Spring, 20111 Fall, 2010 1 GECH119 A Brief History of Chemistry Dr. Ralph C. Gatrone Virginia State...

Spring, 2011Spring, 2011 11Fall, 2010Fall, 2010 11

GECH119GECH119A Brief History of ChemistryA Brief History of Chemistry

Dr. Ralph C. GatroneDr. Ralph C. GatroneVirginia State UniversityVirginia State University

Department of Chemistry and PhysicsDepartment of Chemistry and Physics


Chapter ObjectivesChapter Objectives

Introduce Origins of UniverseIntroduce Origins of Universe Introduce Origins of ScienceIntroduce Origins of Science Introduce History of ChemistryIntroduce History of Chemistry


Origins: Description of CreationOrigins: Description of Creation

Based upon scientific observationBased upon scientific observation IncompleteIncomplete ImperfectImperfect UnwitnessedUnwitnessed Most accurate account availableMost accurate account available TestableTestable ReproducibleReproducible SupportableSupportable


ObservationsObservations

Universe is largeUniverse is large Universe is expandingUniverse is expanding Universe must have been smallerUniverse must have been smaller Define underlying relationshipsDefine underlying relationships Big BangBig Bang

Physics allows us to work backwardsPhysics allows us to work backwards This requires measurement and quantificationThis requires measurement and quantification

Underlying relationships can be definedUnderlying relationships can be defined


Measurement and QuantificationMeasurement and Quantification

Agree upon standard units of measurementAgree upon standard units of measurement– International System of Units (SI Units)International System of Units (SI Units)

Base UnitsBase Units– Mass – kilogram (Kg)Mass – kilogram (Kg)– Length – meter (m)Length – meter (m)– Time – second (s)Time – second (s)– Temperature – Kelvin (K)Temperature – Kelvin (K)

From these we get the derived unitsFrom these we get the derived units– Volume, density, speed, force, energyVolume, density, speed, force, energy

ExampleExample

As you drive by an intersection, you observe As you drive by an intersection, you observe Two parked cars. One has a mangled front Two parked cars. One has a mangled front

end. The other a mangled back end.end. The other a mangled back end. Conclusions you can draw.Conclusions you can draw.

Spring, 2011Spring, 2011 66

ExampleExample

But you did not see the accident happening.But you did not see the accident happening.



Direct and Indirect DataDirect and Indirect Data

Direct data – Direct data – – First hand observationFirst hand observation

Indirect dataIndirect data– Infer event from clues left behindInfer event from clues left behind– Development of modelsDevelopment of models


The Big BangThe Big Bang

Universe was small and very hotUniverse was small and very hot Matter/Energy were inter convertingMatter/Energy were inter converting Matter – mass and volumeMatter – mass and volume Energy – capacity to do workEnergy – capacity to do work Relationship: E = mcRelationship: E = mc22

Universe began cooling and expandingUniverse began cooling and expanding More energy then matter, but with coolingMore energy then matter, but with cooling Amount of matter began increasingAmount of matter began increasing


How can we say this?How can we say this?

The Big Bang TheoryThe Big Bang Theory Incorporates present dataIncorporates present data Incorporates present observationsIncorporates present observations Predicts results of future experimentsPredicts results of future experiments If new observation agrees with TheoryIf new observation agrees with Theory

– Basic concept is supportedBasic concept is supported– Progress continuesProgress continues

If new observation does not agree with TheoryIf new observation does not agree with Theory– Theory must be modified or replacedTheory must be modified or replaced– Progress continuesProgress continues


Big Bang ModelBig Bang Model

Theory developed from indirect dataTheory developed from indirect data Model explains this dataModel explains this data Model predicts future experiments and Model predicts future experiments and

observationsobservations


Formation of the ElementsFormation of the Elements

Universe cooled after Big BangUniverse cooled after Big Bang Electrons attached themselves to H and HeElectrons attached themselves to H and He Gravity caused matter to collect in clumpsGravity caused matter to collect in clumps As clumps increased in size electrons were As clumps increased in size electrons were

driven off the atoms – plasma formationdriven off the atoms – plasma formation Nuclear fusion began – star formationNuclear fusion began – star formation H atoms fuse to form He + energy releasedH atoms fuse to form He + energy released Galaxies formedGalaxies formed


