)# ln(null) fo$ dual.

LN(2) LN(1) LN(NULL)

""""""" """"""" """"""""""""

3 542@V2W2

Ln and '/p ae e!ipo!al to ea!h othe5

'+A (4) H 1353W4

LN (1353W4) H 4

i) LO8

This is %ased on 23 %ased logaith$5

S7nta/0 log (23# value)"" hee value $ust %e geate than eo whi!h is positive onl75


34


35/319

'/0

SQL- sele!t log(23#233)# log(23#1)# log(23#2)# log(23#null) fo$ dual.

LO8(23#233) LO8(23#1) LO8(23#2) LO8(23#NULL)

""""""""""""""" """"""""""" """""""""""" """"""""""""""""" 1 543231 3

LN (value) H LO8 ('+A(2)# value)

SQL- sele!t ln(4)# log(e/p(2)#4) fo$ dual.

LN(4) LO8('+A(2)#4)

""""""" """""""""""""""""

253W211 253W211

J) C'IL

This will podu!e a whole nu$%e that is geate than o eual to the spe!ified value5

S7nta/0 !eil (value)

'/0

SQL- sele!t !eil()# !eil(52)# !eil(")# !eil( "52)# !eil(3)# !eil(null) fo$ dual.

C'IL() C'IL(52) C'IL(") C'IL("52) C'IL(3) C'IL(NULL)

""""""""" """"""""""" """""""""" """""""""""" """""""" """"""""""""""

" " 3

&) BLOOR

This will podu!e a whole nu$%e that is less than o eual to the spe!ified value5

S7nta/0 floo (value)

'/0

SQL- sele!t floo()# floo(52)# floo(")# floo( "52)# floo(3)# floo(null) fo$


35


36/319

dual.

BLOOR() BLOOR(52) BLOOR(") BLOOR("52) BLOOR(3) BLOOR(NULL)

""""""""""" """"""""""""" """""""""""" """""""""""""" """"""""""" """"""""""""""""

" " 3l) ROUND

This will ounds nu$%es to a given nu$%e of digits of pe!ision5

S7nta/0 ound (value, preci!ion)

'/0

SQL- sele!t ound(214514@)# ound(214514@#1)# ound(214514@#1) fo$ dual.

ROUND(214514@) ROUND(214514@#3) ROUND(214514@#1) ROUND(214514@#1)

""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""

214 214 214514 21451@

SQL- sele!t ound(214514@#"2)# ound(214514@#"1)# ound(214514@#"4)#

ound(214514@#"@) fo$ dual.

ROUND(214514@#"2) ROUND(214514@#"1) ROUND(214514@#"4) ROUND(214514@#"@)"""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""

213 233 3 3

SQL- sele!t ound(214#3)# ound(214#2)# ound(214#1) fo$ dual.

ROUND(214#3) ROUND(214#2) ROUND(214#1)

""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""

214 214 214

SQL- sele!t ound("214#3)# ound("214#2)# ound("214#1) fo$ dual.

ROUND("214#3) ROUND("214#2) ROUND("214#1)

"""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""

"214 "214 "214


36


37/319

SQL- sele!t ound(214#"2)# ound(214#"1)# ound(214#"4)# ound("214#"2)# ound(

"214#"1)# ound("214#"4) fo$ dual.

ROUND(214#"2) ROUND(214#"1) ROUND(214#"4) ROUND("214#"2) ROUND("214#"1)

ROUND("214#"4)

""""""""""""" """"""""""""" """"""""""""" """""""""""""" """""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""

213 233 3 "213 "233 3

SQL- sele!t ound(null#null)# ound(3#3)# ound(2#2)# ound("2#"2)# ound("1#"1)

fo$ dual.

ROUND(NULL#NULL) ROUND(3#3) ROUND(2#2) ROUND("2#"2) ROUND("1#"1)

""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""" """""""""""""" """""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""

3 2 3 3

$) TRUNC

This will tun!ates o !hops off digits of pe!ision fo$ a nu$%e5

S7nta/0 tun! (value, preci!ion)

'/0

SQL- sele!t tun!(214514@)# tun!(214514@#1)# tun!(214514@#1) fo$ dual.

TRUNC(214514@) TRUNC(214514@#1) TRUNC(214514@#1)

""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""

214 214514 214514

SQL- sele!t tun!(214514@#"2)# tun!(214514@#"1)# tun!(214514@#"4)#

tun!(214514@#"@) fo$ dual.

TRUNC(214514@#"2) TRUNC(214514@#"1) TRUNC(214514@#"4) TRUNC(214514@#"@)

"""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""

213 233 3 3


37


38/319

SQL- sele!t tun!(214#3)# tun!(214#2)# tun!(214#1) fo$ dual.

TRUNC(214#3) TRUNC(214#2) TRUNC(214#1)"""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""

214 214 214

SQL- sele!t tun!("214#3)# tun!("214#2)# tun!("214#1) fo$ dual.

TRUNC("214#3) TRUNC("214#2) TRUNC("214#1)

""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""

"214 "214 "214

SQL- sele!t tun!(214#"2)# tun!(214#"1)# tun!(214#"4)# tun!("214#"2)# tun!(

"214#1)# tun!("214#"4) fo$ dual.

TRUNC(214#"2) TRUNC(214#"1) TRUNC(214#"4) TRUNC("214#"2) TRUNC("214#1) TRUNC("

214#"4)

""""""""""""" """"""""""""" """"""""""""" """""""""""""" """"""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

213 233 3 "213 "214 3

SQL- sele!t tun!(null#null)# tun!(3#3)# tun!(2#2)# tun!("2#"2)# tun!("1#"1) fo$

dual.

TRUNC(NULL#NULL) TRUNC(3#3) TRUNC(2#2) TRUNC("2#"2) TRUNC("1#"1)

""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""" """"""""""""" """"""""""""""" """"""""""""""""

3 2 3 3

n) ITND

This will pefo$ %itwise and opeation5

S7nta/0 %itand (value1, value2)


38


39/319

'/0

SQL- sele!t %itand(1#4)# %itand(3#3)# %itand(2#2)# %itand(null#null)# %itand("1#"4)

fo$ dual.

ITND(1#4) ITND(3#3) ITND(2#2) ITND(NULL#NULL) ITND("1#"4)"""""""""""""" """"""""""""""" """""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""

1 3 2 "@

o) 8R'T'ST

This will give the geatest nu$%e5

S7nta/0 geatest (value1, value2, value3 … valuen)

'/0

SQL- sele!t geatest(2# 1# 4)# geatest("2# "1# "4) fo$ dual.

8R'T'ST(2#1#4) 8R'T'ST("2#"1#"4)

"""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""

4 "2

If all the values ae eos then it will displa7 eo5

If all the paa$etes ae nulls then it will displa7 nothing5

If an7 of the paa$etes is null it will displa7 nothing5

p) L'ST

This will give the least nu$%e5

S7nta/0 least (value1, value2, value3 … valuen)

'/0

SQL- sele!t least(2# 1# 4)# least("2# "1# "4) fo$ dual.

L'ST(2#1#4) L'ST("2#"1#"4)


39


40/319

"""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""

2 "4

If all the values ae eos then it will displa7 eo5



) COL'SC'

This will etun fist non"null value5

S7nta/0 !oales!e (value1, value2, value3 … valuen)

'/0

SQL- sele!t !oales!e(2#1#4)# !oales!e(null#1#null#) fo$ dual.

