Spread of English from Ireland (Schmidt Tije Dra)lan300/Spread of English... · • Both Australia...

The English language in IrelandProf. Dr. Raymond HickeyWS 2015/2016

The Spread of English from Ireland

Marian Schmidt Niklas Tijé-Dra

Course of Study:LPO 2003 Course of Study: BAType of Credit: LN Type of Credit: LN

Module: 6 Module: 6

Content

• Introduction (overview of history, examples)

• History of Irish migration to the American East Coast- Focus on Boston

• Spread of English from Ireland to other continents-Focus Australia

• Conclusion

Introduction

Table of content:• General overview of Irish migration• Spread of Irish English: Northern America

– Focus on: Boston/New England

• Spread of Irish English: Australia– Focus on: Irish/Australian Accents

• Conclusion• Sources

General Overview of Irish migration

https://www.uni-due.de/SVE/

Order of Irish migration

• mid 17th - 18th century: Eastern Caribbean

• late 17th - 18th century: East coast of the United States

• 18th – early 19th century: Newfoundland

• 18th - 19th century: Australia and New Zealand

https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/Spread_of_Irish_English.pdf

Order of Irish migration


Mid 17th - 18th Century: Eastern Caribbean


Late 17th - 18th Century: East coast of the United States


18th – early 19th century: Newfoundland


18th - 19th century: Australia and New Zealand


Reasons for the Migration:

• Punitive reasons: prison colonies in the West Indies 17th century/Australia late 18th century

• Indentured labourers in the Caribbean area• Religious prosecution• Economic improvement• Involuntary migration, caused by the (in)famous Irish famine, leading to the migration of catholic emigrants in the 19thcentury.


Spread of Irish English: Northern America


Focus on: Boston/New EnglandAccent, Culture and Identity

https://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/world_cities/boston.jpg

Focus on: Boston/New England

Allen, Turner, 1988. We the People: an atlas of America's ethnic diversity. New York: Macmillan.

• Main migration during the second wave of Irish immigrants in the19th century.

• Mid-19th century, the Irish-ancestry population in Boston and New York increased because of the proximity to ports of arrival of immigrants in Canada but, mostly due to the direct route from Liverpool to New York or Boston, from where most of the Irish immigrants started their transatlantic journey.

• In the 1840s, the label Scotch-Irish was often used to distinguish those of Protestant Irish background from the growing Catholic population.

• Irish immigrants often arrived fundless and were primarily in demand for manual labour.

• This lead to high concentrations of irish inhabitants in districts like the old Boston´s North End and Fort Hill

Focus on: Boston/New England

Allen, Turner, 1988. We the People: an atlas of America's ethnic diversity. New York: Macmillan.https://www.cityofboston.gov/newbostonians/pdfs/dem_report.pdf

• Modern demographics state, that although minorities as asian and latino heritage have overtaken the „Bostonian residents“, Irish backround still the most claimed heritage, almost doubling the numbers of the italian descendents in second place.

• Suffolk County (Boston), MA claims to have at least 15.69% of inhabitants with Irish descent.

• Bostonian accent widely known for its distinct features

Focus on: Boston/New England: The Bostonian Accent

Williamson, Burke, (eds.) 1971. A Various Language. Perspectives on American Dialects. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, inc.

• The Bostonian accent is divided into three subdialects,: A,B and C.

• A is the a general subdialect, found mostly outside the metropolitan, the central area of Boston, extending its reach also into the larger Eastern New England zone.

• B represents the small group of local upper class speakers, not the most financial succesfull, but well situated in contrast to the rest of central Boston.

• Subdialect C occupies the center of the metropolis, spoken by more than 50% in, but less than 25% outside the central area of Boston. (The „Irish“ Subdialect)

Focus on: Boston/New England:


• The Bostonian accent is divided into three subdialects,: A,B and C.

• A is the a general subdialect, found mostly outside the metropolitan, the central area of Boston, extending its reach also into the larger Eastern New England zone.

• B represents the small group of local upper class speakers, not the most financial succesfull, but well situated in contrast to the rest of central Boston.