Formation of the ElementsFormation of the Elements H fuses to become HeH fuses to become He As H fuel is used He fuses to form Li or BeAs H fuel is used He fuses to form Li or Be Be + He gave CBe + He gave C As atoms get larger energy is required to continue fusionAs atoms get larger energy is required to continue fusion Fusion stops at formation of FeFusion stops at formation of Fe

What happens next?What happens next? Depends upon size of the starDepends upon size of the star Some stars slowly cool and dimSome stars slowly cool and dim Gravity pulls all material inward Gravity pulls all material inward Implosion followed by explosionImplosion followed by explosion SupernovaSupernova Heavy elements (masses bigger than Fe) formed by this processHeavy elements (masses bigger than Fe) formed by this process Some are radioactive and form other elements through radioactive decaySome are radioactive and form other elements through radioactive decay


What is Chemistry?What is Chemistry?

Chemistry is defined as the study of matter Chemistry is defined as the study of matter and its properties.and its properties.

When did we begin doing chemistry?When did we begin doing chemistry? When did we begin doing science?When did we begin doing science?


The BeginningThe Beginning

Prehistory - 2,000,000 to 5000 years agoPrehistory - 2,000,000 to 5000 years ago PaleolithicPaleolithic Defined by crude stone toolsDefined by crude stone tools Neolithic - 12,000 years agoNeolithic - 12,000 years ago Defined by complex stone toolsDefined by complex stone tools


Science and Technology

Science – a collection of knowledge Primarily concerns the universe and its

behavior Study does not require a particular goal or

objective beyond just knowing Technology – application of scientific

knowledge


Science and TechnologyScience and Technology

Separate pathsSeparate paths Little trace of science during prehistoryLittle trace of science during prehistory Use of Technology evidentUse of Technology evident Tool useTool use Not purely humanNot purely human Rooted in biologyRooted in biology Observed in nonhumansObserved in nonhumans Requires thoughtRequires thought Making tools is essential to human existenceMaking tools is essential to human existence


TechnologyTechnology

HumansHumans Only species to make tools used to make Only species to make tools used to make

toolstools Human society requires technology Human society requires technology

advancement for survivaladvancement for survival


Technological AdvancesTechnological Advances

Control of fireControl of fire Provided warmthProvided warmth Enabled migration into cold climatesEnabled migration into cold climates Provided lightProvided light Enabled activity after dark and in dark placesEnabled activity after dark and in dark places Provided protectionProvided protection Enabled cooking – aid to digestionEnabled cooking – aid to digestion Hardened toolsHardened tools Enabled social and cultural developmentEnabled social and cultural development


AdvancesAdvances

Grasping hand – evolutionGrasping hand – evolution Speech – empowered dramatic social changes Speech – empowered dramatic social changes

with cultural consequenceswith cultural consequences 40,000 years ago40,000 years ago Neanderthal extinctNeanderthal extinct Homo sapiensHomo sapiens Produced specialized toolsProduced specialized tools Began tradeBegan trade Produced artProduced art Buried their deadBuried their dead


Homo sapiensHomo sapiens

NomadicNomadic Technology related to food gathering and Technology related to food gathering and

processingprocessing No surplus foodNo surplus food No institutions necessaryNo institutions necessary Labor was divided by genderLabor was divided by gender Population growth forced food collectorsPopulation growth forced food collectors To become food producersTo become food producers


Food ProducersFood Producers

Mastery of a set of technologiesMastery of a set of technologies Science?Science? Practical knowledge is different from Practical knowledge is different from

understanding a phenomenonunderstanding a phenomenon Absence of records suggests science was not Absence of records suggests science was not

pursuedpursued Possessed extensive knowledge of naturePossessed extensive knowledge of nature Keen observersKeen observers May have categorized observationsMay have categorized observations


RecordsRecords

Recorded moon observations on boneRecorded moon observations on bone (engraved mammoth tusk from Ukraine)(engraved mammoth tusk from Ukraine)

2,000,000 2,000,000 food collectorsfood collectors little technologylittle technology 200,000200,000 Same lack of progress by our speciesSame lack of progress by our species 15,000 years ago15,000 years ago Accelerated paceAccelerated pace Why?Why?


