Springfield_LE_Ward_Profile

Life Expectancy Ward Analysis

Ward Profile: Springfield Tackling Health Inequalities: Life Expectancy

VERSION CONTROL AND DOCUMENT GOVERNANCE

Version 2

Date June 2009

Status Green

File location (public)

Filename and path to locate this document

Springfield_LE_Ward_Profile.doc 2

All maps produced with permission of Dotted Eyes & Ordance Survey © Crown copyright 2008 licence number 100019918


Introduction

Life expectancy is one of the main indicators for health inequalities. It has been set as the overarching work stream for tackling health inequalities in Birmingham by the Health and Wellbeing Partnership (BHWP).

This Ward Profile series aims to:

• Provide a detailed ward level picture of local health inequality context

• Describe life expectancy trend in each target ward

• Investigate into leading conditions that cause deaths locally to provide local focus for each target ward and

• Suggest future area/ factors for extended research

Author s Jeanette Davis (Public Health Information Analyst)

Yang Tian (Public Health Information Team Leader)

Chris Stephen (Public Health Information Analyst)

Mohan Singh (Public Health Database Administrator/ Analyst)

Iris Fermin (Head of Information and Intelligence)

Jim McManus (Joint Director of Public Health)

Any further Information

Telephone 0121 465 2995 / 2999 or

Email : [email protected]


Summary

• Electoral ward Springfield is in the boundary of Heart of Birmingham Teaching PCT

• Springfield accounted for 2.97% of Birmingham’s population in 2006

• Children and young people is more than the third of the population at 34.5%

• Black and Minority Ethnicity (BME) group split (66.4%) is higher than national average (11.3%) and Birmingham (32.7%). This group accounted for 1.9% of the total population of Birmingham in 2001.

• Springfield is the 19th (out of 40) most deprived ward in Birmingham

• The latest statistics shows:

o Life expectancy is at 76.8 for men, 80.3 for women in the year 2005/07. Male life expectancy increased by 1.2%. The gap between Springfield and England has widened by 70% (0.9years) from 95/97 to 05/07

o Female life expectancy has increased by 0.20%. The gap between Springfield and England has widened by 200% (1.5 year) from 95/97 to 05/07

o Since 1999/2001 IMR has progressively reduced and now stands at 7.8 which a reduction of 36.73% over the 8 years. IMR is now only 60% higher than the England average

o Circulatory diseases (34.4%), Cancers (28.3%) and Coronary Heart Diseases (18.1%) are the leading conditions that cause deaths in the ward


1 Local context: demographics and deprivation

This section describes population demographics, deprivation and further comparisons with Birmingham and England to provide a local context for life expectancy inequalities.

1.1 Age and sex distribution

The population of Springfield is estimated to be 29,997. This represents 2.97% of the population of Birmingham. There are (15,250) 50.8% male and (14,747) 49.2% female. These estimations are based on ONS Mid. Year (2006). The population pyramid (Figure 1.1) below shows the age and sex distributions.

Population By Age Group and Gender

2006 Estimates by Ward

Source: Office of National Statistics

1444

1243

1128

1235

1420

1356

1107

975

800

757

703

577

441

454

413

335

185

1581

1266

1204

1243

1567

1396

1258

1172

800

780

676

509

430

436

369

287

184

2000 1500 1000 500 0 500 1000 1500 2000

0-4

5-9

10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

70-74

75-79

80+Males

Females

Data source: ONS 2006 mid year population estimates

Figure 1.1 Population by age group and gender, Springfield 2006

Figure 1.1 illustrates:

• Children under school leaving age (i.e. age 0 - 19) represent 34.48% (10,344) of the Springfield population. Persons of retirement age (age 65+) account for 9.76% (2,929).

• The age structure of the ward shows that the under 19 group accounts for 12.43 percentage points more than the Birmingham’s grouping, in comparison the wards 65+ are 0.88 percentage points below the city.


1.2 Ethnicity There are some illnesses that have more prevalence in some ethnicity group than other, thus knowing the ethnicity population distribution is required to target those vulnerable health group. Table 1.1 shows the ethnicity distribution in the Springfield population, compared with Birmingham and England.