• Subdialect C occupies the center of the metropolis, spoken by more than 50% in, but less than 25% outside the central area of Boston. (The „Irish“ Subdialect)

Focus on: Boston/New England: Features of the Irish-Bostonian accent:


• The subdialect C, the Irish subdialect contains different specific features which are also found in the speech of the British Isles– The linking /r/ is extremely rare only found in 10/31 districts of central Boston.

– The „short o“, /o/ is different from most of the other northern dialects.

– Washed has [ɒ] where Type A uses [ɑ], occurs mainly in Irish populated district.

– Loam would be pronounced /luwm/ versus the /lowm/ of Type A

Focus on: Boston/New England: Features of the Irish-Bostonian accent:


– The unstressed syllables of library and strawberry are the same [bri], /briy/.

– Glottal stop [ʔ] instead of [t] in words like bottles, or, less often, kettle and battle.

• Note: Whereas other specific features might also be found within other subdialects, the glottal stop only occured with Bostonian inhabitants of Irish descent.

• Note also: This occurs in spite of the difference between the Bostonian pronounciation and the Irish dialect of English, where it would be a dental [t̬].

• Note furthermore: Despite being regarded as the „Irish“subdialect of Bostonian speech, there are also distinct features which do not occur in the Irish English dialect.

Focus on: Boston/New England:


– The unstressed syllables of library and strawberry are the same [bri], /briy/.

– Glottal stop [ʔ] instead of [t] in words like bottles, or, less often, kettle and battle.

• Note: Whereas other specific features might also be found within other subdialects, the glottal stop only occured with Bostonian inhabitants of Irish descent.

• Note also: This occurs in spite of the difference between the Bostonian pronounciation and the Irish dialect of English, where it would be a dental [t̬].

• Note furthermore: Despite being regarded as the „Irish“subdialect of Bostonian speech, there are also distinct features which do not occur in the Irish English dialect.

Focus on: Boston/New England: Irish Culture and Identity in Boston

• Speech is a symbol of identity, therefore, the usage of an „Irish“ dialect functions as an identification as a Hiberno American/ American of Irish descent.

• The area of Boston, MA is also infused by more identifying aspects/symbols of Irish origin or rather an Irish identity:– Music– Sports– Culture

Irish Culture and Identity in Boston: Music

http://41.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m24xw0Wg1T1rsxvhno1_500.jpg

Irish Culture and Identity in Boston: Sports

http://i.cdn.turner.com/nba/nba/.element/img/1.0/teamsites/logos/teamlogos_500x500/bos.png


https://cbsboston.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/bruins1.jpg?w=420


http://www.baseballflagsandpennants.com/images_products/boston_red_sox_irish_heritage_flag_51507sma.jpg

Irish Culture and Identity in Boston: St. Patrick´s Day

http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02845/st-patricks_2845866b.jpg

Irish migration to the Southern Hemisphere


Focus on: Irish Migration to Australia

https://www.uni-due.de/ELE/

Focus on: Irish Migration to Australia

• Irish were the largest immigrant group after the English from 1854 to World War I. By 1871

• The Irish famine of the 1840s caused large numbers of people to migrate due to poverty and difficult living conditions.

• They worked as fisherman, whalers and farm hands.

http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=30

History of Irish Migration to Australia

Fritz, Clemens W. A 2007: From English in Australia to Australian English 1788-1900, Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang Verlag

Colony Australia England Wales Scotland Ireland Others

NSW/1846 54,357 46,368 534 10,064 37,729 2,959

VDL 1848 18,393 18,393 ? ? ? ?