COL'SC'(2#1#4) COL'SC'(NULL#1#NULL#)

""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

2 1

STRIN8 BUNCTIONS

Init!ap

Uppe

Lowe

Length

Rpad

Lpad

Lti$

Rti$

Ti$

Tanslate

Repla!e

Sounde/

Con!at ( K XX K Con!atenation opeato)

s!ii

Ch


40


41/319

Su%st

Inst

De!ode

8eatest

Least

Coales!e

a) INITCA

This will !apitalie the initial lette of the sting5

S7nta/0 init!ap ( !trin")

'/0

SQL- sele!t init!ap(=!o$pute=) fo$ dual.

INITCA

"""""""""""

Co$pute

%) UAA'R

This will !onvet the sting into uppe!ase5

S7nta/0 uppe ( !trin")

'/0

SQL- sele!t uppe(=!o$pute=) fo$ dual.

UAA'R

"""""""""""

COMAUT'R

!) LO6'R

This will !onvet the sting into lowe!ase5


41


42/319

S7nta/0 lowe ( !trin")

'/0

SQL- sele!t lowe(=COMAUT'R =) fo$ dual.

LO6'R

"""""""""""

!o$pute

d) L'N8T:

This will give length of the sting5

S7nta/0 length ( !trin")

'/0

SQL- sele!t length(=!o$pute=) fo$ dual.

L'N8T:

"""""""""""

W

e) RAD

This will allows 7ou to pad the ight side of a !olu$n with an7 set of !haa!tes5

S7nta/0 pad ( !trin", len"t *, paddin"_car+)

'/0

SQL- sele!t pad(=!o$pute=#2#=E=)# pad(=!o$pute=#2#=EY=) fo$ dual.

RAD(=COMAUT'R= RAD(=COMAUT'R=

"""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""


42


43/319

!o$puteEEEEEEE !o$puteEYEYEYE

"" Default padding !haa!te was %lan& spa!e5

f) LAD

This will allows 7ou to pad the left side of a !olu$n with an7 set of !haa!tes5

S7nta/0 lpad ( !trin", len"t *, paddin"_car+)

'/0

SQL- sele!t lpad(=!o$pute=#2#=E=)# lpad(=!o$pute=#2#=EY=) fo$ dual.

LAD(=COMAUT'R= LAD(=COMAUT'R=

""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""

EEEEEEE!o$pute EYEYEYE!o$pute

"" Default padding !haa!te was %lan& spa!e5

g) LTRIM

This will ti$ off unwanted !haa!tes fo$ the left end of sting5

S7nta/0 lti$ ( !trin" *,unwanted_car!+)

'/0

SQL- sele!t lti$(=!o$pute=#=!o=)# lti$(=!o$pute=#=!o$=) fo$ dual.

LTRIM( LTRIM

"""""""" """""""""

$pute pute

SQL- sele!t lti$(=!o$pute=#=pute=)# lti$(=!o$pute=#=o$pute=) fo$ dual.

LTRIM(=C LTRIM(=C

"""""""""" """"""""""


43


44/319

!o$pute !o$pute

"" If 7ou haven;t spe!if7 an7 unwanted !haa!tes it will displa7 entie sting5

h) RTRIM

This will ti$ off unwanted !haa!tes fo$ the ight end of sting5

S7nta/0 ti$ ( !trin" *, unwanted_car!+)

'/0

SQL- sele!t ti$(=!o$pute=#=e=)# ti$(=!o$pute=#=te=) fo$ dual.

RTRIM( RTRIM

"""""""" """""""""

!o$put !o$pu

SQL- sele!t ti$(=!o$pute=#=!o$put;)# ti$(=!o$pute=#=!o$pute=) fo$ dual.

RTRIM(=C RTRIM(=C

"""""""""" """"""""""

!o$pute !o$pute

"" If 7ou haven;t spe!if7 an7 unwanted !haa!tes it will displa7 entie sting5

i) TRIM

This will ti$ off unwanted !haa!tes fo$ the %oth sides of sting5

S7nta/0 ti$ (unwanted_car! fo$ !trin")

'/0

SQL- sele!t ti$( =i= fo$ =indiani=) fo$ dual.

TRIM(

"""""

ndian


44


45/319

SQL- sele!t ti$( leading=i= fo$ =indiani=) fo$ dual. "" this will wo& as LTRIM

TRIM(L

""""""

ndiani

SQL- sele!t ti$( tailing=i= fo$ =indiani=) fo$ dual. "" this will wo& as RTRIM

TRIM(T

""""""

Indian

J) TRNSLT'

This will epla!e the set of !haa!tes# !haa!te %7 !haa!te5

S7nta/0 tanslate ( !trin", old_car!, new_car!)

'/0

SQL- sele!t tanslate(=india=#=in=#=/7=) fo$ dual.

TRNS

""""""""

/7d/a

&) R'ALC'

This will epla!e the set of !haa!tes# sting %7 sting5

S7nta/0 epla!e ( !trin", old_car! *, new_car!+)

'/0

SQL- sele!t epla!e(=india=#=in=#=/7=)# epla!e(Kindia;#;in;) fo$ dual.

R'ALC' R'ALC'


45


46/319

""""""""""" """""""""""

+7dia dia

l) SOUND'+

This will %e used to find wods that sound li&e othe wods# e/!lusivel7 used in whee

!lause5

S7nta/0 sounde/ ( !trin")

'/0

SQL- sele!t E fo$ e$p whee sounde/(ena$e) H sounde/(=SMIT=).

'MANO 'NM' >O M8R :IR'DT' SL D'ATNO

"""""""" """""""" """"" """"" """""""""""" """"""""" """"""""""

V4 SMIT: CL'RF V31 2V"D'C"W3 33 13

$) CONCT

This will %e used to !o$%ine two stings onl75

S7nta/0 !on!at ( !trin"1, !trin"2)

'/0

SQL- sele!t !on!at(=!o$pute=#= opeato=) fo$ dual.

CONCT(=COMAUT'R=

"""""""""""""""""""""""""

!o$pute opeato

If 7ou want to !o$%ine $oe than two stings 7ou have to use !on!atenationopeato(XX)5

SQL- sele!t =how= XX = ae= XX = 7ou= fo$ dual.

=:O6=XX=R'


46


47/319

"""""""""""""""

how ae 7ou

n) SCII

This will etun the de!i$al epesentation in the data%ase !haa!te set of the fist

!haa!te of the sting5

S7nta/0 as!ii ( !trin")

'/0

SQL- sele!t as!ii(=a=)# as!ii(=apple=) fo$ dual.

SCII(==) SCII(=AAL'=)

"""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""

V V

o) C:R

This will etun the !haa!te having the %ina7 euivalent to the sting in eithe the

data%ase !haa!te set o the national !haa!te set5

S7nta/0 !h (number )

'/0

SQL- sele!t !h(V) fo$ dual.

C:R

"""""

a

p) SUSTR

This will %e used to e/ta!t su%stings5


47


48/319

S7nta/0 su%st ( !trin", !tart_cr_count *, no_o'_car!+)

'/0

SQL- sele!t su%st(=!o$pute=#1)# su%st(=!o$pute=#1#)# su%st(=!o$pute=#4#V)

fo$ dual.

