Sports Medicine Cases · Fractures are more common in adolescents High index of suspicion for the...
Transcript of Sports Medicine Cases · Fractures are more common in adolescents High index of suspicion for the...
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Vanderbilt Sports Medicine
Sports Medicine CasesAndrew Gregory, MD, FAAP, FACSMAssociate Professor, Orthopedics,
Neurosurgery & PediatricsVanderbilt University School of Medicine
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DISCLAIMERI have no relevant financial relationships with the manufacturers of any commercial products and /or provider of commercial services discussed in this activityI do not intend to discuss an unapproved/investigational use of a commercial product/device in my presentation
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ObjectivesAt the conclusion of this session participants should be able to:– Describe the various types of conditions associated with sports
injuries in adolescents– Distinguish between acute and overuse injuries in adolescents– Differentiate between many causes of difficulty breathing with
exercise– Develop an approach to evaluating and managing sports
medicine injuries in adolescents
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Pediatric SkeletonBone is relatively elastic and rubberyPeriosteum is quite thick & activeLigaments are strong relative to the bonePresence of the physis - “weak link”Ligament injuries & dislocations are rare – “kids don’t sprain stuff”Fractures heal quickly and have the capacity to remodel
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Injury (Acute) vs. Pain (Chronic)Fracture**DislocationSprainStrain
Apophysitis**TendonitisStress Fractures
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Cases – Diagnosis and ManagementShoulderWristNeck BackHipKneeAnkleShortness of breath
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Hockey Player with shoulder injury18yo playing hockey and checked into the boards striking his right shoulderDid not feel a pop and did not feel like it come out of placeDifficulty raising his arm sinceNo previous injuryTournament this weekend
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ExamSwelling over the right shoulderClavicle looks high ridingPain with palpation of the AC joint but not the claviclepain with cross body adductionDecreased abduction with painNegative Apprehension test4/5 strength of the rotator cuff with pain
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Differential DiagnosisClavicle fractureShoulder dislocationAC joint sprainAcromion fractureContusion
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Xray
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Grade II AC Joint SprainIce, IbuprofenSling for comfortRest from contactAvoid bench & military press as well as pushupsOK to play when full motion and strength in an AC pad
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Football Player with wrist injury16yo football player fell on an outstretched left wrist 1 week ago and has continued pain with wrist extensionUnable to lift weights because of painUsing ice, Ibuprofen, ACE bandageNo previous wrist injuryNo previous fractures
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ExamNo swelling, deformity, or bruisingDecreased wrist flexion or extensionPain with passive wrist extensionTender to palpation on the navicular bone in the anatomic snuff boxNegative axial load testNV intact
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Differential Diagnosis?Wrist SprainFracture NavicularBone bruise NavicularTriangular Fibrocartilage Complex TearGymnast’s Wrist
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-Distal Radial Epiphysis Closure-Repetitive compressive loading of
radial physis which leads to premature closing
-Continued growth of the ulna –positive ulnar variance
-Compression of thin TFCC between ulna and triquetrum, may lead to tear of TFCC
Gymmnast’s Wrist
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TreatmentAvoidance of weight bearing on upper extremities when painful (tumbling, vault, etc.)Parallel bars, rings, some balance beam OKIce, NSAIDS, TylenolMay require surgery once ulnar deviation is present and painful with prolonged rest
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Case 1 – Initial Xray Navicular View (Ulnar Deviation)
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Presumed Navicular FractureTreatment–Short Arm Spica Cast–Tylenol prn–Vitamin D/ Calcium–ElevationReturn to football with padded cast?Follow-up?