Pace IncreasedPace Increased

Climate changeClimate change Extinction of many large animalsExtinction of many large animals Population increasePopulation increase Formation of large communities for survivalFormation of large communities for survival FarmingFarming Animal domesticationAnimal domestication


Development of Ancillary SkillsDevelopment of Ancillary Skills

TextilesTextiles Storage need Storage need Pottery Pottery PyrotechnologyPyrotechnology Metallurgy (primarily copper)Metallurgy (primarily copper) Fermented beveragesFermented beverages


The PaceThe Pace

4000 BCE4000 BCE Metal use is commonMetal use is common 2000 BCE2000 BCE Bronze developedBronze developed 1500 BCE1500 BCE Iron extractedIron extracted 900 BCE900 BCE Preservation of DeadPreservation of Dead


MetalsMetals

Metals used by virtually all civilizationsMetals used by virtually all civilizations Most metals exist as oresMost metals exist as ores Found combined with O, S, and halogen Found combined with O, S, and halogen Cu, Au, AgCu, Au, Ag Cu – most abundant, found in all early Cu – most abundant, found in all early

civilizationscivilizations Au – very soft, useless for all but jewelryAu – very soft, useless for all but jewelry Ag – rarer and more costly than AuAg – rarer and more costly than Au


CopperCopper

Became inexpensiveBecame inexpensive Blue rocksBlue rocks Produced Cu metal Produced Cu metal On heatingOn heating Wood fireWood fire Soft for useSoft for use


BronzeBronze

Mixing Cu and Sn - alloyMixing Cu and Sn - alloy Harder than CuHarder than Cu More durable edgesMore durable edges SharperSharper Bronze Age – metal used as tools, Bronze Age – metal used as tools,

weapons, and armorweapons, and armor Fe was known, but very rareFe was known, but very rare Found in meteorite remnantsFound in meteorite remnants


IronIron

Fe more firmly bound in ores than Cu or SnFe more firmly bound in ores than Cu or Sn Wood fire is insufficient to smelt FeWood fire is insufficient to smelt Fe Hittites discovered well ventilated charcoal Hittites discovered well ventilated charcoal

fire could smelt Fefire could smelt Fe Wrought Iron – (Fe) is brittleWrought Iron – (Fe) is brittle Adding C produced the alloy steelAdding C produced the alloy steel Armor and weapons were first developedArmor and weapons were first developed


Iron AgeIron Age

Dorians Dorians Barbaric Greek tribe Barbaric Greek tribe Conquered Mycenaean Greeks Conquered Mycenaean Greeks Using steel weapons (Fe + C)Using steel weapons (Fe + C) Greeks moved into Asia MinorGreeks moved into Asia Minor Known as the PhilistinesKnown as the Philistines Finally defeated by steel equipped Israelites Finally defeated by steel equipped Israelites

under King Saulunder King Saul


EgyptEgypt

Practical chemical arts – very advancedPractical chemical arts – very advanced Embalming and preservation of deadEmbalming and preservation of dead Metallurgical expertiseMetallurgical expertise Developed use of pigmentsDeveloped use of pigments Mineral and plant infusionsMineral and plant infusions

Where does the word Chemistry come from?Where does the word Chemistry come from? Kham = Egypt, derived into khemeia (Art of Egypt)Kham = Egypt, derived into khemeia (Art of Egypt) Khumos = plant juice (Greek)Khumos = plant juice (Greek)


The Greek ElementsThe Greek Elements

Nature of the universeNature of the universe Structure of materialsStructure of materials Philosophers (lover of wisdom)Philosophers (lover of wisdom) Studied the “why”Studied the “why” Chemical theoryChemical theory Thales – first recorded Greek philosopherThales – first recorded Greek philosopher ““can a substance be changed from one material into can a substance be changed from one material into

another?”another?” Blue stone – heat became red CuBlue stone – heat became red Cu ““Can any substance be changed into another?”Can any substance be changed into another?” ““Are all substances different aspects of one basic Are all substances different aspects of one basic

material?”material?”