SUSTR( SUST SUSTR """""""""" """"""" """"""""o$pute o$put $pute

If no_o'_car! paa$ete is negative then it will displa7 nothing5

If %oth paa$etes e/!ept !trin" ae null o eos then it will displa7 nothing5

If no_o'_car! paa$ete is geate than the length of the sting then it

ignoes and !al!ulates %ased on the oginal sting length5

If !tart_cr_count is negative then it will e/ta!t the su%sting fo$ ight

end5

2 1 4 @ V W

C O M A U T ' R

"W "V " " "@ "4 "1 "2

) INSTR

This will allows 7ou fo sea!hing though a sting fo set of !haa!tes5

S7nta/0 inst ( !trin", !earc_!tr *, !tart_cr_count *, occurrence+ +)

'/0

SQL- sele!t inst(=info$ation=#=o=#@#2)# inst(=info$ation=#=o=#@#1) fo$ dual.

INSTR(=INBORMTION=#=O=#@#2) INSTR(=INBORMTION=#=O=#@#1)

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

@ 23


48


49/319

If 7ou ae not spe!if7ing !tart_cr_count and occurrence then it will stat

sea!h fo$ the %eginning and finds fist o!!uen!e onl75

If %oth paa$etes !tart_cr_count and occurrence ae null# it will displa7

nothing5

) D'COD'

De!ode will a!t as value %7 value su%stitution5

Bo eve7 value of field# it will !he!&s fo a $at!h in a seies of if?then tests5

S7nta/0 de!ode (value, i'1, ten1, i'2, ten2, ……. el!e).

'/0

SQL- sele!t sal# de!ode(sal#33#=Low=#333#=:igh=#=Mediu$=) fo$ e$p.

SL D'COD'

""""" """""""""

33 Low

133 Mediu$

1333 Mediu$

433 Mediu$

4333 Mediu$

333 :igh

@333 Mediu$

333 :igh

2W33 Mediu$

2133 Mediu$

1333 Mediu$

1V33 Mediu$

1133 Mediu$ 4133 Mediu$

SQL- sele!t de!ode(2#2#4)# de!ode(2#1#4#@#@#) fo$ dual.

D'COD'(2#2#4) D'COD'(2#1#4#@#@#)""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""


49


50/319

4

If the nu$%e of paa$etes ae odd and diffeent then de!ode will displa7

nothing5

If the nu$%e of paa$etes ae even and diffeent then de!ode will displa7 last

value5

If all the paa$etes ae null then de!ode will displa7 nothing5

If all the paa$etes ae eos then de!ode will displa7 eo5

s) 8R'T'ST

This will give the geatest sting5

S7nta/0 geatest ( !trn"1, !trin"2, !trin"3 … !trin"n)

'/0

SQL- sele!t geatest(=a=# =%=# =!=)# geatest(=satish=#=sinu=#=sa&eth=) fo$ dual.

8R'T 8R'T

""""""" """""""

! sinu



t) L'ST

This will give the least sting5

S7nta/0 geatest ( !trn"1, !trin"2, !trin"3 … !trin"n)

'/0

SQL- sele!t least(=a=# =%=# =!=)# least(=satish=#=sinu=#=sa&eth=) fo$ dual.

L'ST L'ST


50


51/319

""""""" """""""

a sa&eth



u) COL'SC'

This will gives the fist non"null sting5

S7nta/0 !oales!e ( !trn"1, !trin"2, !trin"3 … !trin"n)

'/0

SQL- sele!t !oales!e(=a=#=%=#=!=)# !oales!e(null#=a=#null#=%=) fo$ dual.

COL'SC' COL'SC'

""""""""""" """""""""""

a a

DT' BUNCTIONS

S7sdate

Cuentdate

Cuentti$esta$p

S7sti$esta$p

Lo!alti$esta$p

D%ti$eone

Sessionti$eone

To!ha

Todate

dd$onths

Months%etween

Ne/tda7

Lastda7

'/ta!t


51


52/319

8eatest

Least

Round

Tun!

Newti$e

Coales!e

Oa!le default date fo$at is DD"MON"**5

6e !an !hange the default fo$at to ou desied fo$at %7 using the following !o$$and5

SQL- alte session set nlsdatefo$at H KDD"MONT:"****;.

ut this will e/pie on!e the session was !losed5

a) S*SDT'

This will give the !uent date and ti$e5

'/0

SQL- sele!t s7sdate fo$ dual.

S*SDT'

"""""""""""

1@"D'C"3

%) CURR'NTDT'

This will etuns the !uent date in the session;s ti$eone5

'/0

SQL- sele!t !uentdate fo$ dual.

CURR'NTDT'

""""""""""""""""""

1@"D'C"3

!) CURR'NTTIM'STMA


52


53/319

This will etuns the !uent ti$esta$p with the a!tive ti$e one info$ation5

'/0

SQL- sele!t !uentti$esta$p fo$ dual.

CURR'NTTIM'STMA

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@"D'C"3 345@15@254W44 M G3043

d) S*STIM'STMA

This will etuns the s7ste$ date# in!luding fa!tional se!onds and ti$e one of the

data%ase5

'/0

SQL- sele!t s7sti$esta$p fo$ dual.

S*STIM'STMA

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@"D'C"3 345@5425W433 M G3043

e) LOCLTIM'STMA

This will etuns lo!al ti$esta$p in the a!tive ti$e one info$ation# with no ti$e

one info$ation shown5

'/0

SQL- sele!t lo!alti$esta$p fo$ dual.

LOCLTIM'STMA"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1@"D'C"3 345@@52W531WV@ M

f) DTIM'ZON'

This will etuns the !uent data%ase ti$e one in UTC fo$at5 (Coodinated Univesal


53


54/319

Ti$e)

'/0

SQL- sele!t d%ti$eone fo$ dual.

DTIM'ZON'""""""""""""""" "3V033

g) S'SSIONTIM'ZON'

This will etuns the value of the !uent session;s ti$e one5

'/0

SQL- sele!t sessionti$eone fo$ dual.

S'SSIONTIM'ZON'

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

G3043

h) TOC:R

This will %e used to e/ta!t vaious date fo$ats5

The availa%le date fo$ats as follows5

S7nta/0 to!ha (date# 'ormat )

DT' BORMTS

D "" No of da7s in wee&

DD "" No of da7s in $onth

DDD "" No of da7s in 7ea

MM "" No of $onth

MON "" Thee lette a%%eviation of $onth

MONT: "" Bull7 spelled out $onth

RM "" Ro$an nu$eal $onth

D* "" Thee lette a%%eviated da7


54


55/319

D* "" Bull7 spelled out da7

* "" Last one digit of the 7ea

** "" Last two digits of the 7ea

*** "" Last thee digits of the 7ea

**** "" Bull fou digit 7eaS**** "" Signed 7ea

I "" One digit 7ea fo$ ISO standad

I* "" Two digit 7ea fo$ ISO standad

I** "" Thee digit 7ea fo$ ISO standad

I*** "" Bou digit 7ea fo$ ISO standad

*# *** "" *ea with !o$$a

*'R "" Bull7 spelled out 7ea

CC "" Centu7

Q "" No of uates

6 "" No of wee&s in $onth

66 "" No of wee&s in 7ea

I6 "" No of wee&s in 7ea fo$ ISO standad

:: "" :ous

MI "" Minutes

SS "" Se!onds

BB "" Ba!tional se!onds

M o AM "" Displa7s M o AM depending upon ti$e of da7

5M o A5M "" Displa7s 5M o A5M depending upon ti$e of da7

D o C "" Displa7s D o C depending upon the date

5D o 5C "" Displa7s D o C depending upon the date

BM "" Aefi/ to $onth o da7# suppesses padding of $onth o da7

T: "" Suffi/ to a nu$%e

SA "" suffi/ to a nu$%e to %e spelled out

SAT: "" Suffi/ !o$%ination of T: and SA to %e %oth spelled out

T:SA "" sa$e as SAT:

'/0

SQL- sele!t to!ha(s7sdate#=dd $onth 7777 hh0$i0ss a$ d7=) fo$ dual.

