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SportFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Sport (disambiguation).
Sport in childhood. Association football, shown above, is a team sport which also providesopportunities to nurturesocial interaction skills.
A Sport is all forms of physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim to use, maintain or
improve physical fitness and provide entertainment to participants. Sport may be competitive, where a winner
or winners can be identified by objective means, and may require a degree of skill, especially at higher levels.
Hundreds of sports exist, including those for a single participant, through to those with hundreds of
simultaneous participants, either in teams or competing as individuals. Some non-physical activities, such
as board games andcard games are sometimes referred to as sports, but a sport is generally recognised as
being based in physical athleticism.
Sports are usually governed by a set of rules or customs. Physical events such as scoring goals or crossing a
line first often define the result of a sport. However, the degree of skill and performance in some sports such
as diving, dressage and figure skating is judged according to well-defined criteria. This is in contrast with other
judged activities such as beauty pageants and body building, where skill does not have to be shown and the
criteria are not as well defined.
Records are kept and updated for most sports at the highest levels, while failures and accomplishments are
widely announced in sport news. Sports are most often played just for fun or for the simple fact that people
need exercise to stay in good physical condition. However, professional sport is a major source of
entertainment.
While practices may vary, participants in many sports are expected to display good sportsmanship, and
observe standards of conduct such as being respectful of opponents and officials, and congratulating the
winner after having lost.[citation needed ]
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Contents
[hide]
• 1 Etymology and meaning
• 2 History
• 3 Sportsmanship
• 4 Professional sports
• 5 Politics
• 6 Physical art
• 7 Technology
• 8 Terminology
• 9 Grassroots sport
• 10 Spectator sport
• 11 Gender and sports
opportunities
• 12 See also
• 13 References
• 14 Further reading
[edit]Etymology and meaning
Look up sport in Wiktionary,
the free dictionary.
"Sport" comes from the Old French desport meaning "leisure". American English uses the term "sports" to refer
to this general type of recreational activity, whereas other regional dialects use the singular "sport". The French
word for sport is based on the Persian word bord , meaning "winning" or "win". The Chinese term for
sport, tiyu (体育;體育) connotes physical training. The modern Greek term for sport is Αθλητισμός (athlitismos),
directly cognate with the English terms "athlete" and "athleticism".
The oldest definition of sport in English (1300) is of anything humans find amusing or entertaining.[1] Other
meanings include gambling and events staged for the purpose of gambling; hunting; and games and
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diversions, including ones that require exercise.[2] Roget's defines the noun sport as an "activity engaged in for
relaxation and amusement" with synonyms including diversion and recreation.[3]
[edit]HistoryMain article: History of sport
Roman bronze reduction of Myron's Discobolos, 2nd century AD
There are artifacts and structures that suggest that the Chinese engaged in sporting activities as early as 2000
BC.[4] Gymnastics appears to have been a popular sport in China's ancient past. Monuments to the Pharaohs
indicate that a number of sports, including swimming and fishing, were well-developed and regulated several
thousands of years ago in ancient Egypt.[5] Other Egyptian sports included javelin throwing, high jump, and
wrestling. Ancient Persian sports such as the traditionalIranian martial art of Zourkhaneh had a close
connection to the warfare skills.[6] Among other sports that originate in ancient Persia are polo and jousting.
A wide range of sports were already established by the time of Ancient Greece and the military culture and the
development of sports in Greece influenced one another considerably. Sports became such a prominent part of
their culture that the Greeks created the Olympic Games, which in ancient times were held every four years in
a small village in the Peloponnesus called Olympia.[7]
Sports have been increasingly organized and regulated from the time of the ancient Olympics up to the present
century. Industrialization has brought increased leisure time to the citizens of developed and developing
countries, leading to more time for citizens to attend and follow spectator sports, greater participation in athletic
activities, and increased accessibility. These trends continued with the advent of mass media and global
communication. Professionalism became prevalent, further adding to the increase in sport's popularity, as
sports fans began following the exploits of professional athletes through radio, television, and the internet—all
while enjoying the exercise and competition associated with amateur participation in sports.
In the New Millennium, new sports have been going further from the physical aspect to the mental or
psychological aspect of competing. Electronic sports organizations are becoming more and more popular.