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Case 1 – Xray Week 2
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Case 1 – Xray 3mths Nonunion
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The Perfect FractureVery Common InjuryDifficult to detect on xray initiallyHigh Complication Rate – Nonunion
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Navicular FractureHigh index of suspicionTreat in a thumb spica splintRefer to ortho
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16yo Football Player with Neck InjuryCornerback makes a tackle with his head downOther players get up and he does notComplains of neck painIs able to move is fingers and toesDenies parathesiasWants to return to the game
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High Risk SportsFootballGymnasticsWrestlingSoccerIce HockeyEquestrianSkiing / SnowboardingSwimming and Diving
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Case continuedPackaged and transported to the ER3 view c-spine seriesCompression fracture of C7Aspen collar for 4 weeks followed by PT x 4 weeks
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Clearing the C-spine: NEXUS Criteria
N – Normal neuro examS – (No) Spinal Tenderness (midline)A – Awake and alertI – (No) IntoxicationD – (No) Distracting Injury
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15yo Gymnast with back painLow back pain for 4 weeksPain with activityWas told she had scoliosis by her coachLevel 6 gymnastNo injuryState competition in 1 month
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ExamNo deformity/ swellingFull range of motionPain with single leg extension bilaterallyTenderness to palpation over the L5 spinous process not musclesNegative straight leg raiseNormal hamstring flexibilityNV intactNormal gait
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Differential Diagnosis - AdolescentScoliosisMuscle StrainSpondylolysisSpondylolisthesisDisc herniationVertebral Endplate Injury
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Stress Fracture of the Spine
Spondylolysis:– bony defect in pars interarticularis
Spondylolisthesis:– one vertebral body slips in relation to
the one below secondary to bilateral spondylolysis
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Stress Fracture of the SpineOverall Incidence: 4 - 6%, most are asymptomatic unless repetitive stress across posterior elements of lumbar spineIncidence in active adolescents: 50%Mean age of diagnosis: 15 - 16 years during growth spurt85% occur in pars interarticularis of L5 vertebral levelCaused by repetitive extension – dancing, gymnastics, football, weight lifting
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ImagingRadiographs:–Obliques: defect in pars – collar on the
Scotty dog–Lateral with Flexion/ Extension: fracture
visible if bilateral, forward translation of vertebral body
MRI: sensitive and specific if correct sequencesBone scan with SPECT: useful in determining if activeCT scan: useful in assessing healing
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Spondylolysis
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CT
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TreatmentManagement of symptomatic pars defects is controversial!PT - strengthen back, abdominal musculature while stretching hamstrings, avoid extension!Restriction of activities if painfulAntilordosis brace 23 hours a day for 6 months?
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Baseball player with hip pain14yo c/o right anterior hip pain for 1 weekPain worse with activityNo injuryLimpNo previousNo other joint swellingNo treatment
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ExamNo deformity or swellingTenderness to palpation AIISPain and limited hip flexion and extension4/5 strength and pain with flexionNegative log rollPositive TrendelenbergAntalgic gait
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Differential DiagnosisSlipped Capital Femoral EpiphysisLegg-Calve-Perthes DiseaseHip DysplasiaPelvic/ Hip Apophysitis
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Slipped Capital Femoral EpiphysisDisplacement of the femoral epiphysis from the femoral neck through the physis (Salter-Harris I)1-3/100,000Mean age – girls (11yo)/ boys (13yo)Bilateral 20-40%StableUnstable
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SCFE - Risk FactorsObesity - present in >50%Male genderAfrican AmericanPrevious SCFE - 36%Peak Height VelocityEndocrine Disorders – GH Deficiency, Hypo/ hyperthyroidism, MEN, Panhypopituitarism, Renal Disease
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SCFE - ExamTenderness over anterior jointHip may be held in ERRestricted motion – IR, abduction, flexionWhitman’s sign – as the hip is flexed it will ER and abductLeg Length Discrepancy in chronic cases
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SCFE - XraysPelvis - AP/ Frogleg lateral views not hip films!Displacement of the femoral epiphysis posteriorly and downwardWidened physis aloneKlein’s Line – line drawn along the superior aspect of the femoral neck should intersect with the epiphysis
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Frogleg Lateral/ AP Views
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Pelvic ApophysitisInsidious onset of hip pain or sudden sharp pain with running, jumping, kickingPoint tenderPain with stretch or contraction of involved muscleWidening of physis
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HIP/PELVIS ApophysesASIS – SartoriusIliac Crest – ITB, Tensor Fascia LataeAIIS - Rectus FemorisIschium - Adductor Longus/ HamstringsGreater Traochanter – Gluteus MediusLesser Trochanter - Iliopsoas
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AIIS - Rectus Femoris
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Soccer player with knee injury16yo female soccer player injured left knee running and cutting to the rightFelt a popSignificant SwellingTreating with ice, Ibuprofen and ACE bandageNo previous knee problemsGame in 2 weeks
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ExamObvious swellingAntalgic gaitDifficulty with full extension, flexion to 90 degrees5-/5 strength with both flexion and extensionEffusionPositive Lachman; Negative Varus/ Valgus stress and Posterior DrawerTenderness to palpation over the MCL and the lateral joint lineNegative Patellar Apprehension Test
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Effusion Exam
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Laxity KneeSupine – Flexion 30/0 degrees–MCL - Valgus Stress–LCL – Varus Stress–ACL
Lachman, Modified Lachman –PCL
posterior drawer (90 degrees)
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Differential Diagnosis?ACL/ PCL TearMeniscus TearPatellar Dislocation/ SubluxationFractureBone Bruise
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ACL TearIce, IB, CompressionOK to weight bearRange of motion, quad strengthNo sports? joint aspirationRefer to Ortho/ MRI
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Patellar DislocationIndirect injury more common– Quad contraction
combined w/ rotation– Flexed, valgus knee– Reduces with knee
extensionDirect blow less common
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RadiographsAP, Lateral, Merchant or sunrise– Femoral or patellar fracture
– Underestimate articular surface lesions
– Identify <50% of osteochondral loose bodies
DeLee 2003
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Patellar SubluxationTreatment– Ice, Ibuprofen–Rest–Short term immobilization–PTO (patellar tracking orthosis) brace–Physical Therapy – quadraceps strengthening “boss of
the knee”
Return to Soccer?
