SPRAWL IN THE HEARTLAND –A Case Study of the Kansas City Missouri/Kansas Metropolitan Component...
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SPRAWL IN THE HEARTLAND
– A Case Study of the Kansas City Missouri/Kansas Metropolitan Component Economic Area
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UBIQUITOUS NATURE
• Sprawl - technically defined as "low-density, automobile-dependent development beyond the edge of service and employment areas" - is ubiquitous and its effects are impacting the quality of life in every region of America, in our large cities and small towns. – Sierra Club
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Imagery
Of
Sprawl
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St Louis-MO-IL Consolidated Metropolitan Area v KCMO-KS
55 Miles
64 miles
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THE BASIC AREA
• 29th Largest Urban Area - 25th Largest SMA• SMA Ranks 134th of 273 in Growth Rate• 80 Percent Of All Workers Drive Alone To Work• Total Land Area Spreads 10 x Fastest Than
Population• It Has The 5th Greatest Rate of U.S. Sprawl
Among Metropolitan Areas• 150 Sq. Miles of Undeveloped Land in KC Alone
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LIMITS OF SPRAWL IN 1999
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CURRENT POPULATION
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Thousands
MA Rate of Growth 1990 – 2000 = 6.8 percent
CEA Rate 1990 – 2000 = 14.7 percent
MA Population Gain 1990 – 2000 = 198,000
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URBAN CORE GROWTH
Pop = 441,259 @ 0.2 percent/year
Pop = 142654 @ -2.0 percent/year
Missouri PortionMissouri Portion
Kansas PortionKansas Portion
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COMPONENT ECONOMIC AREA
• 2 States• 413 Local Municipal Government Units• 14 Counties• 218 Townships• 790+ Special Governmental Units• 73 School Districts• And, ranked first in miles of road/per capita for the largest 50
MA’s
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URBAN FRINGE – BLDG PERMITS - 2005
Residential Building Permits – MA Core Area
2,300
Residential Building Permits – Fringe Area (10 Counties)
7,300
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BASIC FACTS – MA & CEA
• Rate of spread 1985 – 1999– Metro Area = 56 %– CEA = 70 %– Population MA = 1.9 Million - rate = 6.8%– Population CEA = 2.274 Million - rate =
8.2%– CEA Area = 42 x 52 miles (2,184 sq. miles)
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EXAMPLE PLATTE COUNTY
• 1950 - 14,973• 1960 - 23,350• 1970 - 32,081• 1980 - 46,341• 1990 - 57,867• 1999 - 70,068
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 19990
20
40
60
80Thousands
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THE FUEL - PEOPLE
“Where Do These People Come From”
- Planner, Platte Co. MO
Another State………………. 53 percent
Same State. ……………….. 40 percent
Outside USA………………. 7 percent
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RATE OF MIGRATION
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ELEMENTS OF SPRAWL
• Annexation• Airport• Interstate Highways• Rural Water/Sewer Districts• Schools• Edge City
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Annexation
1964 KC Doubles Size
Annexes 122 sq. miles of new land; this includes the area around 16 free-standing suburbs and small towns
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THE KCI AIRPORT
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AIPORT DYNAMICS
• 20 Miles From Center City• 12,000 Acre Preservation Zone• Shifts Focus of Activity to the Northland• Boosts Growth Opportunity to the Fringe• Creates Large-Lot Zoning Schemes
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INTERSTATE SYSTEM
• Interstate 435 Creates A Looped Link To Form the Anchor For Two Major Interstate Systems– I-70 and I-35 and Reliever Rd. on 10 and 50
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INFRASTRUCTURE - WATER
• During The Late 1960s, To Induce Growth In The Northland, KC Applies 200 Million In EPA Funds To Bring Water Service From The Core Area
• Within 10 Years 18 Separate Rural Water District Are In Operation To Service Growth Attracted to the North and West
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SPRAWL ENGINE - WATER
Rural water district #4 Increases its water service capacity by 800 percent to service fringe growth
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INFRASTRUCTURE - SEWER
• By 1980 Aggressive Sewer Extensions From Growing Suburbs
• Absence Of Growth Management Plans Encourages Sewer Extensions Beyond The
I-435 Corridor• Remote Subdivisions Allowed with
Packaged Sewer Plants
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THE PUSH - SCHOOLS
• The KC Southland Schools Have Been Under Fire For More Than 15 Years
• “More Young Couples Are Pushed Out of KC Each Year By The Threat of Children In School Than All The Other Factors Combined”– KC Missouri Planner
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EDGECITIES – THE ANCHORS
• Heartland Sprawl Is Built Around Two Developing Edge Cities, And A Third In Process
• Both Edges Are the Fastest Growing Areas in The Central Midwest
• Johnson County - Cities Form The Quintessential “Urban Core Flight” Suburban Complex
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EDGE CITIES – AGGRESIVE SPRAWL
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PLANNER’S ASSESSMENT
• The Pull– Multi-State, Overlapping, Uncoordinated
Area– Schools– Shocking Misuse of Zoning and Subdivision
Powers in Regional Communities– Aggressive Annexation and Utility Extension– Airport
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ASSESSMENT – THE PUSH
• Lack Of Variety of Housing Types, Packages, and Plans In The Old MA
• Rapidly Rising Land Costs In The MA• Schools• Paradoxically, Tighter – Restrictive Land
Use Schemes And Density Developments
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THE COUNTRYSIDE - COLLISON
• One Planner – 515 Res. Building Permits• Five Acre Minimum Lots and Climbing• Growth Rates Create Many Problems For
the Farming Community – But It Does Not Kill Them – Platte County
• Keeping Up With Sprawl – You Cannot Kick Back For a Minute And Take A Breath
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COUNTRYSIDE - ASSESSMENT
• No Chance To Be Proactive• Consultants Are Fine – But They Are Not In The
Trenches• Code Enforcement – What A Joke!• “Planning Life At The Fringe – You Go From
Floodplains to Hogs, From Conspicuous Consumption to Mobile Homes, And Then Return To Hear WHEN ARE YOU GOING TO PAVE MY ROAD?
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PLANNER’S CONCLUSION
“Endless Interstates, Suburban Economic Opportunity, Cheap Land, Water, Sewer – These Are the Necessary Conditions For Sprawl. But They Are Not the Sufficient Conditions. To Complete The Picture You Must Have Attitude, Mistrust, Self-serving Gain, Cheap Money, And A Callous Disregard for the City That Made Sprawl Possible”
……………KC Planner of 30 Years………………..
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ATTITUDE
Do You Favor Greenbelts Or Urban Growth Boundaries To Contain Sprawl?57% Favor…………..33% Oppose
Would You Use Public Money To Acquire Land To Keep It Open?
44% Favor…………..49% OpposeWhich is More Important –Do What You Want With Your Land – 69%Let Government Regulate Land Use – 25%
Time/CNN Poll – January 20/21, 1999
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THE COST OF SPRAWL
• The haphazard and arbitrary scattering of structures across the landscape devastates rural areas in many ways: it homogenizes the countryside once dotted by forests, fields, farmland, and rivers, lakes and ponds; it destroys the agricultural heritage of this country; it upsets small-town life; and it changes the economic and cultural character of these areas.
• Between 1970 and 1990, almost 20 million acres of rural land were developed nationwide. A total of 400,000 acres a year are chewed up to build residential and commercial centers……………….Sierra Club
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Miles Away From the Nearest Services So The Kids Can Be Safe
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The Dairy Farm
Valley Farms
Subdivision near Valley Forge PA
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Things Wild & Things Gone Wild