Sps Japaneselandscape Final

7/21/2019 Sps Japaneselandscape Final

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Introduction Essential Aspects Design Principles

Basic rules in the design of Japanese gardens Elements of Japanese Garden Types of Japanese Gardens Case study Bibliography



The art of gardening is believed to be animportant part of Japanese culture for manycenturies

The garden design in Japan is strongly connectedto the philosophy and religion of the country !hinto" Buddhism and Taoism #ere used in the

creation of di$erent garden styles in order tobring a spiritual sense to the gardens and ma%e

them places #here people could spend their timein a peaceful #ay and meditate



• The line bet#een gardenand its surroundinglandscape is not distinct

& Gardens incorporate naturaland arti'cial elements andthus" fuse the elements ofnature and architecture

& In the Japanese garden" the

vie#er should considernature as a picture frameinto #hich the garden" or theman( made #or% of art" isinserted



)ature is the ideal that you must strive for *ou canideali+e it" even symboli+e it" but you must nevercreate something that nature itself cannot.

Balance, or sumi. The proportions and spaces arean essential Design principle

The “emptiness” of portions of the garden Thisspace, or ma, denes the elements around it, and is also de'ned by the elements surrounding it Itis the true spirit of yin and yang ,ithout nothing" youcannot have something It is a central tenet of

Japanese gardening



-ill and pond and .at styles can be shin(formal), gyo (intermediate) or so

(informal) /ormal styles #ere most often found at templesor palaces"

the intermediate styles #ere appropriate formost residences" and

the informal style #as relegated to peasant hutsand mountain retreats The tea garden is al#aysin the informal style



The concept of wabi and sabi:,abi can denote something one(of(a(%ind" or the spirit of

something abi denes time or the ideal image ofsomething. ,hile a cement lantern may be one of a

%ind" it lac%s that ideal image A roc% can be old andcovered #ith lichens" but if it is 0ust a round boulder ithas no #abi ,e must strive to 'nd that balance

Both the concepts of ma and wabi!sabi deal with

time and space. ,here the garden is our space" timeis ably presented by the changing seasons 1nli%e the#estern gardener the "apanese garden devoteevisits and appreciates the garden in all theseasons



In spring one revels in the bright green of ne# buds andthe blossoms of the a+aleas

In summer you appreciate the contrasts of the lushfoliage painted against the cool shado#s and the splash

of %oi in the pond Fall #rests the brilliant colors from dying leaves as they

slip into the deathly hush of #inter" the garden buriedunder a shroud of sno#

Winters is as much a garden season in Japan as spring The Japanese refer to sno# piled on the branches of treesas se##u, or snow blossoms" and there is a lantern%no#n as yu#imi that is named the snow viewinglantern



$he fence is a tool to enhance the concept of miega#ure,or hide and reveal.

2any of the fence styles o$er only the merest of visual screens"and #ill be supplemented #ith a screen planting" o$ering 0ustthe ghostly hints of the garden behind !ometimes a designer

#ill cut a small #indo# in a solid #all to present the passerby#ith a tantali+ing glimpse of #hat lies beyond

Even if #e enter the house to vie# the garden #e may #ellencounter sode%ga#i, or sleeve fences This is a fence thatattaches to an architectural structure" be it a house or another

fence" to screen a speci'c vie# To vie# the garden as a #holeone must enter it and become one #ith the garden This is the'nal step in the true appreciation of the garden" to lose oneselfin it until time and self have no meaning



POND

WATERFALL



Rock – an important feature



Natural3 that should ma%e the garden loo% as if it gre#by itself

Asymmetry3 that creates the impression of it beingnatural

Odd numbers3 It supports the e$ect of the asymmetry Simplicity3 that follo#s the idea of 4less is more4 Triangle3 that is the most common shape for

compositions made of stones" plants" etc

Contrast3 that creates tension bet#een elements Lines3 that can create both tran5uility and tension Curves3 that softens the e$ect Openness3 that indicates interaction bet#een all

elements



a stone lantern representing four natural elements3earth" #ater" 're and #ind

statues of male and female lions" placed at the

entrance of the garden in order to protect the gardenfrom intruders" representing the t#o opposite forces3yin and yang 6're and #ater" male and female7

water basin %no#n as a deer chaser" #hich %eepdeer a#ay by ma%ing a special sound #hen 'lled up

the koi fs s#imming in ponds" #hich has adecorative meaning

typical !apanese bridge" called a moonbridge"#hose purpose is to re.ect artistic feelings



& Ponds" #aterfalls" #ells"bridges 6real orsymbolic7

& !tepping stones"Garden paths

& !tone #ater basins"stone lanterns

& Garden plants andtrees

& /ences and #alls

& !tones



•It represents the sea, lake, pond

or river in nature.

