Graig M. Chow, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Sport Psychology Sport Psychology Practitioner.
Sport Psychology: Past, Present and Future
description
Transcript of Sport Psychology: Past, Present and Future
.
Sport Psychology: Past, Present and Future
Jean Williams & Bill Straub
Chapter 1
.
Focus of Applied Sport Psychology
1. Understand psychological factors that influence participation and performance in sport and exercise
2. Understand psychological effects derived from participation and performance
3. Identify interventions to enhance performance, participation, and personal growth
.
Sport Psychologists StudyMotivation
Personality
Violence
Leadership
Group Dynamics
Exercise and psychological well-being
Thoughts and feelings of athletes
Many other dimensions of participation in sport and exercise
.
Teach Research Consulting
What Sport Psychologists Do
.
Applied Sport Psychologists
Asks questions such as how to:Manage competitive stressControl concentration Improve confidence Increase communication skills and team harmonyMaintain optimal motivationDeal with burnout and injuryEnhance coaching effectiveness Increase exercise participation
.
Broad Goals of Psychological Skills Training
To learn to consistently create the ideal mental climate that unleashes those physical skills that allow athletes to perform at their best
To use interventions to enhance physical and mental health by increasing exercise participation
.
History of Sport Psychology in North America
Roots lie in Greek antiquity, but scientific foundation comes primarily from last 40 years
Coleman Griffith an exception –active 1920’s to 1930’s– Hired by University of Illinois to help coaches
performance, first SP laboratory and course– Wrote Psychology of Coaching (1926) and Psychology of
Athletics (1928) plus 40 articles
Dorothy Yates an exception –active during 1930s-1950s- Wrote 2 books describing her mental training interventions
with boxers and aviators- Taught psychology course at San Jose State for aviators
and athletes
.
1965-1979
Birth of applied sport psychology (e.g., Bruce Ogilvie and Tom Tutko)Clinical Psychologists (San Jose State Univ.)Extensive personality testing and team consulting, wrote
Problem Athletes and How to Handle Them (1966)Bruce Ogilvie often referred to as the father of applied sport
psychology in North America
Formation of first sport psychology professional organizations
Father of Sport Psychology In Canada – Terry Orlick
.
SP Professional Organizations
International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP, 1965)
North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA, 1967)
Canadian Society for Psychomotor Learning and Sport Psychology (SCAPPS, 1969)
European Federation of Sport Psychology (FEPSAC, 1969)
Mental Training Registry (1980)
Association for Applied Sport Psychology (AASP,1985) (“the Advancement of” in title prior to 2006)
American Psychological Association (APA) Division 47 (1987)
Canadian Sport Psychology Association (2008?)
Canadian Sport Psychology Association (Division ?)
.
The 1970sPrimary goal: Advance knowledge base
through experimental researchTopics diverse and many target populations Increased cognitive focus: attention to athletes’ thoughts
and images
Interactionism paradigm (considers person, environmental variables, and their interaction) surfaced and gained credibility
Performance enhancement consulting discouraged due to lack of knowledge base
.
1980sCognitive focus continued, plus emphasis on field versus
lab research
Growth in exercise and health psychology issues and research
Extensive documentation of the effectiveness of psychological interventions – led to advocating performance consulting
Recognition and use of sport psychology consultants by the USOC and its athletes
Mental Training Registry establish (Canada)
Growing practice concerns led to addressing professional issues
Formation of AAASP (1985, became AASP in 2006) and APA Division 47 (1987)
.
Sport Psychology Journals International Journal of Sport Psychology (1970)
Journal of Sport Psychology (1979) changed to Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (1988)
The Sport Psychologist (1987)
Journal of Applied Sport Psychology (1989)
Psychology of Sport and Exercise (2000)
International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (2003)
Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology (2007)
.
• Extensive growth and diversification in research and practice
• Increase in journals and applied books
• Considerable progress regarding professional issues
• Growth in job opportunities
• AASP establishes standards for certifying consultants (1991) and for an ethical code of behavior (1994, 1996)
• Mental Training Registry becomes renamed as Canadian Sport Psychology Association
1990-2009 Summary
.