VIC/1846 7,583 10,100 121 4,225 9,126 1,724

SA/1846 4,477 11,792 303 1,860 1,795 2,163

QLD/1846 496 881 7 315 692 134

WA/1832 70 1,055 14 52 56 47

Focus on: Accents in Australia

3 main Australian dialects:

§ Broad Australian Accent (34 per cent)

§ General Australian Accent (55 per cent)

§ Cultivated Australian Accent (11 percent)

Ransom, William Stanley: 1970 English transported, Essays on Australasian English. Canberra, Australian National University Press

Focus on: Irish Influence on Australian Accent

• Linguistic features that are found in Ireland which still exist in Australia:

1. /juz/ youse „you-pl“

2. adverbial but: „I went to the store but“

3. epenthetic [ ] between sonorant clusters in words like film [ ]

Hickey, Raymond 2002: A Source Book for Irish English. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins B.V Publishing Company

Irish Culture and Identity in Australia

• 1/3 of the Australian population has Irish descendants. Autralia is the most Irish country outside Ireland

• Minority feeling which unites the Irish community

• More identification with Americans than with the British

http://www.convictcreations.com/culture/ireland.html

Irish Culture and Identity in Australia: Sports

• Both Australia and Ireland have invented their own codes of football. Although both codes were probably influenced by the other

• Aside from their indigenous sports, both Ireland and Australia play the English sports of soccer, rugby union, and cricket. Australia has embraced the English sports much more readily than the Irish.


Gaelic Football

http://utv.ie/assets/data/mediafile/cde0c1f5-d541-4f97-9113-c113b8d5b691/700

Hurling

http://www.irishecho.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Limerick-hurling.jpg

Rugby

http://www.rugby.com.au/Portals/1/australianrugbyunion.png

http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/09/16/06/2C13EE1100000578-0-image-a-1_1442381324126.jpg

Irish Culture and Identity in Australia: Music

During the colonial era, Australian music met Irish Convict population. Example „Wild Colonial Boy“

Australian bush music inherited the story telling elements seen in Irish music

Australian Celtic Music Awards


Australian Celtic Music Awards

http://hughsroom.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/rant-maggie-rant.jpg

Summary

• Northern + Southern Hemisphere

• English vs Irish migration

• Identity in North America/ Boston and Australia

• Linguistic features/ dialects

Conclusion

• Comparison between English and Irish emigration (Spread of English from Ireland)

• Different reasons for emigration- English: major colonial purpose - Irish: persecution deportation seek for new life

Identity: different perception and proud of Irish heritage

Referenceshttps://www.uni-due.de/SVE/


http://www.baseballflagsandpennants.com/images_products/boston_red_sox_irish_heritage_flag_51507sma.jpg

https://cbsboston.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/bruins1.jpg?w=420

http://i.cdn.turner.com/nba/nba/.element/img/1.0/teamsites/logos/teamlogos_500x500/bos.png

http://41.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m24xw0Wg1T1rsxvhno1_500.jpg

https://www.cityofboston.gov/newbostonians/pdfs/dem_report.pdf

https://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/world_cities/boston.jpg

Williamson, Burke (eds.) 1971. A Various Language. Perspectives on American Dialects. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, inc.

Allen, Turner, 1988. We the People: an atlas of America's ethnic diversity. New York: Macmillan.

Hickey, Raymond, 2007. Irish English. Camebridge: University Press.

Ureland, P.Sture (ed.) , 2001. Global eurolinguistics. European Languages in North America – Migration, Maintenance and Death.Thübingen: Niemeyer.

Referenceshttp://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=30


http://utv.ie/assets/data/mediafile/cde0c1f5-d541-4f97-9113-c113b8d5b691/700

http://www.irishecho.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Limerick-hurling.jpg

http://www.rugby.com.au/Portals/1/australianrugbyunion.png

http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/09/16/06/2C13EE1100000578-0-image-a-1_1442381324126.jpg

http://hughsroom.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/rant-maggie-rant.jpg

Ransom, William Stanley: 1970 English transported, Essays on Australasian English. Canberra, Australian National University Press

Hickey, Raymond 2002: A Source Book for Irish English. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins B.V Publishing Company

Fritz, Clemens W. A 2007: From English in Australia to Australian English 1788-1900, Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang Verlag

Thank you for your attention!

Spread of English from Ireland (Schmidt Tije Dra)lan300/Spread of English... · • Both Australia...

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