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Basketball Player with ankle injury14yo male basketball player inverted his right ankle while playing 4 days ago Felt a pop and had immediate swelling laterallyNot weight bearingTreated with ice, Ibuprofen, ACE bandage and rest2 Previous sprains in pastGame this weekend
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ExamSignificant swelling and bruising laterally extending to the dorsum of the footDecreased plantarflexionTender to palpation on distal fibular physis more than the lateral ligamentsPain with ankle inversion not external rotation stressAntalgic gait5/5 strength x 4AP/ Lateral/ Oblique Xrays Normal
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Differential DiagnosisLateral Ankle SprainSalter Harris I Distal Fibular Physis5th Metatarsal AvulsionMidfoot SprainTalar Dome Osteochondritis DessicansTarsal Coalition
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SH I Distal FibulaBoot vs. BraceWeight-bearing as toleratedIceTylenol or IBROM
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Soccer player with heel pain12 year old soccer player with heel pain when she runsTried inserts, ice, IBAlso runs track for schoolTender over the posterior calcaneus not achillesTight heel cord
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Calcaneal Apophysitis (Severs)Overuse injuryTension injury to the calcaneal apophysisXrays not diagnostic but show the open apophysis (often multi-partite)
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Sever’s DiseaseTreatment
Heel cord stretchingIce, IbuprofenHeel cupsRest if painfulModify Activity – 1 sport1 case in literature of acute avulsion
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Runner with CollapseAt high school 5k cross-country meet17yo crosses finish line and collapsesHas history of previous episodes diagnosed as EIAHigh school athletic trainer furiously administering albuterol by MDI every 10sec without improvementYou are called to her side
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ExamFlushed, awake, look of fear in the eyes, unable to talk, limpNormal vitals expect elevated RRTachypneic, retracting, inspiratory stridor, no expiratory wheeze
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Differential Diagnosis?Exercise Induced AsthmaVocal Cord DysfunctionForeign Body Aspiration Hyperventilation SyndromeGE RefluxExercise induced anaphylaxisTracheobronchitisPneumothorax
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Foreign Body AspirationMouthpieceGumRocksTobacco
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Case (cont’d)Treatment–Shade, Fans, Privacy–Reassured that nothing bad was going to happen– Instructed to breath in through her nose and make the
“S” sound with exhalationReturn to the next race?
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Vocal Cord DysfunctionPsychogenic paradoxical closure of the vocal cords with inspirationSymptoms progress rapidly and do not respond to B-agonist50-60% of VCD patients also have asthma
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VCD - SymptomsRespiratory DistressInspiratory WheezingExertional DyspneaStridorHyperventilationThroat TightnessAnxiety
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VCDDiagnosis ––PFT’s - Flattening/ truncation inspiratory limb of flow
loop (only present in 20%)–Direct visualization via flexible laryngoscopy**
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Vocal CordsOpen Closed
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VCD - TreatmentAcute ––Quiet, cool environment–Talk down–Bag breathing–Saline/ Epinephrine neb–Don’t Intubate!
Speech TherapyPsychotherapy
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Take Home PointsFractures are more common in adolescentsHigh index of suspicion for the “jammed finger”, Navicular fractures, ACL tears, spondylolysis.Look for occult, subtle or stress fractures. Get an x-ray.Read the x-ray.
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Thanks!