TOC:R(S*SDT'#=DD MONT: ****::0MI


55


56/319

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@ de!e$%e 133 31034014 p$ sun

SQL- sele!t to!ha(s7sdate#=dd $onth 7ea=) fo$ dual.

TOC:R(S*SDT'#=DDMONT:*'R=)

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@ de!e$%e two thousand si/

SQL- sele!t to!ha(s7sdate#=dd f$$onth 7ea=) fo$ dual.

TOC:R(S*SDT'#=DD BMMONT: *'R=)

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@ de!e$%e two thousand si/

SQL- sele!t to!ha(s7sdate#=ddth DDT:=) fo$ dual.

TOC:R(S

""""""""""""

1@th 1@T:

SQL- sele!t to!ha(s7sdate#=ddspth DDSAT:=) fo$ dual.

TOC:R(S*SDT'#=DDSAT:DDSAT:

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

twent7"fouth T6'NT*"BOURT:

SQL- sele!t to!ha(s7sdate#=ddsp Ddsp DDSA =) fo$ dual.

TOC:R(S*SDT'#=DDSADDSADDSA=)

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

twent7"fou Twent7"Bou T6'NT*"BOUR

i) TODT'


56


57/319

This will %e used to !onvet the sting into data fo$at5

S7nta/0 todate (date)

'/0 SQL- sele!t to!ha(todate(=1@?de!?133=#=dd?$on?7777=)# =dd E $onth E da7=)

fo$ dual.

TOC:R(TODT'(=1@?D'C?13

""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@ E de!e$%e E Sunda7

"" If 7ou ae not using to!ha oa!le will displa7 output in default date fo$at5

J) DDMONT:S

This will add the spe!ified $onths to the given date5

S7nta/0 add$onths (date, no_o'_mont!)

'/0

SQL- sele!t add$onths(todate(=22"Jan"23=#=dd"$on"7777=)# ) fo$ dual.

DDMONT:S

""""""""""""""""

22">UN"3

SQL- sele!t add$onths(todate(=22"Jan"23=#=dd"$on"7777=)# ") fo$ dual.

DDMONT:

"""""""""""""""

22"U8"W

If no_o'_mont! is eo then it will displa7 the sa$e date5

If no_o'_mont! is null then it will displa7 nothing5


57


58/319

&) MONT:S'T6''N

This will give diffeen!e of $onths %etween two dates5

S7nta/0 $onths%etween (date1, date2)

'/0

SQL- sele!t $onths%etween(todate(=22"aug"23=#=dd"$on"7777=)# todate(=22"

Jan"23=#=dd"$on"7777=)) fo$ dual.

MONT:S'T6''N(TODT'(=22"U8"23=#=DD"MON"****=)#TODT'(=22">N"

23=#=DD"MON"****=))

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

V

SQL- sele!t $onths%etween(todate(=22"Jan"23=#=dd"$on"7777=)# todate(=22"

aug"23=#=dd"$on"7777=)) fo$ dual.

MONT:S'T6''N(TODT'(=22">N"23=#=DD"MON"****=)#TODT'(=22"U8"

23=#=DD"MON"****=))

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

"V

l) N'+TD*

This will podu!e ne/t da7 of the given da7 fo$ the spe!ified date5

S7nta/0 ne/tda7 (date, day )

'/0

SQL- sele!t ne/tda7(todate(=1@"de!"133=#=dd"$on"7777=)#=sun=) fo$ dual.

N'+TD*(

"""""""""""""


58


59/319

42"D'C"3

"" If the da7 paa$ete is null then it will displa7 nothing5

$) LSTD*

This will podu!e last da7 of the given date5

S7nta/0 lastda7 (date)

'/0

SQL- sele!t lastda7(todate(=1@"de!"133=#=dd"$on"7777=)#=sun=) fo$ dual.

LSTD*(

"""""""""""""

42"D'C"3

n) '+TRCT

This is used to e/ta!t a potion of the date value5

S7nta/0 e/ta!t ((7ea X $onth X da7 X hou X $inute X se!ond)# date)

'/0

SQL- sele!t e/ta!t(7ea fo$ s7sdate) fo$ dual.

'+TRCT(*'RBROMS*SDT')

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

133

"" *ou !an e/ta!t onl7 one value at a ti$e5

o) 8R'T'ST

This will give the geatest date5

S7nta/0 geatest (date1, date2, date3 … daten)


59


60/319

'/0

SQL- sele!t geatest(todate(=22"Jan"3=#=dd"$on"77=)#todate(=22"$a"3=#=dd"

$on"77=)#todate(=22"ap"3=#=dd"$on"77=)) fo$ dual.

8R'T'ST(

"""""""""""""

22"AR"3

p) L'ST

This will give the least date5

S7nta/0 least (date1, date2, date3 … daten)

'/0

SQL- sele!t least(todate(=22"Jan"3=#=dd"$on"77=)#todate(=22"$a"3=#=dd"$on"

77=)#todate(=22"ap"3=#=dd"$on"77=)) fo$ dual.

L'ST(

"""""""""""""

22">N"3

) ROUND

Round will ounds the date to whi!h it was eual to o geate than the given date5

S7nta/0 ound (date, ( da7 X $onth X 7ea ))

If the se!ond paa$ete was year then ound will !he!&s the $onth of the given date in

the following anges5

>N "" >UN

>UL "" D'C

If the $onth falls %etween >N and >UN then it etuns the fist da7 of the !uent 7ea5

If the $onth falls %etween >UL and D'C then it etuns the fist da7 of the ne/t 7ea5


60


61/319

If the se!ond paa$ete was mont then ound will !he!&s the da7 of the given date in

the following anges5

2 "" 2

2 "" 42

If the da7 falls %etween 2 and 2 then it etuns the fist da7 of the !uent $onth5

If the da7 falls %etween 2 and 42 then it etuns the fist da7 of the ne/t $onth5

If the se!ond paa$ete was day then ound will !he!&s the wee& da7 of the given date

in the following anges5

SUN "" 6'DT:U "" SUN

If the wee& da7 falls %etween SUN and 6'D then it etuns the pevious sunda75

If the wee&da7 falls %etween T:U and SUN then it etuns the ne/t sunda75

If the se!ond paa$ete was null then it etuns nothing5

If the 7ou ae not spe!if7ing the se!ond paa$ete then ound will esets the ti$e

to the %egining of the !uent da7 in !ase of use spe!ified date5

If the 7ou ae not spe!if7ing the se!ond paa$ete then ound will esets the ti$e

to the %egining of the ne/t da7 in !ase of s7sdate5

'/0

SQL- sele!t ound(todate(=1@"de!"3@=#=dd"$on"77=)#=7ea=)# ound(todate(=22"$a"

3=#=dd"$on"77=)#=7ea=) fo$ dual.