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Motorized sports have appeared since the advent of the modern age.
[edit]Sportsmanship
Main article: Sportsmanship
See also: Gamesmanship and Winning isn't everything; it's the only thing
Sportsmanship is an attitude that strives for fair play, courtesy toward teammates and opponents, ethical
behaviour and integrity, and grace in victory or defeat.[8][9][10]
Sportsmanship expresses an aspiration or ethos that the activity will be enjoyed for its own sake. The well-
known sentiment by sports journalist Grantland Rice, that it's “not that you won or lost but how you played the
game", and the modern Olympic creed expressed by its founder Pierre de Coubertin: "The most important
thing... is not winning but taking part" are typical expressions of this sentiment.
Violence in sports involves crossing the line between fair competition and intentional aggressive violence.
Athletes, coaches, fans, and parents sometimes unleash violent behaviour on people or property, in misguided
shows of loyalty, dominance, anger, or celebration. Rioting or hooliganism are common and ongoing problems
at national and international sporting colove with.
[edit]Professional sports
Modern sports have complex rulesand are highly organized.
Main article: Professional sport
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The aspect of sports, together with the increase of mass media and leisure time, has led to "professionalism" in
sports. This has resulted in some conflict, where the paycheck are more important than recreational aspects, or
where the sports are changed simply to make them more profitable and popular, thereby losing certain valued
traditions. Indeed, since sport by definition is a leisure activity, "professional sport" does not and cannot exist.
However the term is commonplace and accepted to mean a game or other activity, regarded by the general
population as sport, which is performed by persons for reward with the intent to entertainspectators. The
entertainment aspect also means that sportsmen and women are often elevated to celebrity status in media
and popular culture. For this reason, many journalists have suggested that sports should not be reported by the
general media but only by specialist magazines.
[edit]Politics
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improvethis article by adding citations toreliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010)
Main article: Politics and sports
Sports and politics can influence each other greatly.
When apartheid was the official policy in South Africa, many sports people, particularly in rugby union, adopted
the conscientious approach that they should not appear in competitive sports there. Some feel this was an
effective contribution to the eventual demolition of the policy of apartheid, others feel that it may have
prolonged and reinforced its worst effects.[11]
The 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin was an illustration, perhaps best recognised in retrospect, where an
ideology was developing which used the event to strengthen its spread through propaganda.
In the history of Ireland, Gaelic sports were connected with cultural nationalism. Until the mid 20th century a
person could have been banned from playing Gaelic football, hurling, or other sports administered by
the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) if she/he played or supported football, or other games seen to be
of British origin. Until recently the GAA continued to ban the playing of football and rugby union at Gaelic
venues. This ban is still enforced, but was modified to allow football and rugby to be played in Croke
Park while Lansdowne Road was redeveloped into Aviva Stadium. Until recently, under Rule 21, the GAA also
banned members of the British security forces and members of the RUC from playing Gaelic games, but the
advent of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 led to the eventual removal of the ban.
Nationalism is often evident in the pursuit of sports, or in its reporting: people compete in national teams, or
commentators and audiences can adopt a partisan view. On occasion, such tensions can lead to violent
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confrontation among players or spectators within and beyond the sporting venue, as in the Football War . These
trends are seen by many as contrary to the fundamental ethos of sports being carried on for its own sake and
for the enjoyment of its participants.
A very famous case when sports and politics colided was the 1972 Olympics in Munich. Masked men entered
the hotel of the Israeli olympic team and killed many of their men. This was known as theMunich massacre.
[edit]Physical art
Gymnastics
Sports have many affinities with art. For example, figure skating, drum corps, skateboarding, artistic
gymnastics, dancesport, and T'ai chi can be considered artistic spectacles. Similarly, there are other activities
that have elements of sport and art in their execution, such as bodybuilding, free running, martial
arts, professional wrestling, performance art, yoga, dressage, and culinary arts. Perhaps the best example
is bull-fighting, which in Spain is reported in the arts pages of newspapers.
All sports involve physical and mental activities that are pursued for more than simply utilitarian reasons. For
instance, running, when done as a sport, occurs for reasons beyond simply moving from one place to another.