Water - ElementWater - Element

Greek philosophersGreek philosophers There is a basic substanceThere is a basic substance Water was disputed as that substanceWater was disputed as that substance

Sky was not a semi-sphere, but a complete sphereSky was not a semi-sphere, but a complete sphere Earth was spherical as wellEarth was spherical as well Vacuum could not existVacuum could not exist Sky contained air (experience)Sky contained air (experience) Air – element of the universe Air – element of the universe


FireFire

Element should be something that changedElement should be something that changed FireFire Ever shiftingEver shifting Ever changingEver changing Fieriness made change possibleFieriness made change possible


ChangeChange

Persians conquer GreecePersians conquer Greece Rule was harshRule was harsh Scientific thought was suppressedScientific thought was suppressed

Philosophers moved westPhilosophers moved west Pythagoras went to ItalyPythagoras went to Italy Founded a substantial schoolFounded a substantial school Empedocles, Sicily, eminent scholarEmpedocles, Sicily, eminent scholar Why was there a single element?Why was there a single element?


Four ElementsFour Elements

Fire, Air, Water, and EarthFire, Air, Water, and Earth Accepted by AristotleAccepted by Aristotle Combination of PropertiesCombination of Properties Fire = hot and dryFire = hot and dry Air = hot and moistAir = hot and moist Water = cold and moistWater = cold and moist Earth = cold and dryEarth = cold and dry


Where did Aristotle come from?Where did Aristotle come from?

SocratesSocrates Son of a working class familySon of a working class family Set about establishing rules for an ethical societySet about establishing rules for an ethical society An irrefutable truthAn irrefutable truth Doesn’t work well in chemistryDoesn’t work well in chemistry Nature dictates the rulesNature dictates the rules Natural philosophy was not a good thing to studyNatural philosophy was not a good thing to study



SocratesSocrates Rejected experimentationRejected experimentation Rejected proof by analogyRejected proof by analogy Rejected proof by inductive reasoningRejected proof by inductive reasoning Conclusions reached through mental reflectionConclusions reached through mental reflection Deductive reasoning (Socratic method)Deductive reasoning (Socratic method) Damaged the development of chemistryDamaged the development of chemistry Sentenced to death for corrupting the youthSentenced to death for corrupting the youth Left star pupil Plato behindLeft star pupil Plato behind



PlatoPlato Son of a wealthy familySon of a wealthy family Father claimed to be the son of PoseidonFather claimed to be the son of Poseidon Natural philosophy was worthy of studyNatural philosophy was worthy of study Remove atheism and retributionRemove atheism and retribution Natural laws are subject to the authority of divine principlesNatural laws are subject to the authority of divine principles Metals are referred to as watersMetals are referred to as waters They meltThey melt Materials can be transmutedMaterials can be transmuted Founded the Athens AcademyFounded the Athens Academy Philosophical and scientific teachingPhilosophical and scientific teaching Best student was AristotleBest student was Aristotle


AristotleAristotle

Four ElementsFour Elements Heavenly bodies did not appear to changeHeavenly bodies did not appear to change Properties must be differentProperties must be different Composed of a fifth elementComposed of a fifth element Ether (glow)Ether (glow) Ether was perfect, eternal, incorruptibleEther was perfect, eternal, incorruptible Four earthly elements were very differentFour earthly elements were very different These ideas lasted for 2000 yearsThese ideas lasted for 2000 years


Ideas Are Still PresentIdeas Are Still Presentin Our Languagein Our Language

Raging of elementsRaging of elements for a bad storm for a bad storm

Fifth element (ether) = Fifth element (ether) = quinta essentiaquinta essentia in in (Latin) = quintessence = purest form of (Latin) = quintessence = purest form of somethingsomething


