SPSP poster jem mlm copy · Player reputations remembered the next day 30 40 50 60 Cooperators...
1
Memory relates novel experiences to past events that share overlapping content into an integrated associative network. 1 Ex: A-B is paired initially. Then encounter B- C pairing. Memory integration binds A-C. Creates ABC network. Valence has been shown to disseminate across associated memories: fear & evaluative conditioning 2 , reward learning 3 . Memory mechanisms are implicated in social behavior: stereotyping 3 , construction of social hierarchies 5 , preference acquisition 6 Individuals’ memory of social relationships can implicitly influence how they interact with new people. Social value, like reputation, can transfer across relationships through memory integration: New experience (player is paired with friend) triggers retrieval of related knowledge (player typically cooperates or defects) Reactivation of prior memories during new learning forms relational memory networks that lead to transfer of social information from one individual to another (friend also cooperates or defects). This memory mechanism could underlie other social phenomena like stereotyping and prejudice 7 The Company We Keep: Memory Driven Biases in Social-Economic Decision Making Joel E. Martinez 1 ; Michael L. Mack 1,2 , Ph.D; and Alison R. Preston 1,2,3 , Ph.D 1 Department of Psychology, 2 Center for Learning and Memory, 3 Department of Neuroscience The University of Texas at Austin Background Can an individual’s reputation transfer to an associated friend and bias interactions with that friend? Does the integration of memories for social associations bias social interactions? Hypotheses Player reputations were learned Player-friend pairs were learned and remembered Results References Acknowledgements 48 player-friend pairs Each pair repeated 6 times Included 24 pairs with no reputation All trials split into 6 blocks 8 players of each type (24 total) 6 trial runs with same player 2 trial runs per player All trials split into 4 blocks Methods Summary N = 27, Age = 20±.89, 15 Females Day 2 All self paced Questions Day 1 + + You coop defect -1 1 2s 1s 3s X until response 1s 3s player participant 2,2 coop defect defect coop -1,1 1,-1 0,0 If you met this person 100 times in the future, how many of those 100 times would they cooperate? Type a number from 0-100 and press enter If you met this person 100 times in the future, how many of those 100 times would they cooperate? Type a number from 0-100 and press enter How would you categorize this person? 1 2 3 Coop Defector Neither ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● −2 0 2 4 6 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 Trial Number Average Point Total Cooperator Defector 50/50 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Cooperators 50/50 Defectors Category Response (%) Reputation Condition Next Day 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 2 3 4 5 6 Study/Test Repetition Association Accuracy % Cooperator Defector 50/50 New 1. Schlichting, M. L., & Preston, A. R. (2015). Memory integration: neural mechanisms and implications for behavior. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 1, 1–8. 2.De Houwer, J., Thomas, S., & Baeyens, F. (2001). Associative learning of likes and dislikes: a review of 25 years of research on human evaluative conditioning. Psychological Bulletin, 127(6), 853–69. 3.Wimmer, G. E., & Shohamy, D. (2012). Preference by association: How memory mechanisms in the hippocampus bias decisions. Science, 338(6104), 270–273. 4.Amodio, D. M., & Ratner, K. G. (2011). A memory systems model of implicit social cognition. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(3), 143–148. 5. Kumaran, D., Melo, H. L., & Duzel, E. (2012). The emergence and representation of knowledge about social and nonsocial hierarchies. Neuron, 76(3), 653–66. 6.Walther, E. (2002). Guilty by mere association: Evaluative conditioning and the spreading attitude effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 919– 934. 7.Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2011). The Associative – Propositional Evaluation Model: Theory, Evidence, and Open Questions. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (1st ed., Vol. 44, pp. 59–127). One Shot PD (A) •Less cooperation with friends of defectors • No reputation friends treated more like friends of defectors Prediction (C) • Defector players predicted to defect, but not friends of defectors Extremes Analysis (B & D) • One-shot PD shows bias in behavior with friends (B) • No bias in prediction (D) Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) Friend Association One Shot PD w/ Friends Friend Cooperative Prediction Player prediction and categorization High Cooperation High Evaluation COOP Cooperator N=8 Low Cooperation Low Evaluation DEFECT Defector N=8 Reputation Learning No Rep N=24 ? Cooperation ? Evaluation Friend Learning One Shot Interaction Prediction 50/50 N=8 ? Cooperation ? Evaluation DEFECT COOP The authors thank Bernie Gelman for data collection and Evan Stein for helpful comments. This project was supported by NIMH grant R01- MH100121 (A.R.P.), NIMH Grant F32- MH100904 (M.L.M), and an NSF Career Award (1056019) (A.R.P). Player reputations remembered the next day 30 40 50 60 Cooperators Defectors Neutral Reputation Condition Predicted Cooperation (%) 30 40 50 60 70 Cooperators Defectors 50/50 No Rep. Reputation Condition Cooperation (%) Players Friends 30 40 50 60 Cooperators Defectors Reputation Condition Predicted Cooperation (%) 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Cooperators Defectors Reputation Condition Cooperation (%) A B C D Implicit Explicit Coop Friend Player Defect Friend Player A B C
Transcript of SPSP poster jem mlm copy · Player reputations remembered the next day 30 40 50 60 Cooperators...
Memory relates novel experiences to past events that share overlapping content into an integrated associative network.1
Ex: A-B is paired initially. Then encounter B-C pairing. Memory integration binds A-C. Creates ABC network.
Valence has been shown to disseminate across associated memories: fear & evaluative conditioning2, reward learning3.
Memory mechanisms are implicated in social behavior: stereotyping3, construction of social hierarchies5, preference acquisition6
Individuals’ memory of social relationships can implicitly influence how they interact with new people.