ROUND(TO ROUND(TO

"""""""""""" """""""""""""""32">N"3 32">N"3

SQL- sele!t ound(todate(=22"Jan"3@=#=dd"$on"77=)#=$onth=)# ound(todate(=2W"

Jan"3@=#=dd"$on"77=)#=$onth=) fo$ dual.


61


62/319

ROUND(TO ROUND(TO

""""""""""""" """""""""""""""

32">N"3@ 32"B'"3@

SQL- sele!t ound(todate(=1"de!"3=#=dd"$on"77=)#=da7=)# ound(todate(=1"de!" 3=#=dd"$on"77=)#=da7=) fo$ dual.

ROUND(TO ROUND(TO

"""""""""""""" """"""""""""""

1@"D'C"3 42"D'C"3

SQL- sele!t to!ha(ound(todate(=1@"de!"3=#=dd"$on"77=))# =dd $on 7777

hh0$i0ss a$=) fo$ dual.

TOC:R(ROUND(TODT'(=

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@ de! 133 21033033 a$

) TRUNC

Tun! will !hops off the date to whi!h it was eual to o less than the given date5

S7nta/0 tun! (date, ( da7 X $onth X 7ea ))

If the se!ond paa$ete was year then it alwa7s etuns the fist da7 of the !uent

7ea5

If the se!ond paa$ete was mont then it alwa7s etuns the fist da7 of the

!uent $onth5

If the se!ond paa$ete was day then it alwa7s etuns the pevious sunda75

If the se!ond paa$ete was null then it etuns nothing5

If the 7ou ae not spe!if7ing the se!ond paa$ete then tun& will esets the ti$e

to the %egining of the !uent da75

'/0

SQL- sele!t tun!(todate(=1@"de!"3@=#=dd"$on"77=)#=7ea=)# tun!(todate(=22"$a"

3=#=dd"$on"77=)#=7ea=) fo$ dual.


62


63/319

TRUNC(TO TRUNC(TO

""""""""""""" """"""""""""""

32">N"3@ 32">N"3

SQL- sele!t tun!(todate(=22"Jan"3@=#=dd"$on"77=)#=$onth=)# tun!(todate(=2W"Jan" 3@=#=dd"$on"77=)#=$onth=) fo$ dual.

TRUNC(TO TRUNC(TO

""""""""""""" """""""""""""

32">N"3@ 32">N"3@

SQL- sele!t tun!(todate(=1"de!"3=#=dd"$on"77=)#=da7=)# tun!(todate(=1"de!"

3=#=dd"$on"77=)#=da7=) fo$ dual.

TRUNC(TO TRUNC(TO

""""""""""""" """"""""""""""

1@"D'C"3 1@"D'C"3

SQL- sele!t to!ha(tun!(todate(=1@"de!"3=#=dd"$on"77=))# =dd $on 7777 hh0$i0ss

a$=) fo$ dual.

TOC:R(TRUNC(TODT'(=

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1@ de! 133 21033033 a$

s) N'6TIM'

This will give the desied ti$eone;s date and ti$e5

S7nta/0 newti$e (date, current_timeone, de!ired_timeone)

vaila%le ti$eones ae as follows5

TIM'ZON'S

ST?DT "" tlanti! standad?da7 light ti$e

ST?DT "" eing standad?da7 light ti$e


63


64/319

CST?CDT "" Cental standad?da7 light ti$e

'ST?'DT "" 'asten standad?da7 light ti$e

8MT "" 8eenwi!h $ean ti$e

:ST?:DT "" las&a":awaii standad?da7 light ti$e

MST?MDT "" Mountain standad?da7 light ti$eNST "" Newfoundland standad ti$e

AST?ADT "" Aa!ifi! standad?da7 light ti$e

*ST?*DT "" *u&on standad?da7 light ti$e

'/0

SQL- sele!t to!ha(newti$e(s7sdate#=g$t=#=7st=)#=dd $on 7777 hh0$i0ss a$=) fo$

dual.

TOC:R(N'6TIM'(S*SDT

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

1@ de! 133 3102013 p$

SQL- sele!t to!ha(newti$e(s7sdate#=g$t=#=est=)#=dd $on 7777 hh0$i0ss a$=) fo$

dual.

TOC:R(N'6TIM'(S*SDT

"""""""""""""""""""""""1@ de! 133 30201 p$

t) COL'SC'

This will give the fist non"null date5

S7nta/0 !oales!e (date1, date2, date3 … daten)

'/0

SQL- sele!t !oales!e(=21"Jan"3=#=24"Jan"=)# !oales!e(null#=21"Jan"3=#=14"$a"

W=#null) fo$ dual.

COL'SC'( COL'SC'(

""""""""""""" """"""""""""


64


65/319

21"Jan"3 21"Jan"3

MISC'LLN'OUS BUNCTIONS

Uid

Use

9sie

Ran&

Densean&

a) UID

This will etuns the intege value !oesponding to the use !uentl7 logged in5

'/0

SQL- sele!t uid fo$ dual.

UID

""""""""""

42

%) US'R

This will etuns the login;s use na$e5

'/0

SQL- sele!t use fo$ dual.

US'R

""""""""""""""""

SF'T:

!) 9SIZ'

This will etuns the nu$%e of %7tes in the e/pession5


65


66/319

'/0

SQL- sele!t vsie(214)# vsie(=!o$pute=)# vsie(=21"Jan"3=) fo$ dual.

9SIZ'(214) 9SIZ'(=COMAUT'R=) 9SIZ'(=21">N"3=)

""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""" 4 W

d) RNF

This will give the non"seuential an&ing5

'/0

SQL- sele!t ownu$#sal fo$ (sele!t sal fo$ e$p ode %7 sal des!).

RO6NUM SL

"""""""""" """"""""""

2 333

1 4333

4 4333

@ 1V

1W3

1@3

V 233

W 233

2433

23 213

22 213

21 2233

24 2333

2@ 3

2 W33

SQL- sele!t an&(1V) within goup(ode %7 sal des!) fo$ e$p.

RNF(1V)6IT:IN8ROUA(ORD'R*SLD'SC)

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""


66


67/319

@

d) D'NS'RNF

This will give the seuential an&ing5

'/0

SQL- sele!t densean&(1V) within goup(ode %7 sal des!) fo$ e$p.

D'NS'RNF(1V)6IT:IN8ROUA(ORD'R*SLD'SC)

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

4

CON9'RSION BUNCTIONS

intonu$

Chatoowid

Rowidto!ha

Tonu$%e

To!ha

Todate

a) INTONUM

This will !onvet the %ina7 value to its nu$ei!al euivalent5

S7nta/0 %intonu$( binary_bit!)

'/0

SQL- sele!t %intonu$(2#2#3) fo$ dual.

INTONUM(2#2#3)

""""""""""""""""""""""""


67


68/319

If all the %its ae eo then it podu!es eo5

If all the %its ae null then it podu!es an eo5

%) C:RTORO6ID

This will !onvet a !haa!te sting to a!t li&e an intenal oa!le ow identifie o owid5

!) RO6IDTOC:R

This will !onvet an intenal oa!le ow identifie o owid to !haa!te sting5

d) TONUM'R

This will !onvet a !ha o va!ha to nu$%e5

e) TOC:R

This will !onvet a nu$%e o date to !haa!te sting5

f) TODT'

This will !onvet a nu$%e# !ha o va!ha to a date5

8ROUA BUNCTIONS

Su$

vg

Ma/

Min

Count

8oup fun!tions will %e applied on all the ows %ut podu!es single output5

a) SUM


68


69/319

This will give the su$ of the values of the spe!ified !olu$n5

S7nta/0 su$ (column)

'/0 SQL- sele!t su$(sal) fo$ e$p.

