Spread of IslamandIslamic Scholarship

The Rightly Guided Caliphs (632 – 661)

632 CE Muhammad died Caliph (spiritual leader) Capital was Mecca Muslims conquered the entire Arabian

Peninsula, the Persian Empire, Egypt, & Syria

Protected Christian sites in Jerusalem Definitive version of the Qu’ran

The Umayyads (661 – 761) Moved capital to Damascus Copied Byzantine bureaucratic and

economic practices Empire spanned from China’s border to

Southern Europe & North Africa Battle of Tours in 732 stopped Muslim

advance into Northern Europe

Early Islamic Period, c. 750 - 1037 (includes the Umayyad, Abbasid, and Spanish Umayyad Periods)

Presence of Islamic religion in 900 AD

The Abbasids (761 – 1258) Moved capital to Baghdad Empire was too big so they granted

power to local princes and sultans Weakened cultural and religious unity Regional/ethnic identities took over

The Crusades Muslim lands were invaded by Christians

sent by Pope Urban Salah al-Din recaptured Jerusalem in

1187 Crusades weakened Muslim forces Mongols captured Baghdad and

destroyed it in 1258 Forces of Islam would remain

decentralized after this

Late Islamic Period, c. 1037 - 1918

Presence of Islamic religion in 1700

Spread of Islam Religious, political, and military goals

were unified Arabia was a crossroads of trade Religious tolerance Taxation

All taxes lower than before (Byzantines) Muslims didn’t pay

Spread of Islam Simple – Doctrine & Myth are

straightforward Accessible – Easy conversion Noble Virtues

Courage Charity Hospitality

Promise of afterlife in battle was attractive

Islamic Scholarship

Medicine Caesarian operations Used sedatives in

operations Cauterization Removal of stone from

the bladder Surgery of eye, ear and

throat Amputation Artificial teeth Circulatory system Treating mental illness

Science Optics Astronomy

Astrolabe Map of the night sky Made telling time

highly accurate Solar Year

(365 d 5 h 46 m 24 s)

Alchemy Sulfuric acid

Math Arabic numerals Trigonometry Algebra Zero Decimals Integral calculus Real numbers

ScholarshipCopied the works of: Aristotle Plato Archimedes Hippocrates Ptolemy

Knowledge from: Greece India China