Social value, like reputation, can transfer across relationships through memory integration:
New experience (player is paired with friend) triggers retrieval of related knowledge (player typically cooperates or defects)
Reactivation of prior memories during new learning forms relational memory networks that lead to transfer of social information from one individual to another (friend also cooperates or defects).
This memory mechanism could underlie other social phenomena like stereotyping and prejudice7
The Company We Keep: Memory Driven Biases in Social-Economic Decision MakingJoel E. Martinez1; Michael L. Mack1,2, Ph.D; and Alison R. Preston1,2,3, Ph.D
1Department of Psychology, 2Center for Learning and Memory, 3Department of Neuroscience The University of Texas at Austin
Background
Can an individual’s reputation transfer to an associated friend and bias interactions with that friend? Does the integration of memories for social associations bias social interactions?
Hypotheses
Player reputations were learned
Player-friend pairs were learned and remembered
Results
References
Acknowledgements
48 player-friend pairs Each pair repeated 6 times Included 24 pairs with no reputation All trials split into 6 blocks
8 players of each type (24 total) 6 trial runs with same player 2 trial runs per player All trials split into 4 blocks
Methods
Summary
N = 27, Age = 20±.89, 15 Females
Day 2
All self paced
Questions
Day 1
+ +Youcoop defect
-1 1
2s
1s
3s
A B
X
untilresponse
1s
3splayer
parti
cipan
t
2,2
coop defect
defe
ct co
op -1,1
1,-1 0,0
If you met this person 100 times in the future, how many of those 100 times would they cooperate?
Type a number from 0-100 and press enter
If you met this person 100 times in the future, how many of those 100 times would they cooperate?
Type a number from 0-100 and press enter
How would you categorize this person?
1 2 3 Coop Defector Neither
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
−2
0
2
4
6
8
1 2 3 4 5 6Trial Number
Aver
age
Point
Tot
al
CooperatorDefector50/50
A
0
10
20
30
40
50
Cooperators Defectors 50/50Reputation Condition
Cate
gory
Res
pons
es (%
)
B
50
60
70
80
90
1 2 3 4 5 6 NextDayStudy/Test Repetition
Asso
ciatio
n Ac
cura
cy (%
) ●
●
●
●
CooperatorDefector50/50No Rep.
C
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
−2
0
2
4
6
8
1 2 3 4 5 6Trial Number
Aver
age
Point
Tot
al
CooperatorDefector50/50
A B C
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Cooperators 50/50Defectors
Cate
gory
Res
pons
e (%
)
Reputation Condition NextDay
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6Study/Test Repetition
Asso
ciatio
n Ac
cura
cy %
CooperatorDefector50/50New
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
−2
0
2
4
6
8
1 2 3 4 5 6Trial Number
Aver
age
Point
Tot
al
CooperatorDefector50/50
A B C
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Cooperators 50/50Defectors
Cate
gory
Res
pons
e (%
)
Reputation Condition NextDay
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6Study/Test Repetition
Asso
ciatio
n Ac
cura
cy %
CooperatorDefector50/50New
1. Schlichting, M. L., & Preston, A. R. (2015). Memory integration: neural mechanisms and implications for behavior. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 1, 1–8.
2. De Houwer, J., Thomas, S., & Baeyens, F. (2001). Associative learning of likes and dislikes: a review of 25 years of research on human evaluative conditioning. Psychological Bulletin, 127(6), 853–69.
3. Wimmer, G. E., & Shohamy, D. (2012). Preference by association: How memory mechanisms in the hippocampus bias decisions. Science, 338(6104), 270–273.
4. Amodio, D. M., & Ratner, K. G. (2011). A memory systems model of implicit social cognition. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(3), 143–148.
5. Kumaran, D., Melo, H. L., & Duzel, E. (2012). The emergence and representation of knowledge about social and nonsocial hierarchies. Neuron, 76(3), 653–66.
6. Walther, E. (2002). Guilty by mere association: Evaluative conditioning and the spreading attitude effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 919– 934.
7. Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2011). The Associative – Propositional Evaluation Model: Theory, Evidence, and Open Questions. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (1st ed., Vol. 44, pp. 59–127).
One Shot PD (A) • Less cooperation with fr iends of
defectors • No reputation friends treated more like
friends of defectors
Prediction (C) • Defector players predicted to defect, but
not friends of defectors
Extremes Analysis (B & D) • One-shot PD shows bias in behavior with
friends (B) • No bias in prediction (D)
Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) Friend Association One Shot
PD w/ Friends
Friend Cooperative Prediction
Player prediction and categorization
High Cooperation High Evaluation
COOPCooperator N=8
Low Cooperation Low Evaluation
DEFECTDefector N=8
Reputation Learning
No Rep N=24
? Cooperation ? Evaluation
Friend Learning
One Shot Interaction Prediction
50/50 N=8
? Cooperation ? Evaluation
DEFECT
COOP
The authors thank Bernie Gelman for data collection and Evan Stein for helpful comments. This project was supported by NIMH grant R01-MH100121 (A.R.P.), NIMH Grant F32- MH100904 (M.L.M), and an NSF Career Award (1056019) (A.R.P).
Player reputations remembered the next day
30
40
50
60
Cooperators Defectors NeutralReputation Condition
Pred
icted
Coo
pera
tion
(%)
30
40
50
60
70
Cooperators Defectors 50/50 No Rep.Reputation Condition
Coop
erat
ion (%
)
PlayersFriends
30
40
50
60
Cooperators DefectorsReputation Condition
Pred
icted
Coo
pera
tion
(%)
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Cooperators DefectorsReputation Condition
Coop
erat
ion (%
)
A B
C D
Impl
icit
Expl
icit
Coop
Friend
Player
Defect
Friend
Player
AB
C