SUM(SL)

""""""""""

4W33

%) 98

This will give the aveage of the values of the spe!ified !olu$n5

S7nta/0 avg (column)

'/0

SQL- sele!t avg(sal) fo$ e$p.

98(SL)

""""""""""""""" 1VV52@1W

!) M+

This will give the $a/i$u$ of the values of the spe!ified !olu$n5

S7nta/0 $a/ (column)

'/0

SQL- sele!t $a/(sal) fo$ e$p.

M+(SL)

""""""""""

333


69


70/319

d) MIN

This will give the $ini$u$ of the values of the spe!ified !olu$n5

S7nta/0 $in (column)

'/0

SQL- sele!t $in(sal) fo$ e$p.

MIN(SL)

""""""""""

33

e) COUNT

This will give the !ount of the values of the spe!ified !olu$n5

S7nta/0 !ount (column)

'/0 SQL- sele!t !ount(sal)#!ount(E) fo$ e$p.

COUNT(SL) COUNT(E)

"""""""""""""" """"""""""""

2@ 2@


70


71/319

CONSTRINTS

Constaints ae !ategoied as follows5

Do$ain integit7 !onstaints

Not null

Che!&

'ntit7 integit7 !onstaints

Uniue

Ai$a7 &e7

Refeential integit7 !onstaints

Boeign &e7

Constaints ae alwa7s atta!hed to a !olu$n not a ta%le5

6e !an add !onstaints in thee wa7s5

Colu$n level "" along with the !olu$n definition


71


72/319

Ta%le level "" afte the ta%le definition

lte level "" using alte !o$$and

6hile adding !onstaints 7ou need not spe!if7 the na$e %ut the t7pe onl7# oa!le will

intenall7 na$e the !onstaint5

If 7ou want to give a na$e to the !onstaint# 7ou have to use the !onstaint !lause5

NOT NULL

This is used to avoid null values5

6e !an add this !onstaint in !olu$n level onl75

'/0

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) not null# na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s

nu$%e(4)).

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) !onstaint nn not null# na$e va!ha(23)#

$a&s nu$%e(4)).

C:'CF

This is used to inset the values %ased on spe!ified !ondition5

6e !an add this !onstaint in all thee levels5

'/0

COLUMN L'9'L

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) # na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s nu$%e(4) !he!&

($a&s - 433)).

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) # na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s nu$%e(4)

!onstaint !h !he!&($a&s - 433)).

TL' L'9'L

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) # na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s nu$%e(4)# !he!&

($a&s - 433)).


72


73/319

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) # na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s nu$%e(4)#

!onstaint !h !he!&($a&s - 433)).

LT'R L'9'L

SQL- alte ta%le student add !he!&($a&s-433).

SQL- alte ta%le student add !onstaint !h !he!&($a&s-433).

UNIQU'

This is used to avoid dupli!ates %ut it allow nulls5


'/0

COLUMN L'9'L

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) uniue# na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s

nu$%e(4)).

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) !onstaint un uniue# na$e va!ha(23)#

$a&s nu$%e(4)).

TL' L'9'L


uniue(no)).


!onstaint un uniue(no)).

LT'R L'9'L

SQL- alte ta%le student add uniue(no).

SQL- alte ta%le student add !onstaint un uniue(no).


73


74/319

ARIMR* F'*

This is used to avoid dupli!ates and nulls5 This will wo& as !o$%ination of uniue

and not null5

Ai$a7 &e7 alwa7s atta!hed to the paent ta%le5


'/0

COLUMN L'9'L

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) pi$a7 &e7# na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s

nu$%e(4)).

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) !onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7# na$e va!ha(23)#

$a&s nu$%e(4)).

TL' L'9'L


pi$a7 &e7(no)).


!onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7(no)).

LT'R L'9'L

SQL- alte ta%le student add pi$a7 &e7(no).

SQL- alte ta%le student add !onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7(no).

BOR'I8N F'*

This is used to efeen!e the paent ta%le pi$a7 &e7 !olu$n whi!h allows

dupli!ates5

Boeign &e7 alwa7s atta!hed to the !hild ta%le5

6e !an add this !onstaint in ta%le and alte levels onl75


74


75/319

'/0

TL' L'9'L

SQL- !eate ta%le e$p(e$pno nu$%e(1)# ena$e va!ha(23)# deptno nu$%e(1)#

pi$a7 &e7(e$pno)# foeign &e7(deptno) efeen!es dept(deptno)).


!onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7(e$pno)# !onstaint f& foeign &e7(deptno) efeen!es

dept(deptno)).

LT'R L'9'L

SQL- alte ta%le e$p add foeign &e7(deptno) efeen!es dept(deptno).

SQL- alte ta%le e$p add !onstaint f& foeign &e7(deptno) efeen!es dept(deptno).

On!e the pi$a7 &e7 and foeign &e7 elationship has %een !eated then 7ou !an not

e$ove an7 paent e!od if the dependent !hilds e/ists5

USIN8 ON D'LT' CSCD'

7 using this !lause 7ou !an e$ove the paent e!od even it !hilds e/ists5

e!ause when eve 7ou e$ove paent e!od oa!le auto$ati!all7 e$oves all its

dependent e!ods fo$ !hild ta%le# if this !lause is pesent while !eating foeign &e7

!onstaint5

'/0

TL' L'9'L


pi$a7 &e7(e$pno)# foeign &e7(deptno) efeen!es dept(deptno) on delete

!as!ade).


!onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7(e$pno)# !onstaint f& foeign &e7(deptno) efeen!es

dept(deptno) on delete !as!ade).

LT'R L'9'L


75


76/319

SQL- alte ta%le e$p add foeign &e7(deptno) efeen!es dept(deptno) on delete

!as!ade.

SQL- alte ta%le e$p add !onstaint f& foeign &e7(deptno) efeen!es dept(deptno) on

delete !as!ade.

COMAOSIT' F'*S

!o$posite &e7 !an %e defined on a !o$%ination of !olu$ns5

6e !an define !o$posite &e7s on entit7 integit7 and efeential integit7 !onstaints5

Co$posite &e7 !an %e defined in ta%le and alte levels onl75

'/0

UNIQU' (TL' L'9'L)


uniue(no#na$e)).


!onstaint un uniue(no#na$e)).

UNIQU' (LT'R L'9'L)

SQL- alte ta%le student add uniue(no#na$e).

SQL- alte ta%le student add !onstaint un uniue(no#na$e).

ARIMR* F'* (TL' L'9'L)


pi$a7 &e7(no#na$e)).


!onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7(no#na$e)).

ARIMR* F'* (LT'R L'9'L)

SQL- alte ta%le student add pi$a7 &e7(no#an$e).

SQL- alte ta%le student add !onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7(no#na$e).