1990-2009 ResearchGrowth documenting effectiveness of interventions
to enhance performance and personal growth
More emphasis on health and exercise psychology issues, including interventions to increase physical activity
Emerging diversity in methods, paradigms, and epistemologye.g., feminist epistemology, influence of culture, single-
subject designs, qualitative methods
.
1990-2014 Job Opportunities
Growth in consulting job marketAll ages and skill level, NCAA athletic departments,
fitness industry, sports medicine, performance enhancement in non-sport populations (e.g., Army Centers for Enhanced Performance)
Growth in academic job marketMost in sport science but some in psychology
Growth in exercise psychology positionsPartly driven by greater external research funding
.
Some HomeworkSummarize how you become certified mental
training consultant in Canada? In the United States?
What are the key organizations to belong to as a consultant? In Canada? In the United States?
.
Two Governing Bodies in Canada - CSPA
Canada Sport Psychology Association
Training – psychology emphasis with some kinesiology
Title: Sport Psychologist
Canadian Sport Psychology Association
Training – educational /kinesiology emphasis with some psychology
Title: Mental Performance Consultant
.
AASP Certification CriteriaMasters or doctoral degree in related field (e.g., sport
science, psychology)
Coursework 12 categories (11 require equivalent of one 3-unit course,
SP category requires 3 courses) 4 can be undergraduate, unless stated otherwise
Supervised practicum 700 hrs masters400 hrs doctoral
Once certified, have recertification requirements
.
AASP Certification Coursework Categories
C1: Professional ethics and standardsOne ethics course or several with ethics content
C2: Sport psychologyThree 3-unit courses (1 can be independent study, 2
grad)
C3: Biomechanical and/or physiological bases of sport e.g., biomechanics, kinesiology, exercise physiology
C4: Historical, philosophical, social, or motor behavior bases of sporte.g., motor learning/control, motor development, sport
sociology, history or philosophy of sport
.
AASP Certification Coursework Categories (cont.)
C5: Psychopathology and its assessment e.g., abnormal psychology, psychopathology
C6: Counseling skills (graduate level) e.g., interventions or practice in counseling, clinical psychology
C7: Skills/techniques/analysis within sport/exercise e.g., sport skills/technique/coaching courses, clinics, coaching experience,
participation in organized sport
C8: Research design, statistics, and psychological assessment (graduate level)
C9: Biological bases of behavior e.g., comparative psych, neuropsychology, physiological psych, sensation,
psychopharmacology, exercise physiology, biomechanics/kinesiology
.
AAASP Certification Coursework Categories (cont.)
C10: Cognitive-affective bases of behavior e.g., cognition, emotion, learning, memory, motivation, motor
learning, motor development, perception, thinking
C11: Social bases of behavior e.g., cultural, ethnic, group processes, gender roles, social
psychology, organizational/systems theory, sport sociology
C12: Individual behavior e.g., developmental psychology, health psychology, individual
differences, personality, exercise behavior
Note: Categories 9-12, only 2 of 4 can be sport based
.
AAASP versus CSPAWhat is the difference in training between
AAASP and CSPA
What Courses need to be taken?
Masters? Phd? Required?
How many supervised hours?
.
History of Sport Psychology in Eastern Europe
Considerable attention given to the applied aspects of sport psychology Specifically, to enhance elite athletes’ performance
through applied research and direct intervention
Sport psychology was a highly esteemed field of academic and professional concern within national sport
.
History of Sport Psychology in Eastern Europe (cont.)
Self-regulation training Voluntarily control such bodily functions as
Heart rate TemperatureMuscle tensionEmotional reactions to stressful situations
Autogenic training, visualization, and autoconditioning (self-hypnosis) were key methods used by Eastern European sport psychologists
.
Future Directions in North American Applied Sport
Psychology
Vealey suggests more inclusive and diverse research questions and methods
Need greater specialization in training of future students due to growth in knowledge base
Promote more career opportunities for future sport psychologists
More emphasis on positive psychology Seeks to understand positive emotion and build one’s strength