•Non geometrical in appearance;

in order to preserve the natural

shapes, man- made ponds are

asymmetrical.

• The ank of the pond is usually

ordered y stones

• ! fountain is sometimes found atthe ottom of a hill or hillside or

secluded forest.

•"ells are sometimes found in a

#apanese garden.



& 1sually used in tea gardens

& .at stepping stones servedto preserve the grass as

#ell as orient the vie#er toa speci'c visual e8perience

& step( stones are found nearthe veranda or entrance ofthe house or tea room The

visitor of the house or roomis e8pected to place hisshoes on the step( stonebefore entering



& T#o %inds of stone #aterbasins(

kazari- chozubachi" #hich is%ept near the verandah

tsukubai for tea garden& !tone lanterns are placed

besides prominent #aterbasins #hose luminanceunderscored the un'nishedbeauty of the tea aesthetic



& Garden of the :;th to :<th centuriescontained cherry" plum trees" pinesand #illo#s

& In.uence of the =en sect and#atercolor painting from !outhernChina transformed the colorful

Japanese garden in the 2iddle Ages

& /lo#ers" .o#ering plants and shrubs#ere regarded as signs of frivolityand #ere replaced by evergreentrees that symboli+ed eternity



& Japanese garden is predominatelygreen #ith its use of evergreen trees

& ,hen .o#ering trees found in Japanese garden are camelias"speci'cally the tsubaki and sazanka



Scientifc Name" Abies /irma #abitat" Evergreen Te$ture" Coarse #eigt" >;? to @;? Lea%" : dar% green needles are

notched at base sharp pric%ly point Flower&Fruit" to bro#n

cones



Scientifc Name" Acercapillipes

#abit" Deciduous 'rowt (ate" 2oderate

Site (e)uirements" !unto partial shade prefersmoist" #ell drained soil

Te$ture" 2edium Form" ound head lo#

branches #eigt" ; to ? Flower&Fruit" Greenish

#hite .o#ers on < to >pendulous racemeattractive samara in fall



Scientifc Name" Acer palmatum 'rowt (ate" !lo# to moderate Site (e)uirements" Fight dappled

shade evenly moist" #ell drained

soil protect from drying #inds Te$ture" 2edium to 'ne Form" Fo# dense rounded top

spreading branches assumes alayered loo%

#eigt" : to <4 Flower&Fruit" !mall red to purple

.o#ers attractive if vie#ed closelybut insigni'cant from a distance



Scientifc Name" Alnus 0aponica

Site (e)uirements" !unto partial shade range of

soil types including #et andinfertile soil Form" !lender" narro#

upright habit #eigt" :< to <? Lea%" val" narro# leaves Flower&Fruit" *ello# bro#n

to red bro#n cat%ins 6male.o#ers7 female .o#ers onshort purplish bro#n strobili#hich persist until #inter



Scientifc Name" Aralia elata 'rowt (ate" apid Site (e)uirements" !un to

partial shade range of soiltypes but prefers moist" #ell

drained soil Te$ture" 2edium Form" Irregular to spreading

often multi(stemmed #eigt" <; to >;? Lea%" to compound

leaves yello# to reddishpurple fall color

Flower&Fruit" :< to :H #hite.o#ers in August purple fruit



Scientifc NameBetula grossa

'rowt (ate" 2oderate

Site (e)uirements" !un moist#ell drained soil Te$ture" 2edium Form" Pyramidal #eigt" <; to <4 Lea%" < to > alternate" simple

leaves yello# fall color Flower&Fruit" )onsho#y .o#ers



Scientifc Name"Carpinus 0aponica

'rowt (ate" !lo# Site (e)uirements" !un

to light shade moist #ell

drained soil but tolerates arange of soil types Te$ture" 2edium Form" ounded densely

branched #ide spreadingbranches

#eigt" <; to ;4 Lea%" < to > leaves

yello# to nonsho#y fallcolor

Flower&Fruit" < to <

fruit



Scientifc NameCornus ocinalis

'rowt (ate" 2oderate Site (e)uirements" !un to

partial shade range of soil types Te$ture" 2edium Form" Pictures5ue multi(

stemmed lo# branches oval toround habit

#eigt" : to <4 Lea%" > opposite" simple leaves

purple fall color Flower&Fruit" Cluster of short

stal%ed yello# .o#ers #ithdrooping bracts on na%ed stemsin early spring shiny red fruitin clusters in fall