Value is gained from this activity when it is conducted simply for its own sake. This is similar to the concept
of aesthetic value, which is seeing something over and above the strictly functional value coming from an
object's normal use. For instance, an aesthetically pleasing car is one which doesn't just get from A to B, but
which impresses with its grace, poise, and charisma. In the same way, a sporting performance such as jumping
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doesn't just impress as being an effective way to avoid obstacles. It impresses because of the ability, skill, and
style that is demonstrated in its performance.
Art and sports were clearly linked at the time of Ancient Greece, when gymnastics and calisthenics invoked
admiration and aesthetic appreciation for the physical build, prowess and arete displayed by participants. The
modern term art as skill, is related to this ancient Greek term arete. The closeness of art and sport in these
times was revealed by the nature of the Olympic Games, which were celebrations of both sporting and artistic
achievements, poetry, sculpture and architectures.
[edit]Technology
This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. Youcan help by converting this section to prose, if appropriate. Editing help isavailable. (July 2010)
Technology has an important role in sports, whether applied to an athlete's health, the athlete's technique, or
equipment's characteristics.
As sports have grown more competitive, the need for better and fancier equipment has arisen. Such as Golf
clubs, bicycles, American footballs and helmets, tennis rackets, baseball and cricket bats, hockey skates.
Ranging from nutrition to the treatment of injuries, as the knowledge of the human body has deepened over
time, an athlete's potential has been increased. Athletes are now able to play to an older age, recover more
quickly from injuries, and train more effectively than previous generations of athletes.
Advancing technology created new opportunities for research into sports. It is now possible to analyze aspects
of sports that were previously out of the reach of comprehension. Being able to use motion capture to capture
an athlete's movement, or advanced computer simulations to model physical scenarios has greatly increased
an athlete's ability to understand what they are doing and how they can improve themselves.
[edit]Terminology
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Show Jumping, an equestrian sport
In British English, sporting activities are commonly denoted by the mass noun "sport". In American English,
"sports" is more used. In all English dialects, "sports" is the term used for more than one specific sport. For
example, "football and swimming are my favourite sports", would sound natural to all English speakers,
whereas "I enjoy sport" would sound less natural than "I enjoy sports" to North Americans.
The term "sport" is sometimes extended to encompass all competitive activities, regardless of the level of
physical activity. Both games of skill and motor sport exhibit many of the characteristics of physical sports, such
as skill, sportsmanship, and at the highest levels, even professional sponsorship associated with physical
sports. Air sports, billiards, bridge, chess, motorcycle racing, and powerboating are all recognized as sports by
the International Olympic Committee with their world governing bodies represented in the Association of the
IOC Recognised International Sports Federations.[12]
Highly recognized definition of "sport" on EU level is established by the Council of Europe: "all forms of physical
activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and
mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competition at all levels.[13]
[edit]Grassroots sport
Grassroots sport is a popular phrase which is used in most of the articles about sport and sport for all.
[14] Czech Sports Association defines Grassroots sport as synergy of population active in "sport", sport
organisations on the most basic level, essential infrastructure and suitable environment, where the main driving
force is joy of "sport" itself. ("Sport" defined by Council of Europe)[13]
[edit]Spectator sport
Main article: Spectator sport
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As well as being a form of recreation for the participants, much sport is played in front of an audience. Most
professional sport is played in a theatre of some kind; be it a stadium, arena, golf course,race track, or the open
road, with provision for the (often paying) public.
Australian Rules football
Large television or radio audiences are also commonly attracted, with rival broadcasters bidding large amounts
of money for the rights to show certain fixtures. The football World Cup attracts a global television audience of
hundreds of millions; the 2006 final alone attracted an estimated worldwide audience of well over 700 million.
The Cricket World Cup is another sporting event which attracts a global audience. The 2007 Cricket World
Cup attracted about 2.3 Billion viewers all over the world. In the United States, the championship game of
the NFL, the Super Bowl, has become one of the most watched television broadcasts of the year. Super Bowl
Sunday is a de facto national holiday in America; the viewership being so great that in 2007 advertising space
was reported as being sold at $2.6m for a 30 second slot.