BOR'I8N F'* (TL' L'9'L)


76


77/319


dna$e va!ha(23)# pi$a7 &e7(e$pno)# foeign &e7(deptno#dna$e) efeen!es

dept(deptno#dna$e)).


dna$e va!ha(23)# !onstaint p& pi$a7 &e7(e$pno)# !onstaint f& foeign&e7(deptno#dna$e) efeen!es dept(deptno#dna$e)).

BOR'I8N F'* (LT'R L'9'L)

SQL- alte ta%le e$p add foeign &e7(deptno#dna$e) efeen!es dept(deptno#dna$e).

SQL- alte ta%le e$p add !onstaint f& foeign &e7(deptno#dna$e) efeen!es

dept(deptno#dna$e).

D'B'RRL' CONSTRINTS

'a!h !onstaint has two additional atti%utes to suppot defeed !he!&ing of !onstaints5

Defeed initiall7 i$$ediate

Defeed initiall7 defeed

Defeed initiall7 i$$ediate !he!&s fo !onstaint violation at the ti$e of inset5

Defeed initiall7 defeed !he!&s fo !onstaint violation at the ti$e of !o$$it5

'/0

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1)# na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s nu$%e(4)#

!onstaint un uniue(no) defeed initiall7 i$$ediate).

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1)# na$e va!ha(23)# $a&s nu$%e(4)#

!onstaint un uniue(no) defeed initiall7 defeed).

SQL- alte ta%le student add !onstaint un uniue(no) defea%le initiall7 defeed.

SQL- set !onstaints all i$$ediate.

This will ena%le all the !onstaints violations at the ti$e of inseting5

SQL- set !onstaints all defeed.

This will ena%le all the !onstaints violations at the ti$e of !o$$it5

OA'RTIONS 6IT: CONSTRINTS


77


78/319

Aossi%le opeations with !onstaints as follows5

'na%le

Disa%le

'nfo!e

Dop

'NL'

This will ena%le the !onstaint5 efoe ena%le# the !onstaint will !he!& the e/isting data5

'/0

SQL- alte ta%le student ena%le !onstaint un.

DISL'

This will disa%le the !onstaint5

'/0

SQL- alte ta%le student ena%le !onstaint un.

'NBORC'

This will enfo!e the !onstaint athe than ena%le fo futue insets o updates5

This will not !he!& fo e/isting data while enfo!ing data5

'/0

SQL- alte ta%le student enfo!e !onstaint un.

DROA

This will e$ove the !onstaint5

'/0

SQL- alte ta%le student dop !onstaint un.

On!e the ta%le is dopped# !onstaints auto$ati!all7 will dop5


78


79/319

CS' ND D'BULT

CS'

Case is si$ila to de!ode %ut easie to undestand while going though !oding

'/0

SQL- Sele!t sal#

Case sal

6hen 33 then Klow;

6hen 333 then Khigh;

'lse K$ediu$;

'nd !ase

Bo$ e$p.

SL CS'


79


80/319

""""" """"""""

33 low

133 $ediu$

1333 $ediu$

433 $ediu$ 4333 $ediu$

333 high

@333 $ediu$

333 high

2W33 $ediu$

2133 $ediu$

1333 $ediu$

1V33 $ediu$

1133 $ediu$

4133 $ediu$

D'BULT

-e'ault !an %e !onsideed as a su%stitute %ehavio of not null !onstaint when applied to

new ows %eing enteed into the ta%le5

6hen 7ou define a !olu$n with the de'ault &e7wod followed %7 a value# 7ou ae a!tuall7

telling the data%ase that# on inset if a ow was not assigned a value fo this !olu$n# use

the default value that 7ou have spe!ified5

Default is applied onl7 duing insetion of new ows5

'/0

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1) default 22#na$e va!ha(1)).

SQL- inset into student values(2#=a=). SQL- inset into student(na$e) values(=%=).


NO NM'


80


81/319

"""""" """""""""

2 a

22 %

SQL- inset into student values(null# K!;).


NO NM'

"""""" """""""""

2 a

22 %

C

"" Default !an not oveide nulls5

STRCT DT T*A'S

So$e ti$es 7ou $a7 want t7pe whi!h holds all t7pes of data in!luding nu$%es# !has

and spe!ial !haa!tes so$ething li&e this5 *ou !an not a!hieve this using pe"defined

t7pes5

*ou !an define !usto$ t7pes whi!h holds 7ou desied data5

'/0

Suppose in a ta%le we have addess !olu$n whi!h holds hno and !it7 info$ation5

6e will define a !usto$ t7pe whi!h holds %oth nu$ei! as well as !ha data5

CR'TIN8 DT

SQL- !eate t7pe add as o%Je!t(hno nu$%e(4)#!it7 va!ha(23)). ?

CR'TIN8 TL' S'D ON DT


81


82/319

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1)#na$e va!ha(1)#addess add).

INS'RTIN8 DT INTO DT TL'S

SQL- inset into student values(2#=a=#add(222#=h7d=)).

SQL- inset into student values(1#=%=#add(111#=%ang=)).

SQL- inset into student values(4#=!=#add(444#=delhi=)).

S'L'CTIN8 DT BROM DT TL'S


NO NM' DDR'SS(:NO# CIT*)

""" """"""" """"""""""""""""""""""""" 2 a DDR(222# =h7d=)

1 % DDR(111# =%ang=)

4 ! DDR(444# =delhi=)

SQL- sele!t no#na$e#s5addess5hno#s5addess5!it7 fo$ student s.

NO NM' DDR'SS5:NO DDR'SS5CIT*

"""" """"""" """"""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""

2 a 222 h7d

1 % 111 %ang

4 ! 444 delhi

UADT' 6IT: DT TL'S

SQL- update student s set s5addess5!it7 H =%o$%a7= whee s5addess5hno H 444.



"""" """"""" """"""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""

2 a 222 h7d

1 % 111 %ang

4 ! 444 %o$%a7


82


83/319

D'L'T' 6IT: DT TL'S

SQL- delete student s whee s5addess5hno H 222.



"""" """"""" """"""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""

1 % 111 %ang

4 ! 444 %o$%a7

DROAAIN8 DT

SQL- dop t7pe add.

O>'CT 9I'6S ND M'T:ODS

O>'CT 9I'6S

If 7ou want to i$ple$ent o%Je!ts with the e/isting ta%le# o%Je!t views !o$e into pi!tue5

*ou define the o%Je!t and !eate a view whi!h elates this o%Je!t to the e/isting ta%le

nothing %ut ob#ect view 5

O%Je!t views ae used to elate the use defined o%Je!ts to the e/isting ta%le5

'/0

2) ssu$e that the ta%le student has alead7 %een !eated with the following !olu$ns

SQL- !eate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1)#na$e va!ha(23)#hno nu$%e(4)#!it7

va!ha(23)).

1) Ceate the following t7pes

SQL- !eate t7pe add as o%Je!t(hno nu$%e(1)#!it7 va!ha(23)).?

SQL- !eate t7pe stud as o%Je!t(na$e va!ha(23)#addess add).?


83


84/319

4) Relate the o%Je!ts to the student ta%le %7 !eating the o%Je!t view

SQL- !eate view studentov(no#studinfo) as sele!t no#stud(na$e#add(hno#!it7))

fo$ student.

@) Now 7ou !an inset data into student ta%le in two wa7s

a) 7 egula insetSQL- Inset into student values(2#;sudha;#222#;h7d;).

%) 7 using o%Je!t view

SQL- Inset into studentov values(2#stud(Ksudha;#add(222#;h7d;))).