Scientifc Name" Cryptomeria 0aponica

#abit" Evergeen 'rowt (ate" 2oderate

Site (e)uirements" !un to light"high shade rich deep" #ell drainedsoil but #ill thrive in a range of soiltypes

Te$ture" /ine to medium Form" Pyramidal semiformal

#eigt" ; to ;4 Lea%" A#l shaped" bright to blue(green foliage smooth to the touchbron+e tones in #inter" especially ife8posed to #ind

Flower&Fruit" !mall terminal cones



& There are three types of fences3

the short fence #hich e8tendsfrom the house into the garden

an inner fence and an outerfence

& !hort fences or sodegaki arescreens that hide un#antedvie#s or ob0ects

& They are about or @ feet high

& Add color and te8ture to thegarden

& 2aterials used are bamboo"#ood and t#igs of bamboo ortree



/or the garden to be a true retreat" #e must 'rst seal ita#ay from the outside #orld nce it is enclosed" #e mustcreate a method 6and a mindset7 to enter and leave ourmicrocosm &ences and gates are as important to the

"apanese garden as lanterns and maples.

As #ith most things associated #ith the garden the fenceand gates have deep symbolic meaning as #ell as speci'cfunction ,e are encouraged to vie# the garden as a

separate #orld in #hich #e have no #orries or concerns The fence insulates us from the outside #orld and the gateis the threshold #here #e both discard our #orldly caresand then prepare ourselves to once again face the #orld



$ourtyards include a modern

alfresco %sheltered outdoor living&

area 'ith a lush ackdrop of

plants.



& !tones are fundamentalelements of Japanese gardens

& !tones used are not 5uarried

by the hand of man" but of

stones shaped by nature only& 1sed to construct the garden4s

paths" bridges" and #al%#ays

& epresent a geologicalpresence #here actual

mountains are not vie#able orpresent They are placed inodd numbers and a ma0ority ofthe groupings re.ect triangularshapes



They are arti'cialmountains usually"built in gardens

Generally bet#eenone and 've of thehills are built

They are made up of

ceramics" dried #oodor strangely(shapedstones



efers to a relatively small caveor hollo# set underneath theground near a #ashbasin in thegarden

The hollo# produces a harp(li%eechoing sound e$ect as #ater

drips into the hollo# Thus" itprovides a mysterious sound forpeople strolling through thegarden

They are generally located the atgates of the garden

The e8cess #ater running overthe edge of the tsu%ubai dropsdo#n onto polished pebblesbelo#

Belo# the ground is anotherlarge basin" often a ceramicvase



•The art of (onsai involves the trainingof everyday shrus such as pine,

cypress, holly, cedar, cherry, maple, and

eech to look like old, large trees in

miniature form.

•The trees are usually less than one

meter high and kept small y pruning,

re-potting, gro'th pinching, and 'iring

the ranches.

•(onseki is the art of developing

miniature landscapes 'hich may

include smallest of rock pieces to

represent mountains.



The Japanese garden can include three possible methodsfor scenery3

The 'rst is the reduced scale scenery method Thereduced scale method ta%es actual natural elements andreproduces them on a smaller scale

The second techni5ue called symboli+ation and itinvolves generali+ation and abstraction this could beaccomplished by using #hite sand to simulate the ocean

Borro#ed vie#s is a techni5ue that refers to artistic useof elements that imply scenes other than those actually

portrayed An e8ample of this #ould be a painting of ahouse in the city #ith a seaside doc% in the middle of thestreet to imply a seascape scene



NON RECTILINEAR SHAPED WATER BODY

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:Karesansui Gardens or dry gardens

<Tsu%iyama Gardens or hill garden Chani#a Gardens or tea gardens



Also %no#n as roc% gardensand #aterless stream gardens

In.uenced by =en Buddhismand can be found at =entemples of meditation

/ound in the front or rear

gardens at the residences

)o #ater presents in gardensra%ed gravel or sand thatsimulates the feeling of #ater