• The % column in each of table 1.1 represents the percentage of the total population that fit into that ethnic group. The N* column shows the quantity of people in thousands that are from each group, for the ward, City and nationally.

• About two thirds (66.4%) of the population in Springfield is of non-white ethnicity (i.e. Black and Minority Ethnicity (BME) Group. Within the BME group, Pakistanis represents 39.8%, Indian 13.2% and Black Caribbean 3.1%.

• The proportion of BME (66.4%) is approx twice the proportion within Birmingham (32.7%), vastly higher than that of England (11.3%).

• White ethnicity (33.6%) is lower than both England and local levels

Table 1.1 Ethnicity groups for Springfield (2001), Birmingham (2006) and England (2006)

Springfield Birmingham England

Ethnicity groups % N* % N* % N* White 33.6 9.7 67.3 667.0 88.7 45,018.1 Asian or Asian British 59.1 17.1 20.7 207.9 5.5 2,786.6 Black or Black British 4.0 1.2 6.7 67.0 2.8 1,403.0 Mixed 2.3 0.7 3.2 31.8 1.6 829.5 Chinese or other 1.0 0.3 2.3 22.9 1.4 725.7 Total 100 29.0 100 1,106.5 100 50,762.9

*population by thousand Data source: ONS population estimates by ethnic group mid 2006 for Birmingham / England. 2001 Census data for Ward

1.1. 1.3 Deprivation According to Index of Multiple Deprivations (IMD) 2007 published by ONS, Springfield is the 19th most deprived electoral ward (out of 40) in Birmingham with an overall IMD score of 32.621.

Figure 1.2 shows SOAs in Springfield by IMD quintile, 2007. Table 1.2 shows the population density. Most of the area covered by Springfield is in the third and fourth most deprived SOAs in Birmingham.

Ward Area

Area (km2) Population Density

(person/km2)

Population Density – Working Age (person/km

2)

4.137 6153 3776

1 Ward level IMD score is calculated based on IMD score 2007 for SOAs and population weighting from

SOAs to Wards in Birmingham produced by Birmingham Strategic Partnership Information Sharing Group from the Birmingham City Council.


Figure 1.2 Super Output Areas in Springfield by IMD quintile, 2007


2 Life expectancy trend Life expectancy is one of the most important indicators for health inequalities across the population; and there is evidence that people that most need support do not have access to services. This section gives an overview of life expectancy at birth in Springfield, in terms of trend and variations in different groups and communities.

Figure 2.1 shows trend of male expectancy in Springfield from 1995/97 to 2005/07 on a 3-year basis, in comparison with Birmingham and England. Figure 2.1 shows evidence that whilst male life expectancy has increased in Springfield over the ten years since 1995, although there have been drops in preceding years. This fluctuation is not consistent with either city or national trends and therefore further investigation as to causes are required.

Male Life Expectancy - 3 Year Rolling Average,

Springfield, Birmingham & England

70.0

71.0

72.0

73.0

74.0

75.0

76.0

77.0

78.0

79.0

1995

/ 97

1996

/ 98

1997

/ 99

1998

/ 00

1999

/ 01

2000

/ 02

2001

/ 03

2002

/ 04

2003

/ 05

2004

/ 06

2005

/ 07

Calendar Year

Lif

e E

xp

ecta

ncy (

Ag

e)

England M ales Birmingham M ales Springfield M ales

Data source: ONS

Figure 2.1 Male life expectancy, Springfield Birmingham and England, 1995/97 – 2005/07

Figure 2.2 shows trend of female expectancy in Springfield from 1995/97 to 2005/07 on a 3-year basis, in comparison with Birmingham and England. Figure 2.2 shows that by 2007 female life expectancy in Springfield has increased since 1995, however at 2007 life expectancy was lower than 1995. More strategies are needed to identify underlying causes of this issue