M'T:ODS

*ou !an define $ethods whi!h ae nothing %ut fun!tions in t7pes and appl7 in the ta%les

whi!h holds the t7pes.

'/0

2) Defining $ethods in t7pes

SQL- Ceate t7pe stud as o%Je!t(na$e va!ha(23)#$a&s nu$%e(4)#

Me$%e fun!tion $a&sf($a&s in nu$%e) etun nu$%e#

Aag$a esti!tefeen!es($a&sf#wnds#nds#wnps#fnps)).?

1) Defining t7pe %od7

SQL- Ceate t7pe %od7 stud as

Me$%e fun!tion $a&sf($a&s in nu$%e) etun nu$%e is egin

Retun ($a&sG233).

'nd $a&sf.

'nd.?

4) Ceate a ta%le using stud t7pe

SQL- Ceate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1)#info stud).

@) Inset so$e data into student ta%le

SQL- Inset into student values(2#stud(Ksudha;#233)).

) Using $ethod in sele!t

SQL- Sele!t s5info5$a&sf(s5info5$a&s) fo$ student s.

"" :ee we ae using the pag$a esti!tefeen!es to avoid the wites to the

Data%ase5


84


85/319

9RR*S ND N'ST'D TL'S

9RR*S

va7ing aa7 allows 7ou to stoe epeating atti%utes of a e!od in a single ow %ut

with li$it5

'/0

2) 6e !an !eate vaa7s using oa!le t7pes as well as use defined t7pes5

a) 9aa7 using pe"defined t7pes

SQL- Ceate t7pe va as vaa7() of va!ha(23).?

%) 9aa7s using use defined t7pes SQL- Ceate t7pe add as o%Je!t(hno nu$%e(4)#!it7 va!ha(23)).?

SQL- Ceate t7pe va as vaa7() of add.?

1) Using vaa7 in ta%le

SQL- Ceate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1)#na$e va!ha(23)#addess va).

4) Inseting values into vaa7 ta%le


85


86/319

SQL- Inset into student values(2#;sudha;#va(add(222#;h7d;))).

SQL- Inset into student values(1#;Jagan;#va(add(222#;h7d;)#add(111#;%ang;))).

@) Sele!ting data fo$ vaa7 ta%le

SQL- Sele!t E fo$ student.

"" This will displa7 vaa7 !olu$n data along with vaa7 and adt. SQL- Sele!t no#na$e# s5E fo$ student s2# ta%le(s25addess) s.

"" This will displa7 in geneal fo$at

) Instead of s5E 7ou !an spe!if7 the !olu$ns in vaa7

SQL- Sele!t no#na$e# s5hno#s5!it7 fo$ student s2#ta%le(s25addess) s.

"" Update and delete not possi%le in vaa7s5

"" :ee we used ta%le fun!tion whi!h will ta&e the vaa7 !olu$n as input fo podu!ing

output e/!luding vaa7 and t7pes5

N'ST'D TL'S

nested ta%le is# as its na$e i$plies# a ta%le within a ta%le5 In this !ase it is a ta%le that

is epesented as a !olu$n within anothe ta%le5

Nested ta%le has the sa$e effe!t of vaa7s %ut has no li$it5

'/0

2) 6e !an !eate nested ta%les using oa!le t7pes and use defined t7pes whi!h has no

li$it5

a) Nested ta%les using pe"defined t7pes

SQL- Ceate t7pe nt as ta%le of va!ha(23).?

%) Nested ta%les using use defined t7pes

SQL- Ceate t7pe add as o%Je!t(hno nu$%e(4)#!it7 va!ha(23)).?

SQL- Ceate t7pe nt as ta%le of add.?

1) Using nested ta%le in ta%le

SQL- Ceate ta%le student(no nu$%e(1)#na$e va!ha(23)#addess nt) nested ta%le

addess stoe as studentte$p.

4) Inseting values into ta%le whi!h has nested ta%le


86


87/319

SQL- Inset into student values (2#;sudha;#nt(add(222#;h7d;))).

SQL- Inset into student values (1#;Jagan;#nt(add(222#;h7d;)#add(111#;%ang;))).

@) Sele!ting data fo$ ta%le whi!h has nested ta%le

SQL- Sele!t E fo$ student.

"" This will displa7 nested ta%le !olu$n data along with nested ta%le and adt. SQL- Sele!t no#na$e# s5E fo$ student s2# ta%le(s25addess) s.

"" This will displa7 in geneal fo$at

) Instead of s5E 7ou !an spe!if7 the !olu$ns in nested ta%le

SQL- Sele!t no#na$e# s5hno#s5!it7 fo$ student s2#ta%le(s25addess) s.

) Inseting nested ta%le data to the e/isting ow

SQL- Inset into ta%le(sele!t addess fo$ student whee noH2)

values(add(#;!hennai;)).

V) Update in nested ta%les

SQL- Update ta%le(sele!t addess fo$ student whee noH1) s set s5!it7H;%o$%a7;

whee s5hno H 111.

W) Delete in nested ta%le

SQL- Delete ta%le(sele!t addess fo$ student whee noH4) s whee s5hnoH444.

DT MOD'L

LLCOLLT*A'S

LLT*A'S

DCOLLT*A'S

DT*A'S

US'RCOLLT*A'S

US'RT*A'S


87


88/319

BLS:CF QU'R*

Used to etieve the data whi!h has %een alead7 !o$$itted with out going fo e!ove75

Blash%a!&s ae of two t7pes

Ti$e %ase flash%a!&

SCN %ased flash%a!& (SCN stands fo S7ste$ Change Nu$%e)

'/0

2) Using ti$e %ased flash%a!&

a) SQL- Sele!t Efo$ student.

"" This will displa7 all the ows

%) SQL- Delete student.

!) SQL- Co$$it. "" this will !o$$it the wo&5

d) SQL- Sele!t Efo$ student.

"" :ee it will displa7 nothing


88


89/319

e) Then e/e!ute the following po!edues

SQL- '/e! d%$sflash%a!&5ena%leatti$e(s7sdate"1?2@@3)

f) SQL- Sele!t Efo$ student.

"" :ee it will displa7 the lost data

"" The lost data will !o$e %ut the !uent s7ste$ ti$e was used g) SQL- '/e! d%$sflash%a!&5disa%le

"" :ee we have to disa%le the flash%a!& to ena%le it again

1) Using SCN %ased flash%a!&

a) De!lae a vaia%le to stoe SCN

SQL- 9aia%le s nu$%e

%) 8et the SCN

SQL- '/e! 0s 0H e/e! d%$sflash%a!&5gets7ste$!hangenu$%e

!) To see the SCN

SQL- Aint s

d) Then e/e!ute the following po!edues

SQL- '/e! d%$sflash%a!&5ena%leats7ste$!hangenu$%e(0s)

SQL- '/e! d%$sflash%a!&5disa%le

'+T'RNL TL'S

*ou !an use e/tenal ta%le featue to a!!ess e/tenal files as if the7 ae ta%les inside the

data%ase5

6hen 7ou !eate an e/tenal ta%le# 7ou define its stu!tue and lo!ation with in oa!le5

6hen 7ou ue7 the ta%le# oa!le eads the e/tenal ta%le and etuns the esults Just as

if the data had %een stoed with in the data%ase

SQL Plsql Document

Documents

Transcript of SQL Plsql Document