The roc%sLgravel used arechosen for their artistic shapes"and mosses as #ell as smallshrubs

Plants are much less important6and sometimes none8istent7



oc%s and moss are used torepresent ponds" islands" boats"seas" rivers" and mountains inan abstract #ay

Gardens #ere meant to bevie#ed from a single" seatedperspective

oc%s in %aresansui are oftenassociated #ith Chinese

mountains such as 2t Penglaior 2t Fu Karesansui

!tones are usually o$(#hite orgrey though the occasional redor blac% stone #ere added later



They strive to ma%e asmaller garden appearmore spacious

!hrubs are utili+ed tobloc% vie#s of

surrounding buildings The gardens main focus

is on nearby mountainsin the distance

The garden has themountains as part of its

grounds Ponds" streams" hills"

stones" trees" .o#ers"bridges" and paths arealso used fre5uently in

this style as opposed to a.at garden



They are built for teaceremonies

Tea house is #here theceremonies occur" andthe styles of both the hut

and garden are based o$the simple concepts ofthe sado

There are stepping stones leading to the tea house"stone lanterns" and stonebasins #here guestspurify themselves beforea ceremony

The teahouse is screenedby hedges to create a

sense of remoteness

http://www.mobot.org/hort/gardens/japanese/teahouse/index.shtml

http://www.mobot.org/hort/gardens/japanese/teahouse/index.shtml



Courtyard gardens are small gardens ne tsubo is a Japanese measurement e5ualing

s5uare meters The origin of the tsubo ni#a lies in the :th century

#hen Japan4s economy #as thriving A lot of merchantshad large house #ith several storage buildings aroundit The 'rst courtyard gardens #ere made in the openspaces bet#een the house and the storage buildings

The elements of a courtyard garden are similar to the

elements of a tea garden" ho#ever more shade tolerantplants are used The design principles of traditional

Japanese courtyard gardens" are very suited for createcontemporary small spaces on roofs or terraces



These are large landscape gardensften e8isting landscapes arereproduced on a smaller scale" or an

imaginary landscape is created



These are pleasure gardens" mostlybuilt during the Edo(period 2ost ofthese gardens are no# public par%s



yoan(0i 6or The Temple of the Peaceful Dragon7 is a=en temple located in north#est Kyoto" JapanBelonging to the 2yoshin(0i school of the in+ai branchof =en Buddhism" the temple is one of the -istoric

2onuments of Ancient Kyoto" a 1)E!C ,orld -eritage!ite

An ob0ect of interest near the rear of the mon%s5uarters is the carved stone receptacle into #hich#ater for ritual puri'cation continuously .o#s This isthe yoan(0i tsu%ubai" #hich translates literally ascrouch and the lo#er elevation of the basin re5uiresthe user to bend a little bit to reach the #ater" #hich

suggests supplication and reverence



To many" the temple4s name is synonymous #ith thetemple4s famous %aresansui 6dry landscape7 roc%garden" thought to have been built in the late :>;;s

The garden consists of ra%ed gravel and 'fteen moss(covered boulders" #hich are placed so that" #henloo%ing at the garden from any angle only fourteen ofthe boulders are visible at one time

It is traditionally said that only through attainingenlightenment #ould one be able to vie# the 'fteenthboulder



The researchers propose that the implicit structure of thegarden is designed to appeal to the vie#ers unconscious

visual sensitivity to a8ial(symmetry s%eletons of stimulusshapes In support of their 'ndings" they found that imposinga random perturbation of the locations of individual roc%features destroyed the special characteristics



Fa%e of :< hectares #as dug" hillsand islands #ere formed" beachesmade" pavilions built and plantingunderta%en

-as : bridges connecting the la%e Fa%e used for boating parties and

the surrounding land as a strollgarden" in e$ect a tea garden on anenormous scale

The 4Katsura Tree4 6Cercidiphyllum 0aponicum7 #as associated #ith theGod of the 2oon and the gardenhas a platform to vie# its rising

There are < stone lanterns to lightthe stroll path after dar% !tone basins #ere used for hand(

#ashing before a tea ceremony Garden designed not only for

meditation 6=en7 but also forceremonious courtly pleasures



Japanese Gardens by Gunter)itsch%e

!la#son" David A !ecret Teachingsin the Art of Japanese Gardens

*agi" Ko0i A Japanese Touch for *our-ome

,i%ipediacom/lic%rcom

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