The benefits of playing youth sports may include:
Better grades
Less risk of drug or alcohol use
Chance at sports scholarships
Health Benefits
The biggest risk for youth sports is the increased risk of death or serious injury, including concussions and gym
class injuries.[15]
The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the UnitedStates and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improvethis article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (August 2011)
[edit]Gender and sports opportunities
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The rise of organized sports opportunities for girls has increased dramatically since the passage of Title IX in
1972. The number of female participants continues to rise as variables such as opportunity for involvement,
valuing of sports as part of total development and overall fitness for girls and women has increased.
Despite the tremendous gains in sports participation made by girls and women during the last 30 years, there is
still a persistent gap in the enrollment figures between males and females. The participation of girls is currently
only 39% of the total participation in interscholastic athletics. There has been a slow but steady climb toward
gender balance in the percent of female participants, from 32% of the males’ participation in 1973–74 to 63% in
1994–95. Hessel (2000)[Full citation needed].
List of sportspeopleFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
There are a variety of articles listing people of a particular sport.
Alpine skiers
American football players
Archers
Athletes
Badminton players
List of High School Baseball Managers and players MSHSL Baseball Managers and Players (High School
Baseball)
Baseball players (Major League Baseball)
Basketball players
Basketball players (National Basketball Association)
Basketball players (Women's National Basketball Association)
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Biathletes
Boxers
Chess players
Cricketers
Croquet players
Curlers
Cyclists
Darts players
Divers
Drifters
Equestrians
Fencers
Field Hockey players
Figure skaters 1
Football players
Gaelic Footballers
Freestyle skiers
Freestyle Motocross riders
Golfers
Gymnasts
Ice Hockey players (National Hockey League, current)
Ice Hockey players (National Hockey League, retired)
Jockeys
Kickboxers (male)
Kickboxers (female)
Judoka
Handball player
Kitesurfers
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Lacrosse players
Lugers
Modern pentathletes
Motocross riders
Nordic combined skiers
Orienteers
Paragliders
Polo players
Race car drivers
Roller skaters
Rowing players
Rugby league players
Rugby union players
Sailors
Skeleton sliders
Shinty players
Shooters
Short track speed skaters
Ski Jumpers
Skydivers
Skysurfers
Synchronized swimmers
Snowcross racers
Snowboarders
Speed skaters
Sporting knights and dames
Sports announcers
Squash players
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Surfers
Swimmers
Table Tennis Players
Taekwondo practitioners
Television reporters
Triathletes
Tennis players (female)
Tennis players (male)
Volleyball players
Water polo players
Weightlifters
Windsurfers
Wingsuit flyers
Wrestlers
Notes:
1 - a list of names included in an article of about the occupation.
[edit]See also
List of sports
List of people by occupation
Sportsmanship
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The Importance of Sports in the Life of a
Studentby Ollie Cooperwood
Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point Wrestling Coach
Assistant Wrestling Coach West Carteret High School
The importance of sports in the life of a young student is invaluable and goes muchfurther than the basic answer that "it keeps kids off the streets." It does in fact keepkids off the streets, but it also instills lessons that are essential in the life of a studentathlete. Sports play a pivotal role in the makeup of a young athlete, especially in themiddle school to high school years where student athletes are much more mature andmentally developed. Where else can a young, impressionable youth learn values likediscipline, responsibility, self confidence, sacrifice, and accountability? Television,which may be the most influential tool in the lives of young adults, does not showenough of these qualities, nor is it on the Internet, or radio. Rather it is up to the
parents, teachers, sports teams, clubs, and after school programs to help mold,develop, and instill these qualities into the lives of student athletes. I believe in order for this to happen, school sports programs must have a few components in place. Thefirst thing they need is a good core of coaches that understand the great responsibilitythat is placed upon their shoulders to help shape and prepare these student athletes notonly in sports, but in their everyday lives. Yes, I did say coaches, because it is aresponsibility that lies on the shoulders of more than one person and it is going to takemore than one person to help lead these student athletes to success.
The second component also involves the coaches: It is the ability to capture theadmiration and the trust of the athletes. This is crucial because if you can capture a
person's admiration and trust you can motivate them to perform at a higher level notonly in sports, but also in their own lives. If you can get the athletes to believe in youand your philosophies you can begin to see significant changes in grades and
behavior. It all starts with coaches that have a plan and methodology behind the principles they are teaching. As I said earlier, there is a great responsibility on thecoaches to help young student athletes make a smooth transition into society.