Divisibility of MatterDivisibility of Matter

Stone fragmentsStone fragments Each piece can be made smallerEach piece can be made smaller Still stoneStill stone Can this go on endlessly?Can this go on endlessly? LeucippusLeucippus Eventually you cannot get smallerEventually you cannot get smaller Democritus (student)Democritus (student) Ultimately small particles are “atomos”Ultimately small particles are “atomos” Meaning indivisibleMeaning indivisible Atomism is this doctrineAtomism is this doctrine


AtomsAtoms

Each atom of an element has distinct size and Each atom of an element has distinct size and shapeshape

Materials Greeks knewMaterials Greeks knew Mixtures of atoms of the different elementsMixtures of atoms of the different elements One substance changes into anotherOne substance changes into another Alter this mixture of atomsAlter this mixture of atoms Recall: Greeks did NO experimentationRecall: Greeks did NO experimentation Conclusions were reachedConclusions were reached Arguments from first principlesArguments from first principles Atomism was rejected by AristotleAtomism was rejected by Aristotle


AristotleAristotle

Thoughts pervasive for 2000 yearsThoughts pervasive for 2000 years Epicurus made atomism part of his thoughtEpicurus made atomism part of his thought Titus Titus LucretiusLucretius Carus – Roman poet Carus – Roman poet Didactic poem (teaching poem)Didactic poem (teaching poem) De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things)De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things) Wrote of the atomist viewWrote of the atomist view Scraps and bits of quotations remainedScraps and bits of quotations remained Aristotle’s view prevailedAristotle’s view prevailed


Why did Aristotle’s philosophy hold Why did Aristotle’s philosophy hold sway for so long?sway for so long?

Thoughts had an intuitive appealThoughts had an intuitive appeal Tutored the son of Philip of MacedoniaTutored the son of Philip of Macedonia Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great Conquered most of the known worldConquered most of the known world Spread Greek culture and philosophy Spread Greek culture and philosophy China to SpainChina to Spain


GreeksGreeks

The greatest philosophersThe greatest philosophers Greek hypotheses Greek hypotheses Concerning the nature of matterConcerning the nature of matter Concerning the interactions of matter Concerning the interactions of matter No experimentationNo experimentation Hindered chemical advancementHindered chemical advancement


Theory and Practical ArtsTheory and Practical Arts

Egypt – applied chemistryEgypt – applied chemistry Greek – theoretical approachGreek – theoretical approach god Thoth was source of chemical god Thoth was source of chemical

knowledgeknowledge Associated with HermesAssociated with Hermes Mysticism and science relationshipMysticism and science relationship


Mysticism and ChemistryMysticism and Chemistry

Khemeia associated with religionKhemeia associated with religion Practitioners were fearedPractitioners were feared Priests – knowledge of the godsPriests – knowledge of the gods Astrologers – knowledge of the futureAstrologers – knowledge of the future Chemists – ability to change substancesChemists – ability to change substances Used by individuals to increase powerUsed by individuals to increase power


ExamplesExamples

Seven planets were associated with the Seven planets were associated with the seven known elementsseven known elements

Gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead, and Gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead, and mercurymercury

Kept chemical changes obscureKept chemical changes obscure Retarded progressRetarded progress Anyone could pretend to be a practitionerAnyone could pretend to be a practitioner


First PractitionersFirst Practitioners

Bolo of MendesBolo of Mendes Studied changing lead (Pb) into gold (Au)Studied changing lead (Pb) into gold (Au) 4 elements suggested the possibility4 elements suggested the possibility Red rock gave FeRed rock gave Fe Could Fe give Au?Could Fe give Au? Need the correct processNeed the correct process


Transmutation: Pb to AuTransmutation: Pb to Au

More profitable to fake the changeMore profitable to fake the change Cu(Zn) alloy – brassCu(Zn) alloy – brass Yellow like AuYellow like Au