Female Life Expectancy - 3 Year Rolling Average,

Springfield, Birmingham & England

76.0

77.0

78.0

79.0

80.0

81.0

82.0

83.0

1995

/ 97

1996

/ 98

1997

/ 99

1998

/ 00

1999

/ 01

2000

/ 02

2001

/ 03

2002

/ 04

2003

/ 05

2004

/ 06

2005

/ 07

Calendar Year

Lif

e E

xp

ecta

ncy (

Ag

e)

England Females Birmingham Females Springfield Females

Data source: ONS

Figure 2.2 Female life expectancy for Springfield, Birmingham and England, 1995/97 – 2005/07

Life expectancy in Springfield is lower than City and national average. The gap for both Male/Female life expectancy between Springfield and England has increased, initially 95/97 both men and women were higher than national levels however, they are now both below. In conclusion:

• Male life expectancy has increased by 1.2% (0.91years, from 75.8 years to 76.8 years).

• The gap of male life expectancy between Springfield and England has widened from 1.2 years in Springfield’s favour to 0.9 years adverse, which means an increase of 70%.

• Female life expectancy has increased by 0.2% (0.17 years, from 80.1 years to 80.3 years).

• The gap of female life expectancy between Springfield and England has widened by 1.9 year from 0.4 years in Springfield’s favour 1.5 years adverse.


2.1 Infant mortality

In areas with high infant mortality rates, the life expectancy at birth is highly sensitive to the rate of death in the first few years of life. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is calculated as the number of newborns dying under one year of age in every 1,000 live births during the year, excluding still births.

Figure 2.3 shows trends of IMR in Springfield, Birmingham, England and the most deprived quintile (i.e. 20%) Super Output Areas (SOAs) in Birmingham (based on Lower Super Output Area level IMD score 2007), from 1999 to 2007.

Springfield Infant Mortality Rate - 3 year rolling average

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

1999 / 01 2000 / 02 2001 / 03 2002 / 04 2003 / 05 2004 / 06 2005 / 07

Trend Years

Rate

per

1,0

00

Birmingham England M ost Deprived Quintile in Bham Springfield

Data source: Birmingham, West Midlands and England: National Centre for Health Outcomes Development Most deprived quintile in Birmingham: PHIT

Figure 2.3 Infant mortality rates per 1,000 births in Springfield Birmingham, England and the most deprived quintile in Birmingham, 1999-2007

As illustrated in Figure 2.3, in 05/07, the IMR in Springfield is nearly two thirds higher than that of England (59.1%) and that in the most deprived quintile is about two folds of England.

• From 99/01 to 05/07, the IMR in Springfield has improved by 36%, and over the same period Birmingham’s IMR has also improved similarly..

• The gap between the most deprived quintile SOAs in Birmingham and Springfield widened to 2.5. in Springfield’s favour.

• During the same period, the IMR in England has decreased smoothly from 5.6 to 4.9 (at about 0.1 per year). The gap between Springfield and England has decreased from 6.7 to 2.9 (43%).


3 Local focus This section investigates into the leading causes of deaths locally.

3.1 Mortality rates on selected diseases Age-specific mortality rate is used to calculate life expectancy at birth. Disease specific standardised mortality rates are investigated into this part in order to identify leading diseases that contribute to the overall mortality rates in Springfield.

Table 3.1 shows directly standardized mortality rates for selected conditions in Springfield in 2005-2007. Percentage of each disease’s rate out of the overall rate is also shown here. According to the figures, cancers, circulatory diseases, coronary heart disease, are the major killers. They make more than 80.85% of the overall DSR, which consistent across the city; however the PCT percentages are 72% to 81.6%, and circulatory diseases is outstanding higher in Springfield.

Table 3.1 Directly Standardized Mortality Rates (DSRs) per 100,000 population for selected conditions, Springfield, 2005-2007

DSR % out of all causes

rate*

All Causes 634.72

All Cancers 179.40 28.26%

All Circulatory Diseases 218.59 34.44%

Coronary Heart Disease 115.19 18.15%

* Percentage of rate for the specific disease out of rate for all causes

Data source: National Centre for Health Outcomes Development

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