The third and I believe the most crucial of all is the support that comes from thecommunity, and administration. This is very important because student athletes needto know they are appreciated and there is no greater way than for the community,
booster club, and commissioners/treasurers to show that appreciation than to getinvolved in youth athletics. In order to accomplish this it's going to take investmentand the most valuable investments are money and time. The more invested, the better
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the results. I can attest that there is no greater investment than the future of our youngstudent athletes. When these things are in place, I believe student athletes will benefitand the results will be evident not only on the field, but long after they step off of it.
FUNCTION OF SPORT IN LIFE.The word sport is a contracted form of "disport" which
means to amuse, to divert one's self. It includes play,
amusement, entertainments or recreation. It is a word
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which signifies the outdoor recreations, the athletic work
as contrasted with the serious intellectual occupation.
Sports have existed in the past ages and have played animportant role in the history of mankind. Whenever a
nation, regardless of its resources and extension, realized
the importance of sports and put that realization into
practice she attained a notable stage in the history of the
world.
The ancient Greeks deeply felt the indispensability of sports, they stuck to it and it is out of these marvelous
Olympian games that Sparta got such renown and
reputation. The original Celtic inhabitants of Great Britain
were an athletic race and the early Teutonic monuments
abound in records of athletic prowess. Neither Ireland nor
Scotland lagged behind England in these bodily
amusements and work. In America early in the year 1870
people thought of organizing an association for amateur
athletes and they succeeded, as we can judge by their
present condition, in carrying out their plan and creating
interest for sports in the American citizens.
Such organizations soon were established in Canada, in
Austria, and in the British Colonies. In American and
England people were so convinced of the noble function of
sports in life that they started to revive the old Olympian
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Games. They persevered in carrying out their plan and the
result of their work is now deeply appreciated by the whole
mass of Orientals. The Romans admired the success of
the Greek athletic life, and under Fulvis Nobiler in 186 B.C.
professional Greek sportsmen established a series of
sports in Rome. The gladiators are nothing but an old
revival of the Olympian Games and it is sufficient to say
that the influence which these sports exerted upon the
Roman citizens cannot be estimated.If we consider sports from a general point of view and
consider their relation to the life of the ancient people we
must inevitably come to the conclusion that sports if well
conducted, have always raised the standard of the nation
to a very high degree.
Nations which have played an important role in the
Ancient History have all felt the necessity of sports and
have introduced these athletic contests in their own
domains.
Our next is to examine the results of sports or better, their
function. The fact that athletics, a branch of sports, is of great advantage to life is evident to the experienced
student of modern European Colleges. The argument
which established its necessity is opposed by ignorant
people yet it has grown nowadays into an irrefutable fact.
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Athletics are necessary if not indispensable for the future
success of the nation as well as of the individual. "A sound
mind in a sound body" was the motto of the Greeks and
the model of the strong, healthy and vigorous Spartans.
Their carrying out of the plan was a cause for the long
existence of Greece and for its luxuriant literary culture.
This model in just the same way should be put into action
if we wish to have any success in this world.
Athletics refresh the body, tranquilize and enlighten themind, and develop moral character. As a concrete
example let us take a student in his college activities. The
student who does exercise is always fresh and vigorous,
he seldom gets sick and tired. His jovial character, his
good disposition and his interest in life are his chief
characteristics.
Moreover in exercising, the student gets animated, his
blood is purified and consequently his mind becomes
more apt to receive the ideas and thoughts found in his
lessons. The health which he acquires will help him to
work harder and he becomes more successful. A weak
person seldom can endure the hardship of school-life, the
trouble of memorizing and persevering in his daily lessons.
Lastly when a student is busy with athletics during recess
time his ideas do not deviate any more to the path of
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impurity, to think of such trivial things and the health and
strength which he acquires will help him in overcoming
such temptations. Generally a healthy person is endowed
with a will stronger than that of a weak person.
We see therefore that athletics ameliorate the condition of
a person during all his college course.
Sports, in general, have had an important and estimable
function in life and will inevitably in future be regarded as
the indispensable factor for intellectual and moral growth.
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