Rise of ChristianityRise of Christianity

Khemeia was considered paganKhemeia was considered pagan Forced undergroundForced underground Greek learning left RomeGreek learning left Rome Nestorians, Christian sect, persecuted by Nestorians, Christian sect, persecuted by

orthodox Christiansorthodox Christians Moved to PersiaMoved to Persia Bringing Greek learning with themBringing Greek learning with them


Arabic LearningArabic Learning Rise of IslamRise of Islam Arabs burst into western worldArabs burst into western world Invaded North Africa, Egypt, and PersiaInvaded North Africa, Egypt, and Persia In Persia – met Greek scienceIn Persia – met Greek science Very interestedVery interested May have been practicalMay have been practical Stopped at Constantinople due to Greek FireStopped at Constantinople due to Greek Fire Burned in waterBurned in water Callinicus (Egypt) practiced khemeiaCallinicus (Egypt) practiced khemeia Khemeia became al-kimiya in Arabic (al = the)Khemeia became al-kimiya in Arabic (al = the) Became AlchemyBecame Alchemy 300 BCE to 1600 CE300 BCE to 1600 CE


Why not Europe?Why not Europe?

300 – 1200 CE – nearly complete blank300 – 1200 CE – nearly complete blank 300 – 1100 CE – height of Arabic learning300 – 1100 CE – height of Arabic learning Preserved and extended Greek-EgyptianPreserved and extended Greek-Egyptian Many chemical terms from this periodMany chemical terms from this period Alcohol, alkaliAlcohol, alkali


TransmutationTransmutation

Greeks suggested a need for a dry powderGreeks suggested a need for a dry powder Xerion = dryXerion = dry al-iksir = dry in Arabical-iksir = dry in Arabic Became elixir in EnglishBecame elixir in English Philosopher’s stonePhilosopher’s stone Philosopher was a scientistPhilosopher was a scientist


The ElixirThe Elixir

Changed base metals into AuChanged base metals into Au Cured all diseasesCured all diseases Conferred immortalityConferred immortality A new pursuitA new pursuit Persian Alchemist – Al-RaziPersian Alchemist – Al-Razi Pursued medicinePursued medicine


Europe’s RevivalEurope’s Revival

Switch to medicine in Arab worldSwitch to medicine in Arab world Led to decline of interest in alchemyLed to decline of interest in alchemy Arabs translated many Greek texts in ArabicArabs translated many Greek texts in Arabic Military incursions by Turks and MongolsMilitary incursions by Turks and Mongols First Crusade in 1096 captured JerusalemFirst Crusade in 1096 captured Jerusalem European presence in Middle East for 200 yearsEuropean presence in Middle East for 200 years Christians retook SpainChristians retook Spain Blended European and Moorish civilizationsBlended European and Moorish civilizations


Europe’s RevivalEurope’s Revival

Translated Arab text into LatinTranslated Arab text into Latin Gerbert (French Scholar) later Pope Sylvester II Gerbert (French Scholar) later Pope Sylvester II

encouraged this workencouraged this work Others followedOthers followed By 1200 alchemical knowledge was available to By 1200 alchemical knowledge was available to

European ScholarsEuropean Scholars Albert of Bollstadt (Albert the Great)Albert of Bollstadt (Albert the Great) Studied AristotleStudied Aristotle Given credit for discovering ArsenicGiven credit for discovering Arsenic Roger BaconRoger Bacon


Roger BaconRoger Bacon

Today he is known for the idea that experimentation and Today he is known for the idea that experimentation and mathematics would advance sciencemathematics would advance science

Not widely accepted during his lifeNot widely accepted during his life Wrote a universal encyclopedia of knowledge where he Wrote a universal encyclopedia of knowledge where he

described gunpowderdescribed gunpowder Did not discover itDid not discover it Permitted its use to bring down medieval orderPermitted its use to bring down medieval order Earliest symbol of use of technological proficiencyEarliest symbol of use of technological proficiency Allowed Europe to conquer much of the world over the next Allowed Europe to conquer much of the world over the next

5 centuries5 centuries


Political ChangesPolitical Changes

Constantinople – sacked by the CrusadersConstantinople – sacked by the Crusaders Most of Greek work was lostMost of Greek work was lost City was recovered by GreeksCity was recovered by Greeks City was lost to Turks where it remainsCity was lost to Turks where it remains Compass discoveredCompass discovered Led to great voyages of discoveryLed to great voyages of discovery Europeans no longer felt Greeks knew it allEuropeans no longer felt Greeks knew it all Printing press was inventedPrinting press was invented Unpopular views could not be suppressed simply by not Unpopular views could not be suppressed simply by not

copying the workcopying the work


Impact of ScienceImpact of Science

Polish AstronomerPolish Astronomer The Earth is not the center of the universeThe Earth is not the center of the universe View held by the GreeksView held by the Greeks Accepted by Western WorldAccepted by Western World Nicholas CopernicusNicholas Copernicus

Flemish BiologistFlemish Biologist Portrayed human anatomy with great precisionPortrayed human anatomy with great precision Refuted much of what the Greeks thoughtRefuted much of what the Greeks thought Andreas VesaliusAndreas Vesalius

Began the Scientific RevolutionBegan the Scientific Revolution


End of AlchemyEnd of Alchemy

Shift from pursuit of Au to medicineShift from pursuit of Au to medicine Georg Bauer, GermanGeorg Bauer, German Summarized all practical knowledge of metallurgySummarized all practical knowledge of metallurgy von Hohenheimvon Hohenheim Purpose of alchemy is to prepare medicinesPurpose of alchemy is to prepare medicines Too much profit in pursuit of minerals and Too much profit in pursuit of minerals and

medicines to waste time on the pursuit of Aumedicines to waste time on the pursuit of Au


Modern ChemistryModern Chemistry

AstronomyAstronomy careful measurement and mathematicscareful measurement and mathematics since ancientssince ancients PhysicsPhysics careful measurement and mathematicscareful measurement and mathematics Since 1590Since 1590 ChemistryChemistry since 1750since 1750


ChemistryChemistry

Late 18Late 18thth Century Century Sought an understanding of matterSought an understanding of matter Philosophy changed into SciencePhilosophy changed into Science Before: Air – an elementBefore: Air – an element After: Air – a mixture of gases; individual After: Air – a mixture of gases; individual

gases were discoveredgases were discovered Curiosity, careful observation, Curiosity, careful observation,

experimentation, measurement, and experimentation, measurement, and publicationpublication


Important ChemistsImportant Chemists Joseph BlackJoseph Black – – air was a mixture of gases; discovered carbon dioxideair was a mixture of gases; discovered carbon dioxide Henry CavendishHenry Cavendish – – discovered hydrogendiscovered hydrogen Daniel RutherfordDaniel Rutherford – – discovered nitrogendiscovered nitrogen Scheele, Priestly, LavoisierScheele, Priestly, Lavoisier discovered oxygendiscovered oxygen Antoine LavoisierAntoine Lavoisier – – father of modern chemistry – placed great importance on careful measurements father of modern chemistry – placed great importance on careful measurements

and the Law of Conservation of Massand the Law of Conservation of Mass Joseph ProustJoseph Proust – – the Law of Definite Proportionsthe Law of Definite Proportions John DaltonJohn Dalton – – atomic theory, Law of Multiple Proportion, chemical symbolsatomic theory, Law of Multiple Proportion, chemical symbols A Meyer,A Meyer, Dimitri MendeleevDimitri Mendeleev – – the Periodic Tablethe Periodic Table


Chemistry Today

Physical Science Includes

– Chemistry– Physics– Astronomy– Geology

Biological Sciences


Chemistry Today

Chemistry– Analytical Chemistry– Biochemistry– Inorganic Chemistry– Organic Chemistry– Physical Chemistry

Chemistry TodayChemistry Today


EnergyMaterialsChemical

production

PharmaceuticalCosmeticMedical

Criminal JusticeLegal

EnvironmentalAgriculture

Food

Chemistry

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